Deck 8: Memory

Question 1

When giving a speech in class, you spend most of the first five minutes wondering what your audience is thinking of you. This is a good example of _____, wherein instead of thinking about what you are saying you are focusing on your audience.

A) social loafing
B) social distortion
C) driven by distraction
D) deindividuation

Answer 1

driven by distraction

Question 2

Sanders, Baron, and Moore (1978) explained social facilitation by noting that a conflict occurs between paying attention to others and paying attention to the task at hand. They named this explanation

A) social loafing.
B) social distortion.
C) driven by distraction.
D) deindividuation.

Answer 2

driven by distraction.

Question 3

If social arousal facilitates dominant responses, it should boost performance on _____.

A) difficult tasks
B) analytical tasks
C) easy tasks
D) new tasks

Answer 3

easy tasks

Question 4

Because of the relationship between crowding and arousal, you are likely to _______ on a difficult exam in a densely packed classroom.

A) do well
B) do poorly
C) do average
D) outperform

Question 5

In the context of social facilitation, social arousal facilitates

A) sleeper effects.
B) experimental biases.
C) dominant responses.
D) gender stereotypes.

Question 6

Triplett conducted one of social psychology's first laboratory experiments by asking children to wind string on a fishing reel. The results of the study indicated that the children worked _____ on their fishing reel when co-actors were competing with them in contrast to when they worked alone.

A) faster
B) slower
C) uninterestedly
D) leisurely

Question 7

According to Marvin Shaw, which of the following does NOT constitute a group?

A) a doctor with her patient
B) three people who share the same taxi and decide who gets dropped off first
C) four people working together on a class project
D) five people riding the city bus

Question 8

The increased number of office buildings with large open spaces rather than private offices is an example of how social facilitation research has

A) helped confirm the theory.
B) guided new exploration of research topics.
C) suggested practical applications.
D) been misused by industries.

Question 9

In its current meaning, _______ refers to the strengthening of dominant responses in the presence of others.

A) the groupthink effect
B) the social facilitation effect
C) informational influence
D) social inhibition

Question 10

According to social psychologists, which is NOT a factor in why other people create arousal in us?

A) evaluation apprehension
B) distraction
C) mere presence
D) vanity

Question 11

According to Johnson (2006), different groups help us meet different needs EXCEPT to

A) affiliate.
B) achieve.
C) gain social identity.
D) set group norms.

Question 12

Triplett (1898) conducted one of social psychology's first laboratory experiments by asking children to wind string on a fishing reel. The results of the study indicated that there was a positive relationship between the speed at which the children wound the reel and the presence of other children. Later studies found the same pattern and dubbed it

A) the groupthink effect.
B) the social facilitation effect.
C) social loafing.
D) deindividuation.

Question 13

The concern for how others are assessing us is called

A) deindividuation.
B) social ostracism.
C) self-fulfilling prophecy.
D) evaluation apprehension.

Question 14

Shaw (1981) argued that the one thing that all groups have in common is that the members

A) reside in the same location.
B) belong to the same gender.
C) interact.
D) speak the same language.

Question 15

According to the social facilitation effect, social psychologists can accurately predict that athletes will perform _______ with a large audience.

A) much worse
B) best
C) slightly worse
D) better at unlearned tasks

Question 16

Consistent with the social facilitation effect, Michaels and his colleagues (1982) found that when good pool players were observed, they did _______ than when they did not know they were being observed.

A) much worse
B) better
C) the same
D) slightly worse

Question 17

You have noticed that when you are at the gym, your exercise routine is not affected by how many other people are there. However, it is affected when other people are watching you exercise. This pattern in your behavior is what social psychologists call

A) groupthink effect.
B) self-serving bias.
C) evaluation apprehension.
D) social loafing.

Question 18

The tendency of people to perform simple or well-learned tasks better when others are present is the original meaning of

A) the groupthink effect.
B) the social facilitation effect.
C) the false consensus effect.
D) the false uniqueness effect.

Question 19

Sam has a tendency to contribute little effort to group assignments, as he thinks others will be sure to pick up the slack in an effort to get a good grade. This is an example of

A) social facilitation.
B) social loafing.
C) deindividuation.
D) egocentric bias.

Question 20

Two or more people who, for longer than a few moments, interact with and influence one another and perceive one another as "us" are referred by social psychologists as a

A) clan.
B) crowd.
C) group.
D) mob.

Question 21

Using a disguised name, Ben sends threat mails and bullies his school friends on various online forums. This is an example of deindividuation that is primarily based on _____.

A) group size
B) physical anonymity
C) distracting activities
D) self-handicapping

Question 22

People in groups will loaf less when the

A) task is challenging or appealing.
B) task is not involving.
C) group members hardly know each other.
D) task is not rewarded.

Question 23

In a study by Latané and his colleagues (1979), participants were asked to shout and clap as loud as possible. Participants produced the most noise when they

A) thought they were shouting alone.
B) thought there was one other person shouting with them.
C) thought there were five other people shouting with them.
D) were not feeling any evaluation apprehension.

Question 24

People in _______ cultures exhibit less social loafing than people in _______ cultures.

A) independent; narcissistic
B) narcissistic; independent
C) collectivistic; individualistic
D) individualistic; collectivistic

Question 25

Watson (1973) found that cultures with depersonalized warriors were

A) more likely to be forgiving.
B) less likely to be victorious.
C) less likely to commit vandalism.
D) more likely to brutalize their victims.

Question 26

Social psychologists have accurately predicted that _______ will exhibit less social loafing.

A) women
B) men
C) children
D) the elderly

Question 27

Sam has a tendency to contribute little effort to group assignments, as he thinks others will be sure to pick up the slack in an effort to get a good grade. Social psychologists would call Sam a

A) social facilitator.
B) free loafer.
C) free rider.
D) social thinker.

Question 28

Groups tend to loaf less when

A) the members of the group are friends.
B) they belong to individualistic cultures.
C) the task is easy.
D) the rewards are divided equally regardless of the effort.

Question 29

Your psychology professor has assigned group projects to your class. She has chosen to individually grade each student's contribution to the assignment as an attempt to reduce

A) social facilitation.
B) social loafing.
C) minority influence.
D) group polarization.

Question 30

Based on research cited in the text, who is most likely to honk aggressively at someone stopped at a green light?

A) the driver of a moped
B) the driver of a convertible with the top down
C) the drive of a convertible with the top up
D) the driver of a motorcycle

Question 31

When being observed increases evaluation concerns, _______ occurs; when being lost in a crowd decreases evaluation concerns, _______ occurs.

A) deindividuation; groupthink
B) groupthink; deindividuation
C) social loafing; social facilitation
D) social facilitation; social loafing

Question 32

At your factory job, output was measured at the end of every day by how much the team of workers you belonged to produced. Because of this evaluation procedure, your behavior was most likely to be characterized by _______; now that a new manager has taken over and each individual worker's output is measured by a computer, your behavior is now most likely to be characterized by _______.

A) deindividuation; groupthink
B) groupthink; deindividuation
C) social loafing; social facilitation
D) social facilitation; social loafing

Question 33

Online communities offer many individuals to adopt different disguises, thus concealing their true identities and enabling them to be more mean or callous. This is an example of how _____ contribute(s) to deindividuation.

A) group size
B) anonymity
C) arousing activities
D) narcissism

Question 34

In which of the following situation will deindividuation most likely occur?

A) when the group size is large
B) when individuals in a group are completely self-aware of their activities
C) when individuals lose their sense of anonymity
D) when there is absence of distracting activities

Question 35

Whenever your friend Ted surfs online, he writes terribly harsh letters to strangers using a bogus email address. Ted's behavior can likely be attributed to the role of _______ in deindividuation.

A) group size
B)anonymity
C) arousing activities
D) self-esteem

Question 36

In the context of social loafing, when the output of collective farms and private plots were compared,

A) the collective farms were more productive.
B) the private plots were more productive.
C) there was little difference between the two.
D) the output depended on the relationships within the group.

Question 37

On Halloween night, Diener and her colleagues (1976) conducted a study of trick-or-treat theft at homes scattered throughout the Seattle area. Given a chance to steal candy, the children who were _______ were most likely to commit transgressions.

A) anonymous and alone
B) anonymous and in a group
C) frustrated and alone
D) frustrated and in a group

Question 38

People are more likely to exhibit social loafing if

A) they find the task to be challenging.
B) rewards are divided according to individual effort.
C) rewards are divided equally regardless of individual effort.
D) they are individually monitored.

Question 39

When individual efforts are pooled and not evaluated, evaluation apprehension is _______ and the probability of social loafing is _______.

A) high; low
B) low; high
C) high; high
D) low; low

Question 40

All of these issues contribute to deindividuation EXCEPT

A) group size.
B) physical anonymity.
C) arousing activities.
D) individual values.

Question 41

Group polarization occurs when group discussion _______ group members' initial inclinations.

A) challenges
B) reverses
C) neutralizes
D) strengthens

Question 42

One effect of deindividuation is

A) diminished self-restraint.
B) increased self-awareness.
C) social facilitation.
D) a risky shift.

Question 43

Maggie favors the death penalty. In discussing this issue with some like-minded classmates, she hears arguments for this position that she has never considered before. After the discussion, her opinion is more extreme. This outcome is best explained by

A) informational influence.
B) counterfactual thinking.
C) the reactance theory.
D) the social comparison theory.

Question 44

The fact that people associate mostly with others whose attitudes are similar to their own suggests the prevalence of naturally occurring

A) social facilitation.
B) groupthink.
C) minority influence.
D) group polarization.

Question 45

Consistent with what is known about group polarization, Schkade and Sunstein (2003) found that on federal appellate court cases, a Republican judge sitting with two other Republicans voted _____ than when sitting with one Democratic appointee.

A) more liberally
B) more conservatively
C) more predictably
D) less predictably

Question 46

Which of the following is an example of group polarization in one's community?

A) gang delinquency
B) cheering wildly at a football game
C) an isolated, troubled teenager being aggressive towards his classmates
D) a group of people attending a concert

Question 47

Wright (2003) suggested that the Internet is an effective means to rally like-minded people and mobilize lethal consequences, such as recruiting individuals for terror organizations. Which concept in social psychology best explains this trend?

A) group polarization
B) pluralistic ignorance
C) social inhibition
D) social facilitation

Question 48

Myers and Bishop (1970) organized groups of prejudiced and unprejudiced high school students and asked them to respond to issues involving racial attitudes, both before and after group discussion. Results showed that after within-group discussion, _______
Became _______.

A) all students; more prejudiced
B) all students; less prejudiced
C) between-group differences; smaller
D) between-group differences; greater

Question 49

The fact that active participation in discussion produces more attitude change is best explained by

A) the concept of informational influence.
B) the social role theory.
C) the cognitive miser theory.
D) a decrease in pluralistic ignorance.

Question 50

Students who join extracurricular groups on campus tend to find their attitudes regarding the groups' purpose increase if they stay in the group. This is an example of

A) social facilitation.
B) groupthink.
C) minority influence.
D) group polarization.

Question 51

Evaluating one's opinions and abilities by comparing oneself with others is called

A) comparative influence processing.
B) analogical comparison.
C) reactance.
D) social comparison.

Question 52

The extremism of terrorist organizations, such as those involved in the September 11th attacks on the United States, is very likely the result of the naturally occurring process of

A) group polarization.
B) pluralistic ignorance.
C) social loafing.
D) social facilitation.

Question 53

In the context of informational influences on group polarization, _______ in discussion produces more attitude change than does _______.

A) arguing; agreeing
B) agreeing; arguing
C) active participation; passive listening
D) passive listening; active participation

Question 54

A review of studies on deindividuation showed that physical anonymity makes one _______ to cues presented in a situation, whether negative or positive.

A) more responsive
B) less responsive
C) unresponsive
D) ambivalent

Question 55

People who are made self-aware by acting in front of a mirror or TV camera have been found to

A) exhibit increased self-confidence.
B) behave more consistently with their attitudes.
C) be less thoughtful in analyzing complex social issues.
D) be more vulnerable to persuasive appeals that run counter to social norms.

Question 56

Teresa has joined the campus Amnesty International Group, and after attending a few of the meetings now feels even more passionate about human rights. Social psychologists would explain the change in Teresa's opinions using

A) social facilitation.
B) groupthink.
C) minority influence.
D) group polarization.

Question 57

Which one of the following is NOT an explanation for group polarization?

A) informational influence
B) normative influence
C) social facilitation
D) desire to be accepted

Question 58

What underlying processes help to explain the occurrence of group polarization?

A) informational influences and normative influences
B) minority influences and social facilitation
C) psychological reactance and deindividuation
D) collective narcissism and self-realization

Question 59

Deindividuation is _____ likely when self-awareness is _____.

A) more; high
B) less; high
C) not; low
D) never; absent

Question 60

A looting mob is a good example of

A) social loafing.
B) minority influence.
C) deindividuation.
D) social ostracism.

Question 61

The illusion of unanimity in a group is one aspect of

A) outgroup bias.
B) deindividuation.
C) groupthink.
D) self-realization.

Question 62

Social comparison is more likely to sway responses on

A) issues that have a factual element.
B) moderate, rather than severe, issues.
C) value-laden judgments.
D) complex, rather than simple issues.

Question 63

The process by which certain group members motivate and guide the group is called

A) groupthink.
B) peripheral route persuasion.
C) leadership.
D) social facilitation.

Question 64

Groupthink symptoms can be viewed as a form of dissonance reduction as group members

A) try to maintain their positive group feelings.
B) try to persuade other group members of their opinions.
C) underestimate their group's might.
D) discuss their group's vulnerability.

Question 65

Research on brainstorming reveals that people working _______ will generate _______ good ideas.

A) alone; fewer
B) alone; more
C) in large groups; more
D) in pairs; more

Question 66

Which is NOT one of the three ways identified by Brown and Paulus (2002) to enhance group brainstorming?

A) Welcome critiques from outside experts and associates.
B) Combine group and solitary brainstorming.
C) Have group members interact by writing.
D) Incorporate electronic brainstorming.

Question 67

Research on leadership indicates that

A) many effective leaders of laboratory groups and large corporations exhibit behaviors that efficiently suppress minority view.
B) effective supervisors tend to score high on both task and social leadership.
C) the most effective leaders typically deviate significantly from a group's standards or norms.
D) transformational leaders lack the capacity to inspire or motivate others to commit themselves to the group's mission.

Question 68

Which of the following is NOT a prescriptive strategy to prevent groupthink from developing?

A) One or more members should be assigned the position of devil's advocate.
B) Endorse any particular position and start group discussions by having people state their positions.
C) Outsiders should attend the meetings and challenge the group's views.
D) After reaching a preliminary decision, the group should call a second-chance meeting and ask each member to express remaining doubts.

Question 69

A false impression of what most other people are thinking or feeling, or how they are responding is what social psychologists call

A) an imaginary audience.
B) social comparison.
C) pluralistic ignorance.
D) groupthink.

Question 70

All of the below are needed for "groupthink" to occur EXCEPT

A) group cohesiveness.
B) isolation of the group from dissenting views.
C) members being well-informed regarding the issues.
D) a directive leader who signals what they favor.

Question 71

According to Festinger (1954), it is human nature to want to evaluate our opinions by

A) comparing our views with others.
B) designing everyday tests of validity.
C) engaging in frequent introspection.
D) actively studying the results of scientific research.

Question 72

Which of the following comments is most likely to be made in a group characterized by groupthink?

A) "We have been in agreement on matters in the past and I hope that will continue."
B) "Joe, why don't you play devil's advocate and challenge the course of action most of us seem to prefer?"
C) "I think we need some outsiders to come in and critique our decision before we proceed."
D) "We have made some stupid mistakes in the past. Let's work carefully to not make the same errors again."

Question 73

You are hesitant to ask questions in class because you assume everyone else understands and you would therefore appear foolish in the class. Your thinking best exemplifies

A) groupthink.
B) pluralistic ignorance.
C) social loafing.
D) self-handicapping.

Question 74

Which two symptoms of groupthink lead group members to overestimate their group's right and might?

A) rationalization and conformity pressure
B) rationalization and a stereotyped view of the opponent
C) an illusion of invulnerability and self-censorship
D) an illusion of invulnerability and an unquestioned belief in the group's morality

Question 75

Closed-mindedness is most clearly fostered by which of the following symptoms of groupthink?

A) rationalization
B) unquestioned belief in the group's morality
C) an illusion of unanimity
D) conformity pressure

Question 76

Which of the following is a comment you are LEAST likely to hear being made within a group characterized by groupthink?

A) "Our critics are not very smart."
B) "Our past decisions have always been right."
C) "Let's weigh all the alternatives carefully before we proceed."
D) "It seems to me we are all in agreement on this, so let's proceed."

Question 77

"Mindguards" protect group leaders from

A) unfair criticism.
B) disagreeable facts.
C) illusions of unanimity.
D) framing effect.

Question 78

Martha is excellent at organizing her employees, setting goals, and focusing on achieving those goals for the company. Martha excels in

A) social leadership.
B) laissez faire leadership.
C) task leadership.
D) affiliative leadership.

Question 79

When people learn about others' positions, without making a prior commitment and without discussing their own position, they will

A) often take a reverse position.
B) not adjust their own position.
C) adjust their responses to maintain a socially favorable position.
D) pretend they "knew it all along."

Question 80

Gina is a highly effective leader who excels in delegating authority, building teamwork, and providing support. Gina excels in

A) social leadership.
B) laissez faire leadership.
C) task leadership.
D) goal leadership.