Deck 16: Urinary System and Excretion

Question 1

Although it sounds like science fiction, human bladders can be grown in the laboratory.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The wall of the ureter has three layers: an inner mucosa, a smooth muscle layer, and an outer fibrous coat of connective tissue.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

On average, a healthy adult human produces 10-20 liters of urine per day.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Which structure releases aldosterone?

A) glomerular (Bowman's) capsule
B) proximal convoluted tubule cells
C) loop of the nephron (loop of Henle)
D) collecting tubule
E) adrenal cortex

Question 5

The kidney has three regions: the renal pelvis, the renal atria, and the renal ventricle.

Question 6

Urine excreted from the body should be sterile.

Question 7

What capillaries are enclosed by the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule?

A) peritubular
B) glomerular
C) loop of nephron (loop of Henle)
D) collecting tubule
E) pulmonary

Question 8

Urinary tract infections confined to the urethra are called

A) urethritis.
B) kidneyitis.
C) cystitis.
D) nephritis.
E) prostatitis.

Question 9

The physical principle upon which kidney dialysis is based is

A) active transport.
B) diffusion.
C) heat transfer.
D) hydrogen ion transfer.
E) pinocytosis.

Question 10

Which of the following is a function of the urinary system?

A) monitoring and maintaining blood pH at about 7.4
B) regulating blood pressure by regulating salt balance in the blood
C) elimination of nitrogenous wastes including urea, uric acid, and creatinine
D) hormone secretion to stimulate red blood cell production and regulate sodium ion levels
E) All of the answer choices describe functions of the urinary system.

Question 11

Each kidney has about 1,000 structural units called nephrons.

Question 12

The tube that transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder is the

A) urethra.
B) ureter.
C) collecting duct.
D) proximal convoluted tubule.
E) loop of the nephron (loop of Henle).

Question 13

How many openings does the bladder have?

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four
E) five

Question 14

The inner layer of the glomerular capsule is composed of renocytes that have long cytoplasmic extensions.

Question 15

Kidney infections are usually curable with antibiotics if diagnosed in time.

Question 16

What is the main reason for hemolytic uremic syndrome?

A) the bacteria Escherichia coli
B) increased animal protein in the diet
C) accumulation of granules within the renal pelvis
D) increased usage of diuretics
E) All of the answer choices are reasons for hemolytic uremic syndrome.

Question 17

Urinary tract infections that involve the bladder are called

A) urethritis.
B) kidneyitis.
C) cystitis.
D) nephritis.
E) prostatitis.

Question 18

The portion of the kidney which is continuous with the ureter is the

A) renal cortex.
B) renal medulla.
C) glomerulus.
D) renal pelvis.
E) nephron.

Question 19

Currently, the one-year survival rate following a kidney transplant is 95-98%.

Question 20

There is an osmotic gradient within the tissues of the renal medulla: the concentration of salt is greater in the direction of the inner medulla.

Question 21

Which of the following statements about the glomerulus is/are correct?

A) Blood pressure primarily accounts for filtration.
B) It is composed of capillaries.
C) It is connected to arterioles at both ends.
D) It is surrounded by the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule.
E) All of the answer choices are correct.

Question 22

Which of the following is a nitrogenous waste product? Check all that apply.

A) erythropoietin
B) urea
C) uric acid
D) bile pigments
E) creatinine

Question 23

Which step in urine formation occurs as molecules and ions are both passively and actively moved from the nephron into the blood of the peritubular capillary network?

A) glomerular filtration
B) tubular reabsorption
C) creatinine production
D) tubular secretion
E) filtration of small molecules into glomerular filtrate

Question 24

The breakdown of amino acids in the liver releases

A) ammonia.
B) urea.
C) glucose.
D) creatinine.
E) uric acid.

Question 25

The release of which of the following substances leads to the secretion of the hormone aldosterone from the adrenal cortex?

A) CO₂
B) urea
C) creatinine
D) fiber
E) renin

Question 26

The urethra serves what other body system in males?

A) endocrine
B) lymphatic
C) reproductive
D) digestive
E) immune

Question 27

What is the correct order an excreted water molecule moves from glomerulus to collecting duct?

A) loop of nephron → glomerular capsule → proximal convoluted tubule → distal convoluted tubule
B) glomerular capsule → proximal convoluted tubule → loop of nephron → distal convoluted tubule
C) glomerular capsule → proximal convoluted tubule → distal convoluted tubule → loop of nephron
D) proximal convoluted tubule → glomerular capsule → loop of nephron → distal convoluted tubule
E) distal convoluted tubule → glomerular capsule → proximal convoluted tubule → loop of nephron

Question 28

Normally, concentrations of metabolically important substances, such as glucose, are

A) high in glomerular filtrate, but only found in trace amounts in urine.
B) low in glomerular filtrate, but high in urine.
C) high in both glomerular filtrate and urine.
D) low in both glomerular filtrate and urine.
E) excluded from entering the excretory system altogether.

Question 29

Tubular secretion allows hydrogen ions, creatinine, and penicillin to be excreted in the distal convoluted tubule. How are these molecules moved across?

A) fluid pressure
B) passive diffusion
C) osmosis
D) active transport
E) reverse reabsorption

Question 30

Which substance is removed from the body via a system other than the urinary system?

A) uric acid
B) salt
C) feces
D) bicarbonate
E) urea

Question 31

The microscopic anatomical unit of excretion found in the kidney is the

A) nephron.
B) glomerular (Bowman's) capsule.
C) glomerulus.
D) alveoli.
E) microvilli.

Question 32

Which of the following structures transports blood rather than urine?

A) renal artery
B) kidney
C) ureter
D) urethra
E) bladder

Question 33

Reabsorption of water, nutrients, and required salts occurs in what part of the nephron?

A) glomerulus
B) distal convoluted tubule
C) proximal convoluted tubule
D) collecting duct
E) loop of the nephron (loop of Henle)

Question 34

Which of the following is the main difference between the urinary system of males and females?

A) Men have two urethras, while women have only one urethra.
B) The urethra is shorter in females.
C) Men have longer ureters than females.
D) Kidneys tend to be larger in females.
E) The female urethra passes through the prostate gland.

Question 35

Nitrogenous wastes are produced by

A) the breakdown of complex sugars.
B) salts that are not incorporated in cellular metabolism.
C) the production of proteins.
D) the breakdown of proteins.
E) the production of nucleic acids.

Question 36

Nervous control of urination involves what mechanism(s)?

A) The brain determines the need for urination from an internal clock.
B) Stretch receptors in the urinary bladder send impulses directly to the sphincters to cause urination.
C) Stretch receptors in the urinary bladder send impulses to the spine, causing a urinary reflex, but the brain can delay the reflex.
D) Stretch receptors in the urinary bladder directly send impulses to the brain that consciously decides to stimulate sphincters to relax.
E) Chemical receptors in the bladder detect urine concentration and trigger a reflex action.

Question 37

Which of these is the correct sequence of blood vessels associated with the nephron?

A) renal artery → peritubular capillary network → afferent arteriole → efferent arteriole → renal vein
B) efferent arteriole → glomerulus → venule → afferent arteriole → collecting duct
C) afferent arteriole → glomerulus → efferent arteriole → peritubular capillary network → venule → renal vein
D) afferent arteriole → glomerulus → peritubular capillary network → efferent arteriole → venule → renal vein
E) renal vein → venule → efferent arteriole → peritubular capillary network → glomerulus → afferent arteriole

Question 38

The buildup of the products of nucleic acid metabolism can lead to

A) gout.
B) creatinine.
C) erythropoietin.
D) renal failure.
E) urethritis.

Question 39

It is advantageous to have a bladder because it

A) helps with defecation.
B) is a place where white cells attack bacteria.
C) stores urine to prevent constant urination.
D) transports urine to the outside of the body.
E) filters wastes and recycles nutrients back into the bloodstream.

Question 40

The bladder is expandable because it contains layers of elastic fibers embedded in thick layers of connective tissue.

Question 41

Damage to the nephrons can lead to uremia, which is characterized by

A) blood cells in the urine.
B) urea in the blood.
C) edema.
D) ionic imbalance.
E) excessive urine.

Question 42

ADH

A) decreases the permeability of the collecting duct.
B) decreases water reabsorption.
C) increases urine volume.
D) is secreted by the adrenal gland.
E) is released in greater quantities on hot days when you sweat.

Question 43

Which of the following, if found in the glomerular filtrate, could indicate kidney damage?

A) water
B) red blood cells
C) nitrogenous wastes
D) glucose and other nutrients
E) salts (ions)

Question 44

High blood pressure causes the kidneys to secrete aldosterone.

Question 45

Sodium concentration in the urine will be maintained due to the loop of the nephron (loop of Henle) exhibiting

A) an active release of sodium from the descending limb.
B) a passive and active release of sodium from the ascending limb.
C) a passive release of sodium from the descending limb.
D) the release of water from the ascending limb.
E) the active transport of water.

Question 46

If the blood is alkaline

A) more hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions are excreted.
B) less hydrogen ions and more bicarbonate ions are reabsorbed.
C) less hydrogen ions are excreted and less bicarbonate are reabsorbed.
D) the kidneys reabsorb increased amounts of water.
E) the diet must be low in necessary acids.

Question 47

Which of the following is a nonfilterable component of the blood?

A) urea
B) glucose
C) amino acids
D) albumin
E) sodium chloride

Question 48

The kidney was one of the first organs to be successfully transplanted because it is so encapsulated and has limited vessels feeding into or out of it. How many major vessels must be cut during transplant surgery for one kidney?

A) two: the renal artery and vein
B) three: the renal artery and vein and one urethra
C) three: the renal artery and vein and one ureter
D) four: the renal artery and vein and the ureter and urethra
E) five: the renal artery and vein, two ureters and one urethra

Question 49

Why is glucose, which is normally found in the glomerular filtrate, absent from the urine?

A) The kidney stores glucose as glycogen.
B) Kidney cells require glucose because energy is needed for active transport.
C) Glucose is reabsorbed back into the bloodstream.
D) Glucose is converted to amino acids in the kidney.
E) Glucose molecules are too large to pass through the loop of the nephron (loop of Henle).

Question 50

An antibiotic such as penicillin that is taken orally is soon excreted in the urine. Since infections last for a short period of time, what is the best strategy for overcoming this continual loss?

A) Provide another oral medication that stops cellular metabolism.
B) Provide a medication that prevents the filtration of all metabolites in the kidney.
C) Take a much larger single dose of penicillin.
D) Take continual doses of penicillin sufficient to maintain it in the bloodstream.
E) Provide a medication that prevents all reabsorption in the kidneys.

Question 51

An increased amount of ADH leads to

A) an increased amount of urine.
B) a decreased amount of urine.
C) no change in the amount of urine.
D) kidney failure.
E) a decreased amount of filtrate.

Question 52

Patients with diabetes mellitus have frequent urination and increased thirst because

A) less water passes from the glomerulus to the glomerular capsule.
B) more water is driven from the glomerulus to the glomerular capsule than normal.
C) more salt is reabsorbed at the proximal convoluted tubule.
D) an increase in sodium ions causes more nerve stimulation and triggers urination.
E) increased glucose in the urine increases its osmolarity and less water is reabsorbed by blood.

Question 53

In order to buffer the acidity of the blood, when would hydrogen ions need be excreted and bicarbonate ions be reabsorbed?

A) only when the lung system is not working
B) when the blood is acidic
C) when the blood is basic
D) when the blood is neutral pH, which is not normal
E) The kidney never excretes or reabsorbs hydrogen and bicarbonate ions.

Question 54

The prostate gland in older men may block the flow of fluid in the

A) ureter.
B) urethra.
C) collecting tubule.
D) proximal convoluted tubule.
E) renal vein.

Question 55

The overall effect of renin release will be to

A) lower blood pressure.
B) lower blood volume.
C) convert angiotensin II into angiotensin I.
D) inhibit aldosterone secretion.
E) increase blood pressure.

Question 56

Which mechanism used to form urine requires a high blood pressure?

A) glomerular filtration
B) tubular reabsorption
C) tubular secretion
D) phagocytosis
E) countercurrent mechanism

Question 57

The structure which monitors blood pressure in the kidney is called the

A) juxtaglomerular apparatus.
B) glomerular (Bowman's) capsule.
C) juxtanephritic apparatus.
D) ascending tubule.
E) renal pelvis.

Question 58

The loop of the nephron (loop of Henle)

A) is necessary for glucose reabsorption.
B) creates a low osmotic pressure in the medulla.
C) creates a high osmotic pressure in the medulla.
D) creates a low osmotic pressure in the cortex.
E) creates a high osmotic pressure in the cortex.

Question 59

Which of the following is correctly matched?

A) prostate enlargement-decreased urethral flow
B) cystitis-nephron damage
C) pyelonephritis-granules in the renal pelvis
D) uremia-bladder infection
E) kidney stones-urethral infection

Question 60

The glomerular (Bowman's) capsule

A) returns material to the blood.
B) filters material from the blood.
C) makes urea.
D) contains urine in its final state.
E) reabsorbs materials not to be excreted.

Question 61

One morning when Jon is urinating, he experiences an incredible stabbing pain in his groin. What is most likely causing this pain?

A) a bladder infection
B) kidney failure
C) inflammation of the urethra
D) bladder cancer
E) a kidney stone, perhaps stuck in the urethra

Question 62

Smoking may increase your risk of lung cancer, but it does not affect the risk of bladder cancer.

Question 63

"Artificial kidneys" do not function in all respects like a natural kidney. What is one inherent problem and what is its practical solution?

A) Artificial systems are less efficient; run the artificial kidney 24 hours a day.
B) Artificial kidneys are complex and must be operated at hospitals; train home care nurses.
C) Dialysis uses passive diffusion and some kidney functions require selective active transport; restrict diet to limit the variety of waste molecules.
D) Artificial kidneys treat the blood directly, requiring IV tubing, etc.; invent an alternative to avoid the bloodstream.
E) Blood coagulates any time it leaves the body; dilute the blood.

Question 64

The liquid that collects in the cavity of the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule is

A) concentrated urine.
B) blood plasma minus blood proteins.
C) old bile ready for excretion.
D) glycogen and water.
E) albumin.

Question 65

How does the urinary system contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis?

A) excretion of metabolic wastes
B) maintenance of water-salt balance
C) maintenance of acid-base balance
D) secretion of hormones
E) All of the answer choices are ways the urinary systems helps maintain homeostasis.

Question 66

Urine and feces are both considered excretions or wastes. How do they biologically compare?

A) Undigested food passes through as feces; urine is just unused or surplus water.
B) Although they are processed by separate systems, feces and urine are bacteria-laden and unsanitary.
C) Feces is undigested food plus bacteria that was never inside the body tissues; urine carries metabolic wastes from cell metabolism but should be bacteria-free.
D) Both feces and urine were molecules that were, for a short time, part of cell metabolism.
E) Both are ways of excreting excess water from the body.

Question 67

Urine contains substances that underwent pressure filtration and substances that underwent tubular secretion.

Question 68

The cells of the distal convoluted tubules have numerous mitochondria to support active transport.

Question 69

Which of the following would be an indication of kidney damage?

A) urea in the urine
B) salts in the urine
C) uric acid in the urine
D) large amount of protein in the urine
E) dilute urine

Question 70

Describe the four major functions of the urinary system.

Question 71

Why do physicians prescribe diuretic drugs to patients with high blood pressure?

A) Diuretic drugs decrease urine flow and increase the blood volume that must be pumped.
B) Diuretic drugs increase urine flow and decrease the blood volume that must be pumped.
C) Diuretic drugs decrease urine flow and the kidney does not have to work as hard.
D) Diuretic drugs increase urine flow and speed up the loss of nitrogenous wastes.
E) Diuretic drugs increase urine flow and the removal of salt from the body.

Question 72

The concentration of protein in the blood is higher in postglomerular blood as compared with that in arterial blood because

A) protein is digested in the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule.
B) the kidney manufactures protein.
C) reabsorption of protein occurs.
D) as water passes into the capsule, the concentration of protein in the blood will increase.
E) water is a small molecule.

Question 73

Explain the role of ANH (atrial natriuretic hormone) in homeostasis.

Question 74

Normally, concentrations of wastes, such as urea, are

A) high in urine in comparison to plasma.
B) high in the filtrate but low in urine.
C) in trace amounts in urine but are high in blood.
D) not in the filtrate but are present in low concentrations in the urine.
E) only found in the excretory organs where they originate from metabolism.

Question 75

Where would the blood be most viscous (least fluid) as it passes through the kidney?

A) before the glomerulus
B) after passing through the glomerulus but before reaching the loop of nephron
C) after the loop of nephron
D) equally viscous at all points in the human body, including the kidney nephrons
E) in the renal vein

Question 76

List, in order, the structures of the nephron that will be involved in the formation of urine.

Question 77

Jackie's ankles are very swollen at night after work. When she went to the doctor about the problem, the doctor requested a urine specimen. Why?

A) Jackie could be suffering from edema. If so, the urine sample might contain protein or urea.
B) Jackie is probably drinking too much water. If so, the urine will be very dilute.
C) Jackie might be suffering from kidney stones and the doctor is looking for small stones in the urine.
D) Jackie could have an inactive bladder and the doctor wants to see if Jackie is capable of urinating.

Question 78

Albumin is the large protein molecule found in egg white and blood plasma. Table salt dissociates into sodium and chloride ions. Urea is assembled in the liver. In a healthy person, what is the fate of the majority of these molecules as they pass through a nephron?

A) All three remain in the bloodstream.
B) All three pass across to the glomerular capsule and are excreted in urine.
C) All three pass across to the glomerular capsule, but the salt ions are mostly reabsorbed.
D) Albumin remains in the blood; salt ions and urea are passed across and excreted.
E) Albumin remains in the blood, salt ions pass across but are reabsorbed, and the urea is passed across and excreted.

Question 79

Since the proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs molecules by diffusion, what structure would you expect to find at the microscopic level?

A) microvilli to increase surface area
B) smooth muscle to stretch as the volume inside increases
C) numerous mitochondria to allow active transport
D) loose connective tissue so that liquids can pass through the cells
E) many neurons to stimulate the cells to reabsorb

Question 80

The respiratory system, like the urinary system, is able to rid the body of a wide variety of acidic and basic substances, thereby directly adjusting the pH of the blood.