Deck 6: Introduction to Cognitive Perspectives

Question 1

Which one of the following is the best example of paired associate learning?

A) Learning how to fly a kite
B) Learning the months of the year in order
C) Learning French grammar
D) Learning the capitals of European countries

Answer 1

D

Question 2

People are more likely to perceive this configuration of shapes: $$\begin{array} { c c c c } \Delta & \Delta & \Delta & \Delta \\\diamond & \diamond & \diamond & \diamond \\\$ & \$ & \$ & \$ \\\cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot\end{array}$$
As four rows rather than as four columns. Which one of the following Gestaltist concepts best accounts for this phenomenon?

A) Closure
B) Prägnanz
C) Proximity
D) Similarity

Answer 2

Similarity

Question 3

Three of the following are assumptions that underlie contemporary cognitive theories of learning. Which one is not such an assumption?

A) Mental events can be studied indirectly by observing behavior.
B) Humans often learn by relating new information to what they already know.
C) Researchers can study mental events only by abandoning objectivity.
D) Humans sometimes learn differently than other species do.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Ms. McDevitt's class has learned how to calculate the area of a rectangle. Ms. McDevitt then asks Teresa how to calculate the area of a square. Which one of the following alternatives best describes the Gestalt perspective of how Teresa would solve this problem?

A) She would engage in trial and error behavior, attempting one solution after another, until she eventually solved the problem.
B) She would solve the problem on her own only after watching the teacher solve the problem.
C) She would think about the problem for a while and, once she realized that a square was a kind of rectangle, be able to solve the problem.
D) Through a process of shaping, with her teacher reinforcing her for appropriate responses, she would eventually solve the problem.

Question 5

Mrs. Pike's class is learning to spell twenty new words. They learn 5 words per day for four days Monday through Thursday). On Friday the students are given a spelling test on all 20 words. When Mrs. Pike is grading the tests, she notices that most students remembered the words that we taught on Thursday, but not on Monday through Wednesday. Which verbal learning principle can explain Mrs. Pike's spelling test results?

A) Primacy effect
B) Recency effect
C) Overlearning
D) Proactive inhibition

Question 6

Which one of the following is the best example of serial learning?

A) Learning how to fly a kite
B) Learning the months of the year in order
C) Learning French grammar
D) Learning the capitals of European countries

Question 7

You perceive a shape as a rectangle even though two of its lines are too short to connect at one corner. Which one of the following Gestaltist concepts best accounts for this phenomenon?

A) Closure
B) Prägnanz
C) Similarity
D) Proximity

Question 8

Which one of the following statements best describes the history of contemporary cognitive theory?

A) It has been a major force guiding learning research ever since computers were used to understand cognition.
B) It has been the dominant perspective in learning research only in the past six or seven decades.
C) Its roots can be traced to the work of verbal learning theory, which in turn evolved from Jean Piaget's research in Switzerland.
D) It gained prominence only when psychologists began to cast aside the need for objectivity in psychological research.

Question 9

In a series of experiments, Tolman investigated the role of reinforcement in learning. Which one of the following conclusions emerged from his research?

A) Reinforcement is essential for learning, but not for performance.
B) Reinforcement is distracting, so interferes with learning.
C) Responses can be learned even when they are not reinforced.
D) Reinforcement is important only if the organism is unmotivated.

Question 10

Mr. Fremont tells his French class, "La plume means 'pen.'" Which one of the following students in his class is exhibiting Tolman's notion of latent learning?

A) Alicia immediately repeats the sentence, "La plume means 'pen.'"
B) Bethany also repeats the sentence immediately, but she mispronounces the French word plume as "plum."
C) Caroline is reading a novel hidden between the pages of her French book and so isn't paying attention.
D) Donna says nothing at the time, but she correctly recites the French word for "pen" the next day.

Question 11

Three of the following illustrate the Gestalt notion that "the whole is more than the sum of its parts." Which one does not reflect this idea?

A) Abby notices that a row of flashing lights look like a single moving light.
B) Bobby gazes at the stars and notices how a cluster of seven stars forms the shape of a tennis racket.
C) Cubby is learning the concept brighter. He is shown a dim light and a bright light and told that the second light is brighter. When he later sees the same bright light and an even brighter one, he correctly identifies the new light as being brighter.
D) Debby learns that "2 plus 2 equals 4" and repeats this fact to herself over and over again until she knows it perfectly.

Question 12

Tolman was interested in examining the role of expectations in behavior. Which one of the following statements most accurately describes the method he used to study expectations?

A) He never reinforced any given response in the same way twice.
B) He reinforced a response the same way for several trials, then abruptly changed the type or amount of reinforcement.
C) He asked subjects what they were expecting a particular response to accomplish.
D) He gave his subjects a lengthy survey that included two or three questions concerning their expectations about the experiment.

Question 13

Contemporary cognitive theory asserts that humans are actively involved in their own learning. This assertion is most closely aligned to which theory?

A) Cognitive developmental
B) Social cognitive
C) Cognitive behavioral
D) Cognitive neuroscience

Question 14

The basis for verbal learning theory came from which of the following research discoveries?

A) Language based learning could not be described by the behaviorist perspective alone.
B) Behaviorists did not want to be associated with language learning research.
C) All humans can learn language at an early age.
D) Humans can proficiently learn more than one language.

Question 15

Which one of the following best illustrates Tolman's notion of a cognitive map?

A) You study a map of Australia until you can reproduce it with considerable accuracy.
B) You study a map of Australia but reproduce it with many distortions in shape and location.
C) After walking around campus for a few days, you learn where buildings are in relation to one another.
D) The concepts table and chair are more closely associated in memory than the words bed and refrigerator.

Question 16

Sarah needs to learn how to spell 40 words for a spelling test tomorrow. Sarah wants to perform as well as she possibly can on the test. Based on findings from verbal learning research, which one of the following would be the best advice to give Sarah?

A) "Spell each word at least 5 times, saying the letters silently to yourself."
B) "Spell each word at least 5 times, saying the letters out loud."
C) "Spell the words until you know them all perfectly."
D) "Spell the words until you know them all perfectly, and then continue to practice spelling them several more times."

Question 17

Which one of the following statements reflects Tolman's notion of purposive behaviorism?

A) Organisms sometimes reinforce themselves
B) Organisms behave in order to attain particular goals.
C) Behavior can be altered by reinforcement, but not by punishment.
D) When organisms discover that a particular response is no longer reinforced as it has previously been, they increase the frequency of that response for a short time.
E)g., by feeling proud).

Question 18

The theories of Edward Tolman and the Gestalt psychologists were similar with respect to one of the following alternatives. Which one?

A) An emphasis on how knowledge is organized
B) An emphasis on cognitive maps
C) Research with human subjects
D) The law of Prägnanz

Question 19

Frank sees an egg-shaped ball that he later "remembers" as being perfectly round. Frank's mistaken recollection is an example of the Gestalt principle of:

A) Proximity
B) Closure
C) Prägnanz
D) Restructuring

Question 20

Julia sees a set of twelve circles arranged like this: $$\begin{array} { l } \mathrm { OOO } \quad\quad\quad\quad \mathrm { OOO } \\\mathrm { OOO } \quad\quad\quad\quad \mathrm { OOO } \\\end{array}$$
Using Gestalt principles, we can predict that Julia will perceive them as:

A) 2 groups of 6 circles each.
B) 6 groups of 2 circles each.
C) 3 groups of 4 circles each.
D) 4 groups of 3 circles each.

Question 21

Over the course of history, science has continued to evolve as new data emerge and scientists offer new ideas to explain those data. This continuing process of change in scientific thinking over the years best reflects the idea of:

A) information processing theory
B) individual constructivism
C) social constructivism
D) Prägnanz

Question 22

Which one of the following scenarios best reflects the basic idea of individual constructivism?

A) A student tries to make sense of a poorly written and confusing magazine article.
B) A teacher assigns a laboratory activity using cumbersome equipment that students can only use successfully by working in pairs.
C) A student practices playing the F major scale on his violin until he can play it perfectly.
D) Four students in a study group divide the day's reading assignment into four sections. Each student reads a section and then teaches the material to the other group members.

Question 23

Which one of the following is the best example of encoding in the process of learning state capitals?

A) Abe learns Austin, Texas by making sure he is relaxed before he studies it.
B) Bernice focuses her eyes on the page that says "St. Paul, Minnesota" and keeps them focused there for at least 10 seconds.
C) Corey learns Atlanta, Georgia by thinking, "The Atlantic Ocean is gorgeous."
D) Darcy learns Sacramento, California by having a tape recorder play "Sacramento, California" over and over while she sleeps.

Question 24

Harry and Sam are both taking French; Harry is also taking German, but Sam is not. Harry and Sam learn these French vocabulary words in their French class: head - la tête
Eye - l'œil
Mouth - la bouche
The following day, Harry learns these German vocabulary words in his German class:
Head - der Kopf
Eye - das Auge
Mouth - der Mund
A week later the two boys are given a French vocabulary quiz in which they are asked to give the French words for head, eye, and mouth. Other things being equal, findings from verbal learning research would lead us to predict that:

A) Due to retroactive inhibition, Harry will get a lower grade on the quiz than Sam.
B) Due to proactive inhibition, Harry will get a higher grade on the quiz than Sam.
C) Due to retroactive facilitation, Harry will get a lower grade on the quiz than Sam.
D) Due to proactive facilitation, Harry will get a higher grade on the quiz than Sam.

Question 25

When psychologists refer to a dual-store model of memory, they are referring to a model in which:

A) A distinction is made between working and long-term memory
B) Functions rather than structures of memory are emphasized
C) Information must be processed more than once before it will be stored
D) A distinction is made between two different levels of processing

Question 26

Learning theorists often emphasize the importance of attention in the learning process? From the perspective of the dual-store model of memory, why is attention so important?

A) It gets information into the sensory register.
B) It moves information from working memory into long-term memory.
C) It moves information from the sensory register into long-term memory.
D) It moves information from the sensory register into working memory.

Question 27

Which one of the following statements best characterizes the duration of the sensory register?

A) Information can last indefinitely in the sensory register if the visual or auditory image is occasionally retrieved.
B) Meaningless information fades quickly, but meaningful information may remain for hours.
C) Most visual information lasts less than a second, with auditory information lasting slightly longer.
D) Information remains for about ten seconds regardless of its nature.

Question 28

Contemporary information processing theories of learning can best be described as theories that:

A) Focus on how people solve problems
B) Propose that people learn in distinctly computer-like ways
C) Deal primarily with how people develop the ability to think abstractly
D) Explain how people interpret and remember the events they experience

Question 29

A number of learning principles emerged from early verbal learning research. Which one of the following statements contradicts what verbal learning theorists found?

A) People tend to organize unorganized information.
B) People are more likely to remember general ideas than word-for-word information.
C) Practicing for a long time all at once is more effective than practicing for short periods on different occasions.
D) People sometimes change information into a form they can learn and remember more easily.

Question 30

A classroom of talkative students immediately quiets down and pays attention when the teacher yells, "Listen to me!" quite loudly. The students' sudden attentiveness to the teacher demonstrates the effect of _______ on attention.

A) stimulus intensity
B) personal relevance
C) proximity
D) working memory

Question 31

Based on findings from verbal learning research, which list of 3-letter syllables should be easiest to learn?

A) CAR, DOG, BUN
B) BUX, RIJ, NOP
C) TUN, FOT, AOR
D) XDP, MFC, RLJ

Question 32

John and Jenny are both taking the same math test on Friday. John studies for 6 hours on Thursday. Jenny studies for 2 hours per day on Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday. According to research consistent with the verbal learning theory, which student should perform better on the math exam and why?

A) Jenny, because she studied for more days overall.
B) Neither, they would perform the same because they both studied for the same amount of time overall.
C) John, because all of his studying was massed together.
D) Jenny, because her studying was distribute over time.

Question 33

When memory theorists talk about control processes, they are talking about:

A) Observable behaviors
B) How the environment structures people's opportunities to learn new things
C) The methods that teachers use to facilitate a learner's memory for information
D) Cognitive processes that affect storage and retrieval of information
E)g., walking to a new location) that affect what information in the environment is encountered

Question 34

Which one of the following is an accurate statement about the dual-store model of memory?

A) All information that reaches the sensory register also reaches short-term memory, but only a small percentage of this information is stored in long-term memory.
B) Information that must be remembered for a long time goes directly from the sensory register to long-term memory; less important information is stored in short-term memory.
C) All information that enters long-term memory must first pass through the sensory register and short-term memory.
D) The three components of memory are used to store different kinds of information: visual images are stored in the sensory register, most numerical information is stored in short-term memory, and verbal information is stored in long-term memory.

Question 35

These four teachers claim to be practicing principles from cognitive psychology. Based on the following information, which one is not?

A) Ms. Anthony, a high school biology teacher, draws a hierarchy on the board showing how mammals, fish, birds, reptiles, and amphibians are all vertebrates, and how vertebrates and invertebrates are both animals.
B) Mr. Bottenberg, a fourth grade teacher, suggests that his students try to learn their spelling words by thinking about similarly spelled words that they already know.
C) Mr. Conrad, a junior high school soccer coach, asks his players to practice passing the ball to one another as they run down the field, then openly praises those players who are passing skillfully.
D) Ms. Danforth, a third grade teacher, introduces her class to the topic of multiplication by showing them how it relates to addition.

Question 36

Jennifer was given a random list of 20 words to study. Jennifer was then asked to recall as many of the words as she could remember in a free recall task. Consistent with verbal learning research, which of the following orders is Jennifer most likely to recall the words in?

A) Random order
B) The same order the words were presented in
C) In categories organized by the words' meanings
D) Alphabetical order

Question 37

Which one of the following best reflects the use of the sensory register component of memory?

A) You can remember a melody for several hours even though you don't remember the lyrics.
B) You can remember something you heard for a second or two even though you weren't initially paying attention to it.
C) You can remember the name of a person just long enough to introduce her to someone else.
D) You can remember the concept of reinforcement because you are able to relate it to your own experiences.

Question 38

During a lecture on World War II, Mr. Cochran tells his class about some of the major leaders of the countries involved in the war. He then asks Kathy to identify the leader of Great Britain during World War II, and she correctly responds, "Winston Churchill." At the time she answers the question, Kathy is exhibiting:

A) storage
B) retrieval
C) elaboration
D) proactive facilitation

Question 39

Which one of the following statements best describes contextual views of learning?

A) Information stored in long-term memory is highly interrelated, such that everything is either directly or indirectly connected with everything else.
B) Learners can tackle complex tasks more successfully when they have familiar concrete tools to assist them in their efforts.
C) Practice in applying principles of deductive and inductive reasoning leads to more logical thought processes in a variety of contexts.
D) People of all ages-but especially young children-learn most effectively when they can relate a new concept to their own experiences.

Question 40

Early behaviorists argued that because thinking cannot be observed, it cannot be studied objectively and scientifically. How would a cognitive psychologist be most likely to respond to this argument?

A) "Modern technology allows us to study thought processes very precisely."
B) "By studying people's responses to various stimuli, we can draw inferences about thought processes that may underlie those responses."
C) "We study mental events, which aren't the same thing as thinking."
D) "We can determine what people are thinking simply by asking them to describe their thoughts. The things they say are observable behaviors that we can measure objectively."

Question 41

To prepare for his test on Tuesday morning, Harvey studied on Monday night. He remembered the information long enough to do well on the test on Tuesday but could not remember it for a surprise quiz a week later. Based on this information, how far in Harvey's memory system did the information get?

A) It reached the sensory register.
B) It reached working memory.
C) It reached long-term memory.
D) It never got into the memory system at all.

Question 42

Based on the textbook's discussion, you might best think of attention as being a process of:

A) Turning one's sensory receptors in the direction of desired information
B) Making stronger responses to bright or loud stimuli
C) Focusing one's cognitive processes on certain stimuli in the environment
D) Filtering out unwanted information, in much the same way that an oil filter removes unwanted particles

Question 43

Look at this word: KITE
Without turning the page, try to imagine how the word would look if it were rotated 180º. To perform this task successfully, you would need to make considerable use of that part of your working memory known as the:

A) visuospatial sketchpad
B) reticular formation
C) phonological loop
D) sensory register

Question 44

Which one of the following scenarios reflects the typical duration of working short-term) memory?
A) Arnie's family spends a summer at his grandmother's house and is able to remember his grandmother's telephone number for the two months he is there. However, he quickly forgets the number after he moves back home again.

A)m., Darrell makes a mental list of the five items he needs to purchase at the grocery store at the end of the day. At noon, he checks himself and realizes that he still remembers all five. At 3:00 p.m., however, he discovers that he has forgotten three of the five items.
B) Barney looks up the correct spelling of the word fossil and closes the dictionary. By the time he finds a piece of paper on which to write the word, he has forgotten how to spell it.
C) Carol remembers most of the information that she has been learning about World War II in class this week, but she remembers very little of what she learned about World War I two weeks ago.
D) At 9:00

Question 45

Susan is introduced to Jerry. She immediately smiles and says, "Hello, Jerry." A minute later, she wants to introduce Jerry to her friend Mary, but she cannot remember his name. Based on this information, how far in Susan's memory system did Jerry's name get?

A) It reached the sensory register.
B) It reached working memory.
C) It reached long-term memory.
D) It never got into the memory system at all.

Question 46

John learned the capitals of all 50 US states when he was a child. As an adult, he can no longer recall or recognize any of the 50 state capitals. However, he relearned the capitals faster than Jenny who did not learn the state capitals as a child. John's relearning suggests that the information regarding the state capitals remained in his ________________ from the time he first learned them as a child.

A) sensory register
B) working memory
C) long-term memory
D) sensory register and working memory

Question 47

Eunice has had trouble remembering the formula for calculating the area of a circle, so she is saying it to herself over and over again as her teacher passes out a geometry test. Eunice is demonstrating:

A) Storage in the sensory register
B) Retrieval from working memory
C) The use of maintenance rehearsal
D) The use of chunking

Question 48

Which of the following children best illustrate the use of effortful control.

A) John loves dogs and can read books about dogs for hours.
B) Kate does not like to read and when her mother asks her to read, she watches her favorite TV show instead.
C) Beth does not like to read, but knows it is important, so she solely attends to reading for twenty minutes a day.
D) Natalie loves to read about dogs, but when she is assigned reading about cats, she takes her dog for a walk instead of completing the reading assignment.

Question 49

Marnie attends very closely to the English teacher's lecture because she knows she must pass her English course in order to graduate. Marnie's attentiveness demonstrates the effect of _______ on attention.

A) stimulus intensity
B) personal significance
C) emotion
D) incongruity

Question 50

Considering current views regarding the capacity of working memory, which one of the following sets of information could be held entirely in working memory?

A) The names of 20 friends
B) The visual images of 20 friends
C) Two pages of narrative from a mystery novel
D) A list of five miscellaneous household objects

Question 51

When a stray dog wanders into a classroom, all of the students stop their seatwork and watch the teacher try to coax the dog from the room. The students' attentiveness demonstrates the effect of _______ on attention.

A) novelty
B) proximity
C) size
D) personal significance

Question 52

Three of the following statements are accurate descriptions of long-term memory. Which one is not necessarily accurate?

A) Information can last for a lengthy period of time, although not necessarily forever.
B) Retrieval of information from long-term memory is sometimes difficult.
C) Much of the information stored there is stored in terms of general meanings.
D) The more information it contains, the less room it has for new material.

Question 53

You know what a computer is, and you also know how to send an email message using a computer. The difference between these two kinds of knowledge can best be characterized as a difference between:

A) explicit vs. implicit memory
B) declarative vs. procedural knowledge
C) things learned through deep vs. shallow processing
D) things learned through the visuospatial sketchpad vs. through the phonological loop

Question 54

Which one of the following best illustrates the "working" aspect of working memory?

A) Efficiently using a pair of scissors
B) Confusing two people's names
C) Alphabetizing five names as you hold them in memory
D) Unconsciously adjusting your grip on a tennis racket in anticipation of executing a backhand swing

Question 55

Which one of the following examples best illustrates involvement of a central executive in the human memory system?

A) Adam absentmindedly cracks his knuckles every minute or two.
B) Brigette works hard to keep her mind on her textbook as she reads.
C) As she sits in a science lecture, Claudia's thoughts continually drift to other topics.
D) David is frightened the first time he hears the loud noises at a fireworks display.

Question 56

Which one of the following most clearly illustrates the Gestalt principle of figure-ground?

A) Aaron is watching the teacher's face so intently that he doesn't notice what she is writing on the chalkboard.
B) Bart has difficulty seeing the difference between the letters b and d because the two letters are so similar in appearance.
C) Caryn is lost in her thoughts.
D) Darlene has difficulty judging the size of objects more than six meters away from her.

Question 57

If you know how to wrap a present, you can probably describe the process to someone else. But if you know how to skip rope, you may have difficulty explaining what you do to someone else. The difference between these two kinds of knowledge can best be characterized as a difference between:

A) explicit vs. implicit memory
B) declarative vs. procedural knowledge
C) things learned through deep vs. shallow processing
D) things learned through the visuospatial sketchpad vs. through the phonological loop

Question 58

William is trying to remember his new nine-digit social security number, and he does so by thinking of it as three groups of three digits each. William is demonstrating:

A) The use of chunking
B) Storage in the sensory register
C) Retrieval from working memory
D) The use of maintenance rehearsal

Question 59

Each of the women below is engaging in two activities simultaneously. Considering contemporary views of attention, identify the woman who should have the greatest difficulty doing both things at once.

A) Amelia is thinking about what to cook for dinner while she combs her hair.
B) Brenda is watching the evening news on television while she studies for an exam.
C) As Camille walks down the street, she calls a friend on her cell phone to express anger about his inconsiderate behavior earlier in the day.
D) As she jogs around the track at the health club, Donna is trying to decide where to go on her vacation next month.

Question 60

Mr. Wagner stands in front of the class explaining the process of evolution. Ellen is sitting in the front row, but her mind is on the fight she had with her best friend just before class. Based on this information, how far in Ellen's memory system did Mr. Wagner's lecture get?

A) It reached the sensory register.
B) It reached working memory.
C) It reached long-term memory.
D) It never got into the memory system at all.

Question 61

Three of the following teachers are practicing principles from contemporary memory theory. Which teacher is not?

A) Mr. Adamson tells his students that, with practice, they will be able to do complicated long division problems in their heads.
B) Ms. Borelli tells her students that they should not try to remember every detail in their 100-page reading assignment, but instead should focus on main ideas.
C) Mr. Canton makes sure that students are paying attention before he begins an explanation of photosynthesis.
D) Ms. Darwin talks about how famous battles in history are in some ways similar to the fights students sometimes have on the playground.

Question 62

Which one of the following statements best describes an activation model of memory?

A) Information is more effectively encoded when it is acted out for example, through role playing) at the time of storage.
B) What you are thinking about is activated; other things stored in your memory are in an inactive state.
C) You must repeat information several times if it is to be stored effectively.
D) Different pieces of information in memory interact with one another, so that you often remember something differently from how which you first stored it.

Question 63

Distinguish among the sensory register, working memory, and long-term memory in terms of the following:
a. Capacity
b. Duration
c. The forms) in which information tends to be stored
Describe relevant research to support your statements.

Question 64

Identify two contributions that each of the following made to contemporary cognitive learning theory:
a. Edward Tolman
b. Gestalt psychologists
c. Verbal learning theorists

Question 65

In each of the three situations below, information enters a student's memory system. For each situation, use the dual-store model of memory to: 1) identify the last component of memory in which the event has been stored, and 2) explain how you arrived at your conclusion.
a. Thursday night, Jennifer studies for a test on Friday morning. She remembers the material quite accurately on Tuesday and gets an A on the test. When she takes a review test two months later, however, she can no longer remember that same material.
b. Justin is trying to learn information in his textbook. His eyes are focused on the words in front of him, but he is thinking about the fishing trip he has planned for the weekend.
c. After her French teacher says, "Merci beaucoup," Josephine repeats the phrase, then she immediately turns to talk to her friend.

Question 66

The textbook recommends a number of ways in which to increase students' attention in class. Which one of the following is not recommended?

A) Ask questions frequently.
B) Vary the method of presentation.
C) Place easily distractible students near the teacher.
D) Have several different activities going on simultaneously.

Question 67

Contemporary cognitive learning theories share a number of common underlying assumptions. Describe four of these assumptions.

Question 68

You are giving a lecture on a topic you know will be difficult for your students to understand and remember. Describe the steps you should take to maximize the probability that:
a. Your students will store the information in their working memories.
b. The information won't exceed the limits of students' working memory capacities.
c. Your students will, from the perspective of a levels-of-processing perspective, process the information in a "deep" fashion.

Question 69

Describe three general implications of cognitive learning theories for classroom practice. Illustrate each implication with a concrete example of what a teacher might do.

Question 70

Which one of the following pairs illustrates two different levels of processing?

A) Deciding whether bear rhymes with chair; deciding whether bear rhymes with deer.
B) Deciding whether bear rhymes with chair; deciding whether actual rhymes with natural.
C) Deciding whether bear rhymes with chair; thinking about how a bear and a dog are similar.
D) Thinking about how a bear and a dog are similar; thinking about how a chair and a table are similar.

Question 71

Contemporary memory theorists disagree about whether working memory and long-term memory are distinctly different entities. Describe two sources of evidence that support a dual-store model of memory and two sources of evidence that support a single-store model.

Question 72

Describe what psychologists mean when they say that attention and working memory have a limited capacity. Discuss at least two implications of this limited capacity for learning in the classroom.

Question 73

The textbook identifies eight characteristics of a situation that tend to draw one's attention. Describe five of these characteristics. For each one, give an example to illustrate its effect.

Question 74

Peter and Paul are both listening to the same lecture. Peter is trying to learn the information being presented so that he can remember it later on. Paul is listening closely but not necessarily trying to remember it. From a levels-of-processing perspective, we would predict that:

A) Peter is engaging in incidental learning, so will probably remember more.
B) Paul is likely to process the information at a deeper level, so will probably remember more.
C) Both boys will remember the same amount if they process the information in the same way.
D) Both boys will remember the same amount if they are equally alert.

Question 75

Each of the following teachers is reviewing materials their students will need to know for the upcoming final exam. Three of the following teachers are reviewing in a way that is sensitive to their students cognitive load capacity? Which teacher is not?

A) Mr. Andrews puts all of the information students will need to know for the exam on the board and instructs the students to copy it into notes.
B) Mr. Brown presents the information separated into sections. He completes one section before moving on to the next.
C) Mr. Carey presents the information slowly and includes many examples and illustrations.
D) Mr. Daniels stops and repeats difficult concepts and often re-words confusing information.

Question 76

Several sources of evidence have been used to address the question of whether working memory and long-term memory are separate entities. Which one of the following is not a source of evidence that has been used for this purpose?

A) The serial learning curve
B) The behaviors of people who have sustained brain injuries
C) The form in which information is stored in different memory tasks
D) People's descriptions of how they remember information

Question 77

Describe what is meant by serial learning and paired associate learning and give a real-life example of each.

Question 78

Which one of the following kinds of knowledge is least likely to be dependent on active, conscious processing to be learned? Base your choice on research findings presented in the textbook.

A) Knowing that Los Angeles is approximately 3,000 miles from New York.
B) Knowing how to start a fire using crumpled newspaper and small twigs.
C) Knowing that football, lighthouse, and airport are all compound words.
D) Knowing that the word cat appears in speech more often than feline.

Question 79

Only one of the following teachers is applying contemporary memory theory. Which one?

A) Ms. Alphonso suggests that students in her Russian class listen to Russian tapes while they sleep.
B) Mr. Bancroft helps students identify important ideas in their textbooks.
C) Ms. Cranston asks her students to memorize definitions of 15 geometric figures.
D) Mr. Dominowski suggests that his students put information for tomorrow's test in their short-term memories.