Question 1

Which one of the following is the best example of paired associate learning?

Accepted Answer

A)  Learning how to fly a kite 
B)  Learning the months of the year in order 
C)  Learning French grammar 
D)  Learning the capitals of European countries 
A)  Learning how to fly a kite 
B)  Learning the months of the year in order 
C)  Learning French grammar 
D)  Learning the capitals of European countries D

Question 2

Which one of the following statements best describes the history of contemporary cognitive theory?

Accepted Answer

A)  It has been a major force guiding learning research ever since computers were used to understand cognition. 
B)  It has been the dominant perspective in learning research only in the past six or seven decades. 
C)  Its roots can be traced to the work of verbal learning theory, which in turn evolved from Jean Piaget's research in Switzerland. 
D)  It gained prominence only when psychologists began to cast aside the need for objectivity in psychological research. 
A)  It has been a major force guiding learning research ever since computers were used to understand cognition. 
B)  It has been the dominant perspective in learning research only in the past six or seven decades. 
C)  Its roots can be traced to the work of verbal learning theory, which in turn evolved from Jean Piaget's research in Switzerland. 
D)  It gained prominence only when psychologists began to cast aside the need for objectivity in psychological research. B

Question 3

Three of the following are assumptions that underlie contemporary cognitive theories of learning. Which one is not such an assumption?

Accepted Answer

A)  Mental events can be studied indirectly by observing behavior. 
B)  Humans often learn by relating new information to what they already know. 
C)  Researchers can study mental events only by abandoning objectivity. 
D)  Humans sometimes learn differently than other species do. 
A)  Mental events can be studied indirectly by observing behavior. 
B)  Humans often learn by relating new information to what they already know. 
C)  Researchers can study mental events only by abandoning objectivity. 
D)  Humans sometimes learn differently than other species do. C

Question 4

Which one of the following scenarios reflects the typical duration of working short-term) memory?

Accepted Answer

A)  Arnie's family spends a summer at his grandmother's house and is able to remember his grandmother's telephone number for the two months he is there. However, he quickly forgets the number after he moves back home again. 
B)  Barney looks up the correct spelling of the word fossil and closes the dictionary. By the time he finds a piece of paper on which to write the word, he has forgotten how to spell it. 
C)  Carol remembers most of the information that she has been learning about World War II in class this week, but she remembers very little of what she learned about World War I two weeks ago. 
D)  At 9:00 A.m., Darrell makes a mental list of the five items he needs to purchase at the grocery store at the end of the day. At noon, he checks himself and realizes that he still remembers all five. At 3:00 p.m., however, he discovers that he has forgotten three of the five items. 
A)  Arnie's family spends a summer at his grandmother's house and is able to remember his grandmother's telephone number for the two months he is there. However, he quickly forgets the number after he moves back home again. 
B)  Barney looks up the correct spelling of the word fossil and closes the dictionary. By the time he finds a piece of paper on which to write the word, he has forgotten how to spell it. 
C)  Carol remembers most of the information that she has been learning about World War II in class this week, but she remembers very little of what she learned about World War I two weeks ago. 
D)  At 9:00 A.m., Darrell makes a mental list of the five items he needs to purchase at the grocery store at the end of the day. At noon, he checks himself and realizes that he still remembers all five. At 3:00 p.m., however, he discovers that he has forgotten three of the five items.

Question 5

The textbook identifies eight characteristics of a situation that tend to draw one's attention. Describe five of these characteristics. For each one, give an example to illustrate its effect.

Accepted Answer

The five characteristics of a situation

Question 6

Which one of the following best illustrates Tolman's notion of a cognitive map?

Accepted Answer

A)  You study a map of Australia until you can reproduce it with considerable accuracy. 
B)  You study a map of Australia but reproduce it with many distortions in shape and location. 
C)  After walking around campus for a few days, you learn where buildings are in relation to one another. 
D)  The concepts table and chair are more closely associated in memory than the words bed and refrigerator. 
A)  You study a map of Australia until you can reproduce it with considerable accuracy. 
B)  You study a map of Australia but reproduce it with many distortions in shape and location. 
C)  After walking around campus for a few days, you learn where buildings are in relation to one another. 
D)  The concepts table and chair are more closely associated in memory than the words bed and refrigerator.

Question 7

Based on findings from verbal learning research, which list of 3-letter syllables should be easiest to learn?

Accepted Answer

A)  CAR, DOG, BUN 
B)  BUX, RIJ, NOP 
C)  TUN, FOT, AOR 
D)  XDP, MFC, RLJ 
A)  CAR, DOG, BUN 
B)  BUX, RIJ, NOP 
C)  TUN, FOT, AOR 
D)  XDP, MFC, RLJ

Question 8

Which one of the following most clearly illustrates the Gestalt principle of figure-ground?

Accepted Answer

A)  Aaron is watching the teacher's face so intently that he doesn't notice what she is writing on the chalkboard. 
B)  Bart has difficulty seeing the difference between the letters b and d because the two letters are so similar in appearance. 
C)  Caryn is lost in her thoughts. 
D)  Darlene has difficulty judging the size of objects more than six meters away from her. 
A)  Aaron is watching the teacher's face so intently that he doesn't notice what she is writing on the chalkboard. 
B)  Bart has difficulty seeing the difference between the letters b and d because the two letters are so similar in appearance. 
C)  Caryn is lost in her thoughts. 
D)  Darlene has difficulty judging the size of objects more than six meters away from her.

Question 9

You are giving a lecture on a topic you know will be difficult for your students to understand and remember. Describe the steps you should take to maximize the probability that:
a. Your students will store the information in their working memories.
b. The information won't exceed the limits of students' working memory capacities.
c. Your students will, from the perspective of a levels-of-processing perspective, process the information in a "deep" fashion.

Accepted Answer

To maximize the probability that my stud

Question 10

Which one of the following best illustrates the "working" aspect of working memory?

Accepted Answer

A)  Efficiently using a pair of scissors 
B)  Confusing two people's names 
C)  Alphabetizing five names as you hold them in memory 
D)  Unconsciously adjusting your grip on a tennis racket in anticipation of executing a backhand swing 
A)  Efficiently using a pair of scissors 
B)  Confusing two people's names 
C)  Alphabetizing five names as you hold them in memory 
D)  Unconsciously adjusting your grip on a tennis racket in anticipation of executing a backhand swing

Question 11

Contemporary memory theorists disagree about whether working memory and long-term memory are distinctly different entities. Describe two sources of evidence that support a dual-store model of memory and two sources of evidence that support a single-store model.

Accepted Answer

Dual-store model of memory suggests that

Question 12

Which one of the following kinds of knowledge is least likely to be dependent on active, conscious processing to be learned? Base your choice on research findings presented in the textbook.

Accepted Answer

A)  Knowing that Los Angeles is approximately 3,000 miles from New York. 
B)  Knowing how to start a fire using crumpled newspaper and small twigs. 
C)  Knowing that football, lighthouse, and airport are all compound words. 
D)  Knowing that the word cat appears in speech more often than feline. 
A)  Knowing that Los Angeles is approximately 3,000 miles from New York. 
B)  Knowing how to start a fire using crumpled newspaper and small twigs. 
C)  Knowing that football, lighthouse, and airport are all compound words. 
D)  Knowing that the word cat appears in speech more often than feline.

Question 13

Contemporary cognitive learning theories share a number of common underlying assumptions. Describe four of these assumptions.

Accepted Answer

Contemporary cognitive learning theories

Question 14

Early behaviorists argued that because thinking cannot be observed, it cannot be studied objectively and scientifically. How would a cognitive psychologist be most likely to respond to this argument?

Accepted Answer

A)  "Modern technology allows us to study thought processes very precisely." 
B)  "By studying people's responses to various stimuli, we can draw inferences about thought processes that may underlie those responses." 
C)  "We study mental events, which aren't the same thing as thinking." 
D)  "We can determine what people are thinking simply by asking them to describe their thoughts. The things they say are observable behaviors that we can measure objectively." 
A)  "Modern technology allows us to study thought processes very precisely." 
B)  "By studying people's responses to various stimuli, we can draw inferences about thought processes that may underlie those responses." 
C)  "We study mental events, which aren't the same thing as thinking." 
D)  "We can determine what people are thinking simply by asking them to describe their thoughts. The things they say are observable behaviors that we can measure objectively."

Question 15

When psychologists refer to a dual-store model of memory, they are referring to a model in which:

Accepted Answer

A)  A distinction is made between working and long-term memory 
B)  Functions rather than structures of memory are emphasized 
C)  Information must be processed more than once before it will be stored 
D)  A distinction is made between two different levels of processing 
A)  A distinction is made between working and long-term memory 
B)  Functions rather than structures of memory are emphasized 
C)  Information must be processed more than once before it will be stored 
D)  A distinction is made between two different levels of processing

Question 16

Mr. Fremont tells his French class, "La plume means 'pen.'" Which one of the following students in his class is exhibiting Tolman's notion of latent learning?

Accepted Answer

A)  Alicia immediately repeats the sentence, "La plume means 'pen.'" 
B)  Bethany also repeats the sentence immediately, but she mispronounces the French word plume as "plum." 
C)  Caroline is reading a novel hidden between the pages of her French book and so isn't paying attention. 
D)  Donna says nothing at the time, but she correctly recites the French word for "pen" the next day. 
A)  Alicia immediately repeats the sentence, "La plume means 'pen.'" 
B)  Bethany also repeats the sentence immediately, but she mispronounces the French word plume as "plum." 
C)  Caroline is reading a novel hidden between the pages of her French book and so isn't paying attention. 
D)  Donna says nothing at the time, but she correctly recites the French word for "pen" the next day.

Question 17

Which one of the following statements reflects Tolman's notion of purposive behaviorism?

Accepted Answer

A)  Organisms sometimes reinforce themselves e.g., by feeling proud. 
B)  Organisms behave in order to attain particular goals. 
C)  Behavior can be altered by reinforcement, but not by punishment. 
D)  When organisms discover that a particular response is no longer reinforced as it has previously been, they increase the frequency of that response for a short time. 
A)  Organisms sometimes reinforce themselves e.g., by feeling proud. 
B)  Organisms behave in order to attain particular goals. 
C)  Behavior can be altered by reinforcement, but not by punishment. 
D)  When organisms discover that a particular response is no longer reinforced as it has previously been, they increase the frequency of that response for a short time.

Question 18

Which one of the following statements best characterizes the duration of the sensory register?

Accepted Answer

A)  Information can last indefinitely in the sensory register if the visual or auditory image is occasionally retrieved. 
B)  Meaningless information fades quickly, but meaningful information may remain for hours. 
C)  Most visual information lasts less than a second, with auditory information lasting slightly longer. 
D)  Information remains for about ten seconds regardless of its nature. 
A)  Information can last indefinitely in the sensory register if the visual or auditory image is occasionally retrieved. 
B)  Meaningless information fades quickly, but meaningful information may remain for hours. 
C)  Most visual information lasts less than a second, with auditory information lasting slightly longer. 
D)  Information remains for about ten seconds regardless of its nature.

Question 19

Contemporary information processing theories of learning can best be described as theories that:

Accepted Answer

A)  Focus on how people solve problems 
B)  Propose that people learn in distinctly computer-like ways 
C)  Deal primarily with how people develop the ability to think abstractly 
D)  Explain how people interpret and remember the events they experience 
A)  Focus on how people solve problems 
B)  Propose that people learn in distinctly computer-like ways 
C)  Deal primarily with how people develop the ability to think abstractly 
D)  Explain how people interpret and remember the events they experience

Question 20

Look at this word: KITE
Without turning the page, try to imagine how the word would look if it were rotated 180º. To perform this task successfully, you would need to make considerable use of that part of your working memory known as the:

Accepted Answer

A)  visuospatial sketchpad 
B)  reticular formation 
C)  phonological loop 
D)  sensory register 
A)  visuospatial sketchpad 
B)  reticular formation 
C)  phonological loop 
D)  sensory register

Which one of the following is the best example of paired associate learning?

Which one of the following statements best describes the history of contemporary cognitive theory?

Three of the following are assumptions that underlie contemporary cognitive theories of learning. Which one is not such an assumption?

Which one of the following scenarios reflects the typical duration of working short-term) memory?

The textbook identifies eight characteristics of a situation that tend to draw one's attention. Describe five of these characteristics. For each one, give an example to illustrate its effect.

Which one of the following best illustrates Tolman's notion of a cognitive map?

Based on findings from verbal learning research, which list of 3-letter syllables should be easiest to learn?

Which one of the following most clearly illustrates the Gestalt principle of figure-ground?

Which one of the following best illustrates the "working" aspect of working memory?

Contemporary memory theorists disagree about whether working memory and long-term memory are distinctly different entities. Describe two sources of evidence that support a dual-store model of memory and two sources of evidence that support a single-store model.

Which one of the following kinds of knowledge is least likely to be dependent on active, conscious processing to be learned? Base your choice on research findings presented in the textbook.

Contemporary cognitive learning theories share a number of common underlying assumptions. Describe four of these assumptions.

Early behaviorists argued that because thinking cannot be observed, it cannot be studied objectively and scientifically. How would a cognitive psychologist be most likely to respond to this argument?

When psychologists refer to a dual-store model of memory, they are referring to a model in which:

Mr. Fremont tells his French class, "La plume means 'pen.'" Which one of the following students in his class is exhibiting Tolman's notion of latent learning?

Which one of the following statements reflects Tolman's notion of purposive behaviorism?

Which one of the following statements best characterizes the duration of the sensory register?

Contemporary information processing theories of learning can best be described as theories that:

Look at this word: KITE Without turning the page, try to imagine how the word would look if it were rotated 180º. To perform this task successfully, you would need to make considerable use of that part of your working memory known as the:

Perspectives on Learning

Learning and the Brain

Behaviorist Principles and Theories

Applications of Behaviorist Principles

Social Cognitive Theory

The Nature of Knowledge

Cognitive-Developmental Perspectives

Sociocultural Theories

Contemporary Contextual Frameworks

Metacognition, Self-Regulated Learning, and Study Strategies

Transfer, Problem Solving, and Critical Thinking

Learning and Technology

Basic Concepts and Principles in Human Motivation

Cognitive Factors in Motivation

Appendiex Integrative

Filters

Exam 6: Introduction to Cognitive Perspectives

Which one of the following is the best example of paired associate learning?

Which one of the following statements best describes the history of contemporary cognitive theory?

Three of the following are assumptions that underlie contemporary cognitive theories of learning. Which one is not such an assumption?

Which one of the following scenarios reflects the typical duration of working short-term) memory?

The textbook identifies eight characteristics of a situation that tend to draw one's attention. Describe five of these characteristics. For each one, give an example to illustrate its effect.

Which one of the following best illustrates Tolman's notion of a cognitive map?

Based on findings from verbal learning research, which list of 3-letter syllables should be easiest to learn?

Which one of the following most clearly illustrates the Gestalt principle of figure-ground?

Which one of the following best illustrates the "working" aspect of working memory?

Contemporary memory theorists disagree about whether working memory and long-term memory are distinctly different entities. Describe two sources of evidence that support a dual-store model of memory and two sources of evidence that support a single-store model.

Which one of the following kinds of knowledge is least likely to be dependent on active, conscious processing to be learned? Base your choice on research findings presented in the textbook.

Contemporary cognitive learning theories share a number of common underlying assumptions. Describe four of these assumptions.

Early behaviorists argued that because thinking cannot be observed, it cannot be studied objectively and scientifically. How would a cognitive psychologist be most likely to respond to this argument?

When psychologists refer to a dual-store model of memory, they are referring to a model in which:

Mr. Fremont tells his French class, "La plume means 'pen.'" Which one of the following students in his class is exhibiting Tolman's notion of latent learning?

Which one of the following statements reflects Tolman's notion of purposive behaviorism?

Which one of the following statements best characterizes the duration of the sensory register?

Contemporary information processing theories of learning can best be described as theories that:

Look at this word: KITE Without turning the page, try to imagine how the word would look if it were rotated 180º. To perform this task successfully, you would need to make considerable use of that part of your working memory known as the:

Perspectives on Learning

Learning and the Brain

Behaviorist Principles and Theories

Applications of Behaviorist Principles

Social Cognitive Theory

The Nature of Knowledge

Cognitive-Developmental Perspectives

Sociocultural Theories

Contemporary Contextual Frameworks

Metacognition, Self-Regulated Learning, and Study Strategies

Transfer, Problem Solving, and Critical Thinking

Learning and Technology

Basic Concepts and Principles in Human Motivation

Cognitive Factors in Motivation

Appendiex Integrative

Filters