Deck 1: The Science and Scope of Nutrition Eating for a Lifetime: a New Field in Nutrition Research Is Revealing Surprising Details About How Food Affects Our Genes

Question 1

Phytochemicals are found in all protein-rich foods, including chicken, eggs, and fish.
a.
true
b.
false

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Which of the following is not a water-soluble vitamin?

A) riboflavin
B) niacin
C) lycopene
D) folate

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Susan wants to enhance her immunity during the flu season. Which of the following would be the LEAST credible source of information?

A) advice from a registered dietitian
B) guidelines on flu prevention on the website yourhealth.com
C) CDC guidelines on their website
D) a recent peer-reviewed article on zinc from the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
E) flu-prevention strategies provided by your doctor

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Iron deficiency is a form of malnutrition.

Question 5

Consider the 10 leading causes of death in the United States. Which of the following lists includes diet-related causes within the 10 leading causes?

A) heart disease, pneumonia, stroke, cancer
B) liver disease, cancer, influenza, stroke
C) tuberculosis, diabetes, stroke, cancer
D) heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes
E) liver disease, pneumonia, influenza, diabetes

Question 6

Fat-soluble vitamins include:

A) vitamins C, B, and E.
B) vitamins C, A, and D.
C) vitamins A, D, E, and K.
D) vitamins B, D, and E.
E) vitamins B, D, E, and C.

Question 7

Compared with the Estimated Average Requirement, the Recommended Dietary Allowances for nutrients are set at _____ level.

A) a slightly lower
B) a much lower
C) the same
D) a slightly higher
E) a much higher

Question 8

Linda takes calcium and vitamin D supplements but is worried about increasing her risk for kidney stones. Which of the following standards will provide Linda with the information necessary to determine the maximum amount of nutrients that would be safe for her to consume without the risk of side effects?

A) Recommended Dietary Allowance
B) Adequate Intake
C) Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range
D) Estimated Average Requirement
E) Tolerable Upper Intake Level

Question 9

The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range recommends that carbohydrates contribute _____ of daily calories.

A) less than 10%
B) 15%-25%
C) 30%-40%
D) 45%-65%
E) greater than 70%

Question 10

According to findings of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES):

A) 75% of Americans do not consume enough fruit to meet current recommendations.
B) at least 85% of Americans do not consume enough red, orange, or deep-green vegetables or legumes.
C) snacks provide about one-quarter of daily calories.
D) about 85% of adults and children exceed limits for empty calorie foods.
E) All of these are correct.

Question 11

Sarah is making a pound cake for a bake sale. Of the 2,400 total kilocalories for the entire cake, 30% come from fat. How many grams of fat are there in the cake?

A) 30 grams
B) 60 grams
C) 80 grams
D) 100 grams
E) 240 grams

Question 12

The standard that represents the average nutrient intake estimated to meet the daily requirements of nearly 98% of healthy individuals is called the:

A) Recommended Dietary Allowance.
B) Adequate Intake.
C) Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range.
D) Estimated Average Requirement.
E) Estimated Energy Requirement.

Question 13

What is the primary form of fat in our bodies?

A) cholesterol
B) triglycerides
C) phospholipids
D) lipoproteins
E) omega-3 fatty acids

Question 14

The risk of adverse effects associated with intake of a nutrient:

A) decreases at levels below the RDA.
B) decreases at levels above the UL.
C) increases at levels below the RDA and above the UL.
D) increases at levels above the RDA.
E) increases within the AI range.

Question 15

A nutrient that cannot be made by the body in sufficient quantities and that must be obtained from food is a/an:

A) organic nutrient.
B) inorganic nutrient.
C) essential nutrient.
D) phytochemical.
E) functional nutrient.

Question 16

David is a football player consuming a high-calorie diet. His daily caloric intake is set at 4,500 kilocalories with the following macronutrient distribution: 45% carbohydrate, 18% fat, and the rest from protein. How many grams of protein is David's diet providing? (Round your answer to the nearest whole number.)

A) 103 grams
B) 203 grams
C) 316 grams
D) 416 grams
E) 506 grams

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT considered an essential nutrient?

A) phytochemicals
B) proteins
C) fats
D) carbohydrates
E) water

Question 18

Which of the following is the only animal product with significant carbohydrate?

A) chicken
B) beef
C) butter
D) milk
E) egg

Question 19

Minerals are classified into "major" and "trace" minerals. Which of the following lists includes only contains major minerals?

A) calcium, iron, zinc, phosphorus
B) iron, selenium, sodium, magnesium
C) copper, chromium, fluoride, iodine
D) potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium
E) magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, chloride

Question 20

What is the correct sequence of steps in following the scientific method to conduct research?

A) make observations, conduct experiment, propose hypothesis, develop a theory
B) make observations, propose hypothesis, conduct experiment, develop a theory
C) propose hypothesis, make observations, develop a theory, conduct experiment
D) conduct experiment, develop a theory, make observations, propose hypothesis
E) develop a theory, conduct experiment, make observations, propose hypothesis

Question 21

Which of the following foods is rich in protein?

A) legumes
B) oils
C) starchy vegetables
D) fruits
E) water

Question 22

Minerals are nonessential nutrients and provide 4 kilocalories per gram.

Question 23

The composition of proteins is different from that of carbohydrates due to the presence of:

A) carbon.
B) hydrogen.
C) nitrogen.
D) oxygen.
E) None of these are correct.

Question 24

Micronutrients are those that are required in small quantities. Which of the following is NOT a micronutrient?

A) vitamin D
B) iodine
C) fiber
D) vitamin K
E) zinc

Question 25

Which of the following is TRUE about the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey?

A) Participants chosen to participate in the study must travel to the state capital to visit the Mobile Examination Center.
B) Blood, urine, and DNA samples are routinely collected at the NHANES Mobile Examination Center.
C) Each year, a representative sample of 5000 Americans from across the United States is selected to participate in NHANES.
D) Dietary information is collected by conducting a 24-hour recall survey.
E) In-home health interviews are used as part of the NHANES protocol.

Question 26

It is likely that intake of a nutrient is both adequate and safe if:

A) intake is above the RDA.
B) intake for the nutrient falls between the RDA and UL.
C) intake is above the EAR and under the RDA.
D) intake is above the UL.
E) intake is below the EAR and above the UL.

Question 27

What is the standard unit used to measure food energy?

A) kilograms
B) kilocalories
C) pounds
D) newtons
E) grams

Question 28

According to the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range, 20% to 35% of the total daily caloric intake should come from fat. If Marcus is on a 3500-kilocalorie diet, how many kilocalories should he obtain from dietary fat?

A) 400-905 kilocalories
B) 500-1005 kilocalories
C) 600-1115 kilocalories
D) 700-1225 kilocalories
E) 800-1355 kilocalories

Question 29

According to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the majority of Americans are meeting recommendations for whole grains, fruits, and vegetables.

Question 30

John and his wife are celebrating their first wedding anniversary. Their dinner consists of 55 grams of carbohydrates, 36 grams of protein, 27 grams of fat, and 18 grams of alcohol. What is the total caloric value of their meal?

A) 634 kilocalories
B) 733 kilocalories
C) 778 kilocalories
D) 877 kilocalories
E) 1,008 kilocalories

Question 31

A program of studies to systematically assess the health and nutritional status of adults and children in the United States is the:

A) Health Interview Survey.
B) Continuing Survey of Food Intakes of Americans.
C) Nutrition Surveillance System.
D) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).
E) Mobile Examination Center Survey.

Question 32

Based on the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range, what is the recommendation for protein intake?

A) less than 5%
B) 10%-35%
C) 40%-50%
D) 55%-60%
E) greater than 65%

Question 33

Consider an epidemiological study that investigates the relationship between fish intake and cancer risk. Which of the following statements is TRUE about this study design?

A) Subjects in the study will be randomly assigned to an experimental group and a control group.
B) The findings of this study may suggest a relationship between fish intake and cancer risk.
C) There is no intervention involved in this type of study.
D) The results of the study can be used to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between fish intake and cancer risk.
E) The findings of this study may suggest a relationship between fish intake and cancer risk and there is no intervention involved in this type of study.

Question 34

The standard that represents the average nutrient intake estimated to meet the daily requirements of 50% of healthy individuals is called the:

A) Recommended Dietary Allowance.
B) Adequate Intake.
C) Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range.
D) Estimated Average Requirement.
E) Estimated Energy Requirement.

Question 35

An animal study is being conducted to determine the effect of vitamin C on the development of common cold. The researcher gives one group of rats the vitamin C pills, and the other group of rats gets the "dummy" pill (placebo). The rats that received the placebo would be called the:

A) dummy group.
B) double-blind group.
C) intervention group.
D) experimental group.
E) control group.

Question 36

All of the following statements about carbohydrates are true EXCEPT:

A) they are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
B) they are a major source of energy in the body.
C) they are categorized into simple and complex carbohydrates.
D) they provide more calories than protein.
E) they help regulate bowel function.

Question 37

Which of the following diseases is NOT related to diet?

A) stroke
B) heart disease
C) cancer
D) diabetes
E) pneumonia

Question 38

A study is conducted to see if a daily exercise intervention affects blood pressure among people with pre-hypertension. One hundred participants are recruited to participate, and half are randomly assigned to participate in the intervention while the others serve as a control group. What study design is being used?

A) epidemiological study
B) randomized controlled trial
C) animal experiment
D) placebo study
E) None of these.

Question 39

Nutrients are classified into macronutrients and micronutrients. All of the following are macronutrients EXCEPT:

A) sodium.
B) water.
C) proteins.
D) iron.
E) sodium and iron.

Question 40

The carbohydrate family includes:

A) sugar, starch, and fiber.
B) starch, calcium, and fiber.
C) fiber, sugar, and sulfur.
D) sugar, water, and starch.
E) starch, fiber, and sterol.

Question 41

The effect of food on a person's genes is known as:

A) the placebo effect.
B) phytochemicals.
C) epidemiology.
D) cell studies.
E) nutritional genomics.

Question 42

What are phytochemicals? In which foods are they commonly found? Describe two of their functions in promoting health and preventing disease.

Question 43

What are the four values included in the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)? Describe each of these standards in establishing recommendations for nutrient intake.

Question 44

The standard that provides recommendations for healthy ranges of energy-yielding macronutrients is termed the:

A) Recommended Dietary Allowance.
B) Adequate Intake.
C) Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range.
D) Estimated Average Requirement.
E) Tolerable Upper Intake Level.

Question 45

What is the purpose of using a placebo in experimental studies?

Question 46

What causes malnutrition? Describe the two forms of malnutrition with examples.

Question 47

What are the nutrition-related objectives of Healthy People 2020? How will these objectives promote health and prevent disease in today's obesity-promoting environment?

Question 48

Which of the following macronutrients is the preferred fuel for the brain and red blood cells?

A) proteins
B) lipids
C) water
D) carbohydrates
E) proteins and lipids

Question 49

Imagine you are planning a research study to investigate the relationship between fiber intake and blood cholesterol levels. How would your study be different if you chose to use an epidemiological research design rather than a randomized controlled trial?

Question 50

What factors influence your daily food choices?

Question 51

What is the key premise of the "developmental origins hypothesis"? How does maternal nutrition affect health of the offspring?

Question 52

Imagine you see a news article with the heading, "The truth is out: Egg consumption harms health." How might you use the Internet to evaluate such a claim? How will you know if what you read on the internet is credible?

Question 53

Describe the steps involved in the scientific method of conducting a study. Discuss the reasons why following these specific series of steps will result in a well-designed experimental study.

Question 54

List the four macronutrients and identify two major functions of each.