Deck 17: Processes of Evolution

Question 1

When reduction in population size is severe,it is known as _______.  

A) fixed
B) founder effect
C) adaptive radiation
D) bottleneck
E) gene flow

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Sexual dimorphism has arisen as a result of ____.  

A) stabilizing selection
B) heterozygote superiority
C) kin selection
D) sexual selection
E) directional selection

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Change in the allele frequency due to chance alone is known as  

A) inbreeding.
B) genetic drift.
C) founder effect.
D) bottlenecks.
E) gene flow.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which statement about gene mutations is FALSE?  

A) All mutations are transmitted to the next generation.
B) Mutations are rare but their rates can be predicted.
C) Mutations with beneficial effects will be favored by natural selection.
D) Many mutations reduce an individual's chance of surviving and reproducing.
E) Mutations with neutral effects neither help nor hurt the individual.

Question 5

Which of the following describes a reduction in genetic diversity when a new population is established by migrants?  

A) Founder effect
B) Genetic drift
C) Inbreeding
D) Gene flow
E) Bottlenecks

Question 6

Four of the following characterize a population in genetic equilibrium.Which one is the exception?  

A) Large population size
B) No mutations
C) Differential reproduction
D) Absence of gene flow
E) Random mating

Question 7

Disruptive selection occurs when  

A) the environment controls which organisms will survive.
B) humans determine which organisms will survive.
C) the extremes of the population have a lesser chance to survive.
D) the extremes of the population have a better chance to survive.
E) the organisms on one extreme of the population have a better chance to survive than those on the other extreme.

Question 8

Figure 17.3

If the population of flowers illustrated in the accompanying Punnett square is in genetic equilibrium,the frequency of the homozygous dominant genotype in the new generation will be ____.  

A) p2
B) 2pq
C) p2 + q2
D) q2
E) p2 + 2pq

Question 9

If the frequency of expression of a recessive trait in a population is 16 percent,the frequency of the recessive allele is what percent?  

A) 16
B) 25
C) 40
D) 50
E) 67

Question 10

Stabilizing selection occurs when  

A) the environment controls which organisms will survive.
B) humans determine which organisms will survive.
C) the extremes of the population have a lesser chance to survive.
D) the extremes of the population have a better chance to survive.
E) the organisms on one extreme of the population have a better chance to survive than those on the other extreme.

Question 11

What is the term for a group of organisms of the same species that occupies a specified area?  

A) Individuals
B) Species
C) Population
D) Polyploids
E) Tribe

Question 12

Emergence of a new species is known as _______.  

A) adaptive radiation
B) inbreeding
C) reproductive isolation
D) speciation
E) coevolution

Question 13

Which individuals will be LEAST favored when selection pressures acting on a population result in stabilizing selection?  

A) Individuals at the lower end of the range of variation only
B) Individuals at the upper end of the range of variation only
C) Individuals distributed randomly within the range of variation
D) The intermediate individuals within the range of variation
E) Extreme individuals at both ends of the range of variation

Question 14

The Hardy-Weinberg law is useful for  

A) determining the extent to which a sexually reproducing population is evolving.
B) predicting when genetic drift will occur in a sexually reproducing population.
C) determining when speciation will occur.
D) predicting when specific groups of organisms will become extinct.
E) determining if a patient has a genetic disease.

Question 15

If the frequency of a recessive gene in a population in genetic equilibrium is 40 percent,in the next generation,the frequency of that gene would be ____.  

A) 20 percent
B) 40 percent
C) 80 percent
D) 2pq
E) unpredictable

Question 16

Figure 17.9

The graph above shows the survival of sociable weavers as a function of body mass.Sociable weaver body mass seems to be an example of ____.  

A) directional selection
B) stabilizing selection
C) sexual selection
D) disruptive selection
E) artificial selection

Question 17

All of the following are examples of phenotypic traits except  

A) morphology.
B) physiology.
C) sexual behavior.
D) mutations.
E) response to stimuli

Question 18

Male mallard ducks have had emerald green head feathers and wings with metallic blue patches for hundreds of years,whereas females have been drab,brown-feathered ducks.This phenotypic situation suggests that mallards may be an example of ____.  

A) directional selection
B) Polyploidy
C) allopatric speciation
D) disruptive selection
E) sexual selection

Question 19

Figure 17.5

As the trees in England become less sooty due to pollution controls on factories,which of the moths in the accompanying figure will be selected against?  

A) The dark moth on the dark tree
B) The light moth on the light tree
C) All of the light moths equally
D) The dark moth on the light tree
E) All of the dark moths equally

Question 20

When the rodenticide warfarin was first introduced,rats were very susceptible to it.The development of resistance to warfarin by rats was the result of  

A) the development of other blood clotting factors.
B) natural selection of individuals that had a beneficial mutation.
C) the high biotic potential of rodents.
D) inheritance of acquired characteristics.
E) mutation induced by warfarin.

Question 21

What is the type of speciation that can occur in an instant with a change in chromosome number?  

A) Temporal
B) Mechanical
C) Behavioral
D) Ecological
E) Sympatric

Question 22

Two or more alleles of a gene present at relatively high frequencies in a population's gene pool is known as ____.  

A) disruptive selection
B) sexual dimorphism
C) directional selection
D) stabilizing selection
E) balanced polymorphism

Question 23

An organism is found to be almost unchanged from its 200 million year old fossil.This is an example of ____.  

A) stasis
B) coevolution
C) mass extinction
D) adaptive radiation
E) idealized design

Question 24

Which of the following is the best definition of sympatric speciation?  

A) Species that evolve due to geographical distance
B) Mechanical isolation acts to prevent speciation
C) Breeding behavior that prevents the organisms from breeding due to differences in their breeding time
D) Ecological isolation
E) Divergence within a population leads to speciation in the absence of a physical barrier to gene flow.

Question 25

Hybrids produced from matings between closely related species can be less fit than pure breeds because  

A) they compete with pure breeds for nourishment.
B) their nuclear DNA may be incompatible with the maternal DNA.
C) they are able to mate.
D) their gametes are similar in structure to those of the parents.
E) they are physically larger.

Question 26

Gene flow ____.  

A) has a stabilizing influence on allele frequencies between two populations
B) speeds up the divergence of two populations
C) increases divergence between populations
D) is promoted by isolating mechanisms
E) promotes inbreeding

Question 27

Speciation occurs ____.  

A) after populations become reproductively isolated
B) when mutations generate observable differences
C) when transitional forms develop between different populations
D) when natural selection pressures reach their maximum
E) randomly as mutations build up in a population

Question 28

The sharp reduction of the gene pool and the numbers of a population through a severe epidemic is an example of ____.  

A) natural selection
B) genetic isolation
C) the bottleneck effect
D) the founder effect
E) the wild card effect

Question 29

Allopatric speciation requires ____.  

A) accelerated gene flow
B) physical separation
C) physical diversity
D) behavioral diversity
E) sexual selection

Question 30

Speciation that occurs in bird populations that nest on either side of a river could be an example of ________speciation.  

A) divergent
B) parapatric
C) allopatric
D) convergent
E) sympatric

Question 31

When a population goes through a bottleneck,____.  

A) genetic drift is likely to occur
B) mutation rates increase
C) extinction rates decrease
D) natural selection decreases in intensity
E) inbreeding decreases

Question 32

What can result in speciation within a few generations?  

A) Development of a physical barrier
B) Polyploidy arising in a plant species
C) Postzygotic isolating mechanisms
D) Change in environmental conditions
E) The introduction of a new predator into an area

Question 33

Choose the most appropriate letter for each.
a.a reference point that implies stability of gene frequencies through generations
b.a hallmark is reproductive isolation from other groups
c.the genes of an entire population
d.the frequency of homozygous dominants in a population
e.the frequencies of dominant and recessive alleles in a population
f.the frequency of heterozygotes in a population
g.the frequency of homozygous recessives in a population
h.selection that occurs in environments favorable to heterozygotes
i.results in pesticide-resistant pests
p + q

Question 34

Parapatric speciation occurs most often ____.  

A) within in the same home range
B) populations inhabiting different areas while maintaining contact along a common border
C) within a group of interbreeding populations
D) on either side of geographic barriers
E) by polyploidy

Question 35

Prezygotic reproductive isolation can occur ____.  

A) during fertilization
B) during embryo development
C) during fetal development
D) after birth
E) during meiosis

Question 36

The effectiveness of geographic barriers in promoting speciation is related most to ____.  

A) the absolute size of the barrier
B) the inability of the organisms to overcome the barrier
C) the speed at which the barrier forms
D) how long the barrier exists
E) the size of the population it separates

Question 37

All of the following are reproductive isolating mechanisms except:  

A) temporal isolation
B) mechanical isolation
C) behavioral isolation
D) genetic drift
E) gamete incompatibility

Question 38

The persistence of the sickle-cell anemia allele in some African populations is the result of ____.  

A) a high rate of mutation of the normal allele to the sickle-cell anemia allele
B) the advantage conferred by the heterozygous form when malaria is prevalent
C) nonrandom mating
D) a decline in the occurrence of malaria in Africa
E) genetic drift

Question 39

Four of the following are characteristics of a species.Which one is the exception?  

A) They exist in one or more populations.
B) They produce fertile offspring.
C) They are reproductively isolated from other groups.
D) They are identical in appearance.
E) They interbreed.

Question 40

Adaptive radiation is demonstrated by ____.  

A) the dinosaurs going extinct
B) coelecanths remaining similar over hundreds of millions of years
C) the evolution of mammals after dinosaurs went extinct
D) rats and resistance to warfarin
E) warbler body mass and survival

Question 41

Deviations from __________ indicate that a population is evolving.

Question 42

Choose the most appropriate letter for each.
a.a reference point that implies stability of gene frequencies through generations
b.a hallmark is reproductive isolation from other groups
c.the genes of an entire population
d.the frequency of homozygous dominants in a population
e.the frequencies of dominant and recessive alleles in a population
f.the frequency of heterozygotes in a population
g.the frequency of homozygous recessives in a population
h.selection that occurs in environments favorable to heterozygotes
i.results in pesticide-resistant pests
genetic equilibrium

Question 43

Choose the most appropriate letter for each.
a.a reference point that implies stability of gene frequencies through generations
b.a hallmark is reproductive isolation from other groups
c.the genes of an entire population
d.the frequency of homozygous dominants in a population
e.the frequencies of dominant and recessive alleles in a population
f.the frequency of heterozygotes in a population
g.the frequency of homozygous recessives in a population
h.selection that occurs in environments favorable to heterozygotes
i.results in pesticide-resistant pests
balanced polymorphism

Question 44

__________ selection favors intermediate forms of a trait where __________ selection favors extreme forms.

Question 45

For the following statements, select the best choice of the four evolutionary processes listed below.
a.Mutation
b.gene flow
c.genetic drift
d.natural selection
This is most likely to lead to the loss of genetic variation in a small population.

Question 46

Individuals of a(n)__________ share a gene pool.

Question 47

Choose the most appropriate letter for each.
a.a reference point that implies stability of gene frequencies through generations
b.a hallmark is reproductive isolation from other groups
c.the genes of an entire population
d.the frequency of homozygous dominants in a population
e.the frequencies of dominant and recessive alleles in a population
f.the frequency of heterozygotes in a population
g.the frequency of homozygous recessives in a population
h.selection that occurs in environments favorable to heterozygotes
i.results in pesticide-resistant pests
p2

Question 48

Choose the most appropriate letter for each.
a.a reference point that implies stability of gene frequencies through generations
b.a hallmark is reproductive isolation from other groups
c.the genes of an entire population
d.the frequency of homozygous dominants in a population
e.the frequencies of dominant and recessive alleles in a population
f.the frequency of heterozygotes in a population
g.the frequency of homozygous recessives in a population
h.selection that occurs in environments favorable to heterozygotes
i.results in pesticide-resistant pests
species

Question 49

Choose the most appropriate letter for each.
a.a reference point that implies stability of gene frequencies through generations
b.a hallmark is reproductive isolation from other groups
c.the genes of an entire population
d.the frequency of homozygous dominants in a population
e.the frequencies of dominant and recessive alleles in a population
f.the frequency of heterozygotes in a population
g.the frequency of homozygous recessives in a population
h.selection that occurs in environments favorable to heterozygotes
i.results in pesticide-resistant pests
directional selection

Question 50

For the following statements, select the best choice of the four evolutionary processes listed below.
a.Mutation
b.gene flow
c.genetic drift
d.natural selection
The reduced expression of one phenotype in comparison to another in the next generation is an example of this.

Question 51

__________ shifts the range of variation in traits in one direction.

Question 52

Microevolution is change in the __________ of a population.

Question 53

Choose the most appropriate letter for each.
a.a reference point that implies stability of gene frequencies through generations
b.a hallmark is reproductive isolation from other groups
c.the genes of an entire population
d.the frequency of homozygous dominants in a population
e.the frequencies of dominant and recessive alleles in a population
f.the frequency of heterozygotes in a population
g.the frequency of homozygous recessives in a population
h.selection that occurs in environments favorable to heterozygotes
i.results in pesticide-resistant pests
2pq

Question 54

For the following statements, select the best choice of the four evolutionary processes listed below.
a.Mutation
b.gene flow
c.genetic drift
d.natural selection
This process can rapidly offset the effects of genetic isolation when two populations come into secondary contact.

Question 55

For the following statements, select the best choice of the four evolutionary processes listed below.
a.Mutation
b.gene flow
c.genetic drift
d.natural selection
The occurrence of mimicry is best explained as the ultimate result of this process.

Question 56

Choose the most appropriate letter for each.
a.a reference point that implies stability of gene frequencies through generations
b.a hallmark is reproductive isolation from other groups
c.the genes of an entire population
d.the frequency of homozygous dominants in a population
e.the frequencies of dominant and recessive alleles in a population
f.the frequency of heterozygotes in a population
g.the frequency of homozygous recessives in a population
h.selection that occurs in environments favorable to heterozygotes
i.results in pesticide-resistant pests
gene pool

Question 57

The peppered moths showed an example of ___________(type of natural)selection when their wings showed different colorations to match the trees in their habitat.

Question 58

Choose the most appropriate letter for each.
a.a reference point that implies stability of gene frequencies through generations
b.a hallmark is reproductive isolation from other groups
c.the genes of an entire population
d.the frequency of homozygous dominants in a population
e.the frequencies of dominant and recessive alleles in a population
f.the frequency of heterozygotes in a population
g.the frequency of homozygous recessives in a population
h.selection that occurs in environments favorable to heterozygotes
i.results in pesticide-resistant pests
q2

Question 59

Mutations are the original source of new alleles,but may be adaptive,__________ or __________.

Question 60

For the following statements, select the best choice of the four evolutionary processes listed below.
a.Mutation
b.gene flow
c.genetic drift
d.natural selection
This process produces new genetic variation within a species.

Question 61

__________ is rapid diversification into new species that occupy novel niches.

Question 62

In __________ speciation,a geographic barrier interrupts gene flow between populations.

Question 63

Gene flow counters the effects of mutation,__________________,and genetic drift.

Question 64

__________________________occurs when a trait has been repurposed during evolution.

Question 65

__________ selection leads to forms of traits that enhance reproductive success and may result in sexual dimorphism.

Question 66

All of the following are sources of variation in the inherited traits of a population except:

A) UV radiation
B) crossing over
C) independent assortment
D) sexual reproduction
E) mitosis

Question 67

__________ species of many plants (and a few animals)originated by chromosome nondisjunction.

Question 68

Reproductive isolation is marked by the __________ of gene flow between populations.

Question 69

__________ occurs when two species act as agents of selection upon one another.

Question 70

In __________ speciation,populations in contact along a common border speciate.

Question 71

What term best describes a driver of natural selection,such as competition for mates or predation by birds?

A) adaptive radiation
B) selection pressure
C) mutation
D) genetic variation
E) gene flow

Question 72

Which of the following Hardy-Weinberg principle is least characteristic of the human population?

A) Mutations never occur.
B) The population is infinitely large.
C) The population is isolated from all other populations of the species.
D) Mating is generally random (no set of traits are consistently selected for/against in mating.)
E) Natural selection does not occur.

Question 73

Which of items below represents an example of exaptation?

A) the use of feathers for flight
B) the development of lungs
C) antibacterial resistance
D) fragrances in flowers
E) coloration in peppered moths

Question 74

With __________ speciation,populations in physical contact speciate.