Deck 4: Coping Processes

Question 1

When Cathy blamed herself for her boyfriend's unfaithfulness,she was engaged in what Ellis calls

A) aggression
B) self-indulgence
C) defensive coping
D) catastrophic thinking

Answer 1

D

Question 2

_____ studied human and non-human animals who reacted to aversive events with learned helplessness.

A) Skinner
B) Seligman
C) Pavlov
D) Bushman

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Road rage is an example of reacting to stress with

A) learned helplessness.
B) aggression.
C) behavioral disengagement.
D) catharsis.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Experiment research on the catharsis hypothesis has found

A) moderate support for the theory.
B) the opposite effect.
C) behaving in an aggressive manner has no affect on anger.
D) aggressive catharses is prevalent in continuing relationships.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT true about the use of coping tactics?

A) People choose coping tacks from a variety of options.
B) Coping with life's difficulties can be incredibly complex.
C) The most adaptive approach is to use a variety of coping strategies.
D) Coping tactics are chosen because they are always the healthy choice.

Question 6

Valerie is insecure.She joins a celebrity fan club because she says it makes her feel good about herself.She is most likely using the defense mechanism of

A) regression.
B) displacement.
C) reaction formation.
D) identification.

Question 7

Efforts to master,reduce,or tolerate the demands caused by stress in one's life are collectively known as

A) catharsis.
B) defense mechanisms.
C) procrastination.
D) coping.

Question 8

Whether someone develops learned helplessness under conditions of unavoidable aversive events most likely depends on

A) the intensity of the aversive events.
B) prior experience in similar circumstances.
C) conditioning experiences in childhood.
D) cognitive interpretation.

Question 9

Learned helplessness can result when humans are subjected to aversive events that

A) are unavoidable.
B) negatively reinforce aggressiveness.
C) positively reinforce aggressiveness.
D) are high in control but low in predictability.

Question 10

Dropping a class because it is evident that one needs to take one of the recommended prerequisites is an example of coping with

A) learned helplessness.
B) aggression.
C) behavioral disengagement.
D) catharsis.

Question 11

Baumeister proposes that the self-deception of defense mechanisms is

A) adaptive,but lead to unrealistic depression.
B) maladaptive,but small illusions may often be beneficial.
C) adaptive,but only when used frequently.
D) maladaptive,but cannot really do any harm.

Question 12

Coping with stress by rewarding oneself is an example of

A) self-blame.
B) catharsis.
C) self-indulgence.
D) defensive coping.

Question 13

Homer is having difficulty working in the nuclear power station.The stresses of the job requirements are overwhelming for him.Homer's best coping strategy of the choices given is most likely

A) quitting the job.
B) continuing passive behavior.
C) yelling at his boss.
D) releasing emotional tension through catharsis.

Question 14

Seligman proposes that learned helplessness is most likely to develop in someone with

A) a difficult childhood.
B) high openness personality trait.
C) a pessimistic explanatory style.
D) behavioral engagement style.

Question 15

Catharsis is Freud's term for

A) release of emotional tension.
B) behaving in an aggressive manner.
C) behavior intended to hurt someone emotionally.
D) increased feelings of hostility.

Question 16

_____ is a passive behavior produced by exposure to unavoidable aversive events.

A) Learned helplessness
B) Aggression
C) Pessimistic explanatory style
D) Coping

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a defense mechanism?

A) Rationalization
B) Displacement
C) Catharsis
D) Reaction formation

Question 18

Learned helplessness was originally viewed as a product of _____.Current theory proposes that it is _____ that determines helplessness.

A) cognitive interpretation;conditioning
B) pessimistic explanatory style;behavior disengagement
C) conditioning;cognitive interpretation
D) behavior disengagement;pessimistic explanatory style

Question 19

Defense mechanisms

A) work primarily through self-deception.
B) are largely unconscious reactions.
C) shield the individual from emotional discomfort.
D) do all of these.

Question 20

Marquita yells at the people around her when something doesn't go her way.Her behavior is most like the defense mechanism of

A) regression.
B) repression.
C) identification.
D) rationalization.

Question 21

Which of the following are key words that often show up in catastrophic thinking?

A) Who,what,where,why,and how
B) Should,ought,always,and must
C) Should,would,could,and can't
D) May,might,must,can,and could

Question 22

Which of the following stands for the A-B-C in Ellis's rational-emotive behavior therapy?

A) Appraisal,becoming assertive,coping
B) Albert's basic coping
C) Actual stress,belief about the stress,coping with the stress
D) Activating event,belief system,consequence

Question 23

The concept of constructive coping

A) promises success.
B) denotes clear opinions as to what is healthy or not.
C) has little consensus from research.
D) has a healthy,positive connotation.

Question 24

Ellis called problematic emotional reactions caused by negative self-talk

A) irrational-emotive behavior.
B) the belief system.
C) catastrophic thinking.
D) the consequences.

Question 25

Which of the following is NOT a theme of constructive coping?

A) Confronting problems directly
B) Flowing with potentially destructive habitual behavior
C) It takes effort
D) Reasonably realistic appraisal of stress and resources

Question 26

David often finds himself imagining the worst possible outcome of a stressful situation.His constructive coping tactic is to detect and dispute his negative self-talk.This is an example of

A) a problem-focused strategy.
B) an emotion-focused strategy.
C) a healthy-focused strategy.
D) an appraisal-focused strategy.

Question 27

In Ellis's system,the _____ may be any potentially stressful transaction.

A) belief system
B) activating event
C) consequence
D) catastrophic thinking

Question 28

Which of the following describes the classification model of constructive coping techniques by Moos and Billings?

A) Appraisal-focused,problem-focused,emotion-focused
B) Appraisal-control,negative-control,self-control
C) Constructive,reconstructive,destructive
D) Consequence,belief,activating event

Question 29

Which of these constructive coping techniques focuses on managing potential emotional distress?

A) Problem-focused coping
B) Emotion-focused coping
C) Healthy-focused coping
D) Appraisal-focused coping

Question 30

Belle was unsure of how to cope with her car breaking down.She decided she would have a mechanic determine how much it would cost to have it repaired.Belle is using constructive coping through

A) exerting control over a harmful habitual behavior.
B) confronting a problem directly.
C) determining her coping resources.
D) managing her disruptive emotional reaction.

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT a common irrational assumption resulting in catastrophic thinking?

A) I must have love and affection from certain people.
B) Others must perform well in all endeavors.
C) Events should always go the way I like.
D) Other people should always behave competently and be considerate of me.

Question 32

Which of these constructive coping techniques focuses on altering the stressful situation itself?

A) Problem-focused coping
B) Emotion-focused coping
C) Healthy-focused coping
D) Appraisal-focused coping

Question 33

_____ refers to dealing with stressful events that are judged to be relatively healthy.

A) Appraisal coping
B) Constructive coping
C) Problem coping
D) Defensive coping

Question 34

Alice wanted to cope with her job stress.She determined that the stress was not severe enough to quit,but she wanted to be sure the stress did not affect her health by making sure she got enough rest and exercise.Alice is using constructive coping through

A) exerting control over a harmful habitual behavior.
B) confronting a problem directly.
C) determining realistic appraisal of stress and her resources.
D) managing her disruptive emotional reaction.

Question 35

Who was the founder of rational-emotive behavior therapy?

A) Albert Ellis
B) Abraham Maslow
C) Albert Bandura
D) Carl Jung

Question 36

Jonathon was supposed to meet Tinesha for a date.She has not shown up and it is one hour past their meeting time.If Jonathon reacts by feeling worthless and that he will never find someone to love,he is engaged in

A) catastrophic thinking.
B) a realistic appraisal of stress.
C) a rational assumption.
D) anger toward Tinesha for standing him up.

Question 37

_____ therapy is an approach that focuses on altering clients' patterns of irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive emotions and behavior.

A) Behavioral
B) Rational-emotive behavior
C) Catastrophic thinking
D) Consequential

Question 38

In order to reduce catastrophic thinking,you must first learn

A) why other people are always causing problems.
B) how to dispute the irrational assumptions that cause it.
C) to scrutinize your reasoning process.
D) how to detect catastrophic thinking.

Question 39

Constructive coping includes learning to recognize and manage

A) other people's bad behavior.
B) manipulating others to solve problems.
C) potentially disruptive emotional reactions to stress.
D) step-by-step instructions to successful elimination of stress.

Question 40

Which of these constructive coping techniques focuses on changing one's interpretation of stressful events?

A) Problem-focused coping
B) Emotion-focused coping
C) Healthy-focused coping
D) Appraisal-focused coping

Question 41

Abbie is worried that she is so nervous she cannot concentrate.She is in the problem-solving step of

A) taking action while maintaining flexibility.
B) generating alternative courses of action.
C) clarifying the problem.
D) evaluating her alternatives.

Question 42

Marge was continuously getting initial job interviews,but not being asked for a follow-up interview.She asked her friend Homer to help her solve the problem.Homer asked her if she was sure what the problem was.Homer was helping Marge

A) generate an alternative course of action.
B) evaluate her alternatives.
C) clarify the problem.
D) take action,but be flexible.

Question 43

Positive reinterpretation

A) can only work when the stress is humorous.
B) is connected with better psychological and physical health even when the stress is a natural disaster or major illness.
C) is primarily effective in hindsight.
D) only works for people who have not experienced the worst outcome possible.

Question 44

Attempting to remedy or fix the stress-producing concern itself is considered a(n)______-focused strategy of constructive coping.

A) appraisal
B) emotion
C) problem
D) cognition

Question 45

The first step in any systematic problem-solving effort is to

A) clarify the problem.
B) generate alternative courses of action.
C) evaluate your alternatives and select a course of action.
D) remain flexible.

Question 46

Humor is one constructive coping strategy that

A) is always effective.
B) works only if the stress is immediate.
C) works best when the humor is at one's own expense.
D) can diffuse stress.

Question 47

The reason to maintain flexibility when taking action in problem solving is

A) no plan works if you don't follow through.
B) lower levels of depression.
C) fewer health complaints.
D) all of these.

Question 48

Trevor came back from active military duty and discovered that he felt less stressed when joking around with his friends.Trevor is most likely engaging in humor that

A) builds connections.
B) ridicules others.
C) is at his own expense.
D) all of these.

Question 49

Which of the following is NOT a way to increase more systematic problem solving?

A) Clarify the problem
B) Evaluate alternatives
C) Take action while maintaining flexibility
D) Generate alternative solutions

Question 50

Searching for something good in a bad experience is a way to engage in

A) unrealistic appraisal.
B) positive reinterpretation.
C) catastrophic thinking.
D) use of a defense mechanism.

Question 51

Chen and Martin found that _____ humor is related to better mental health and _____ humor is related to poorer mental health.

A) aggressive;affiliative
B) self-defeating;self-enhancing
C) self-confident;self-defeating
D) affiliative;aggressive

Question 52

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of finding the good in a bad situation?

A) It requires distorting reality.
B) It relates to better psychological health.
C) It relates to better physical health.
D) It is most beneficial if the positive aspects are recognized while still in the stressful situation.

Question 53

The most obvious way to deal with life's problems through systematic problem solving is also

A) a cause for more health complaints
B) often the most effective.
C) not possible to increase with training.
D) a cause for depression.

Question 54

Which of the following is NOT an hypothesized explanation for the link between humor and wellness?

A) Less threatening appraisal of stressful events
B) Increased experience of positive emotions
C) Takes others less seriously
D) Rewarding social relations

Question 55

Which of the following is NOT involved in problem-focused coping?

A) Systematic problem solving
B) Seeking help
C) Enhancing emotional intelligence
D) Improving time management

Question 56

Ronald just got divorced.When he was married,he rarely spent weekends at home (due to the arguments with his wife)and as a result,spent little time with his child.Now he is excited to rebuild his relationship with his child through activities together.Ronald is engaged in

A) positive reinterpretation.
B) wishful thinking.
C) irrational appraisal.
D) rationalization.

Question 57

_____ is generating as many ideas as possible while withholding criticism and evaluation.

A) Brainstorming
B) Positive reinterpretation
C) Clarifying a problem
D) Problem-solving

Question 58

A cartoon in your textbook shows someone who has been eaten by a snake,but concludes he is "okay." This is an example of

A) Irrational thinking
B) Rationalization
C) Positive reinterpretation
D) Affiliative humor

Question 59

One of the challenges in positive reinterpretation is that

A) it distorts reality.
B) you are happy that other people are worse off than you are.
C) it is easier to see the positive side after the stress is behind you.
D) it depends on knowing others who are clearly worse off.

Question 60

When selecting a course of action in problem solving,it is important to ask yourself

A) "What's in it for me?"
B) "Why worry about negative consequences?"
C) "Don't the ends justify the means?"
D) "Which outcomes do I value the most?"

Question 61

Gloria takes action to problem-solve stressors without much worry about consequences.With regard to time perspective,Gloria is most likely

A) avoiding a success/failure dichotomy.
B) from a collectivistic culture.
C) future-oriented.
D) present-oriented.

Question 62

One of the potential drawbacks of seeking social support is

A) it evolves out of one's interactions with others.
B) some people have more support because of their personal characteristics.
C) inappropriate support can actually decrease one's sense of self-worth and well-being.
D) some people have more support because they make more effort to seek support.

Question 63

A healthy reaction to a situation in which someone feels wronged or that another person has been acting immorally or unjustly is to

A) leave the person alone.
B) forgive the other person.
C) seek help from others to remove the other person from power.
D) seek revenge.

Question 64

Which of the following is NOT a strategy of emotion-focused constructive coping?

A) Expressing emotions
B) Enhancing emotional intelligence
C) Learning the link of exercise to moods
D) Managing hostility and forgiving others

Question 65

Regardless of time perspective orientation,most people

A) could benefit from managing their time more effectively.
B) handle time management well.
C) get tasks done as long as the stress level is not too great.
D) find that stressors of modern life have little connection to lack of time.

Question 66

Nicolas was given an assignment to write about his concerns and stresses in college.Which of the following statements is likely about his experience?

A) His mood may improve.
B) He will have better health.
C) He is focusing on emotional expression.
D) All of these are true.

Question 67

_____-focused constructive coping is most effective when a problem is too serious or cannot be solved.

A) Problem
B) Appraisal
C) Cognitive
D) Emotion

Question 68

Brittany practices mediation because she read research that it lowers her blood pressure and improves her mood and well-being.Her friend who is taking psychology suggests Brittany should consider

A) that research proves the benefits of meditation.
B) sampling bias and placebo effects might be affecting the research results.
C) the danger of increasing depression when meditating.
D) all of these.

Question 69

With regard to time perspectives,Bob dislikes procrastination and is very reliable in meeting his commitments.Bob is most likely

A) avoiding a success/failure dichotomy.
B) from a collectivistic culture.
C) future-oriented.
D) present-oriented.

Question 70

Which of the following is NOT true of cultural factors in seeking help?

A) The topic is fully researched.
B) Asians and Asian Americans are less likely to seek social support than European Americans.
C) Individuals from cultures high in collectivism don't want to risk disrupting group harmony in times of stress.
D) Individuals from both collectivistic and individualistic cultures view receiving comfort as an effective coping strategy.

Question 71

Which of the following is a potential negative aspect of forgiveness?

A) Increasing the chance of heart problems due to not expressing anger
B) Forgiving someone who will feel so relieved of guilt that they do the act again
C) Feeling depressed that the other person is getting away with bad behavior
D) Lower self-esteem due to the inability to affect change in the other person

Question 72

The ability to perceive and express emotion,use emotions to facilitate thought,understand and reason with emotion,and regulate emotion is

A) emotional intelligence.
B) overcompensating.
C) reappraisal.
D) emotion-focused.

Question 73

_____ is related to increased risk for heart attacks and other types of illness.

A) Expressing emotion
B) Meditation
C) Hostility
D) Emotional disclosure

Question 74

Which of the following is a long-term psychological benefit associated with regular meditation?

A) Decreased heart rate
B) Decreased respiration rate
C) Lower levels of stress hormones and increased happiness
D) Decreased oxygen consumption

Question 75

Sarah's co-worker has been struggling with the loss of her spouse.The co-worker continually makes errors that are causing Sarah extra work.Which of the following is NOT one of Sarah's healthy options for emotion-focused coping?

A) Counteracting her initial impulse to complain to the boss
B) Forgiving the co-worker
C) Telling the co-worker that she has to leave her personal problems at home
D) Increasing her own empathy

Question 76

Which of the following has NOT been linked to mediation?

A) Reduced anxiety and drug abuse
B) Loss of one's sense of control
C) Improved physical health and well-being
D) Increased self-esteem

Question 77

Meditation is

A) a mental exercise in which a conscious attempt is made to focus attention in a nonanalytical way.
B) associated with lower levels of some stress hormones.
C) characterized by relaxation and suppression of arousal.
D) all of these.

Question 78

One controlled experiment comparing mediation and relaxation found

A) relaxation is more effective coping with stress.
B) meditation is more effective during stress.
C) meditation decreases distress,but relaxation is better at increasing positive moods.
D) that they decrease distress and increase positive moods equally well.

Question 79

Yoga,Zen,and transcendental meditation are all examples of

A) the most widely practiced approaches to meditation in the United States.
B) small movements in meditation in the United States.
C) widely practiced approaches to meditation outside of the United States.
D) religious-oriented cult movements of meditation in the United States.

Question 80

People's natural inclination when feeling wronged or that another person has been acting immorally or unjustly is to

A) increase their efforts of empathy and tolerance.
B) forgive the other person.
C) try to manage their hostility.
D) seek revenge or avoid further contact.