Deck 39: Motor Mechanisms and Behavior

Question 1

Compared to glycolytic skeletal muscle fibers,those classified as oxidative typically have

A)a lower concentration of myoglobin.
B)a lower density of mitochondria.
C)a lighter visual appearance.
D)a smaller diameter.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

A hydrostatic skeleton is a

A)hardened internal skeleton buried in soft tissues.
B)hard covering deposited on an animal's surface.
C)skeleton that consists of fluid held under pressure in a closed body compartment.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Calcium ions regulate contraction of smooth muscle cells by binding to

A)troponin.
B)tropomyosin.
C)actin.
D)myosin.
E)calmodulin.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Skeletal muscle contraction begins when calcium ions bind to

A)myosin.
B)actin.
C)tropomyosin.
D)troponin.

Question 5

Muscle cells are stimulated by neurotransmitters released from the synaptic terminals of

A)motor neuron axons.
B)sensory neuron axons.
C)motor neuron dendrites.
D)sensory neuron dendrites.

Question 6

What does troponin bind to during excitation of muscle contraction?

A)calcium ions
B)sodium ions
C)ATP
D)ADP
E)phosphate

Question 7

Suppose the rectus femoris,one of the quadriceps muscles in your anterior thigh,has been deprived of ATP.Rectus femoris will

A)immediately relax.
B)release all actin-myosin bonds.
C)enter a state where actin and myosin are unable to separate.
D)fire many more action potentials than usual and enter a state of "rigor."
E)sequester all free calcium ions into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Question 8

Calcium ions initiate sliding of filaments in skeletal muscles by

A)breaking the actin-myosin cross-bridges.
B)binding to the troponin complex,which causes tropomyosin to move and thus expose myosin-binding sites.
C)transmitting action potentials across the neuromuscular junction.
D)spreading action potentials through the T tubules.
E)reestablishing the resting membrane potential following an action potential.

Question 9

The "motor unit" in vertebrate skeletal muscle refers to

A)one actin binding site and its myosin partner.
B)one sarcomere and all of its actin and myosin filaments.
C)one myofibril and all of its sarcomeres.
D)one motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers on which it has synapses.
E)an entire muscle.

Question 10

Which of the following is the correct sequence that describes the excitation and contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber?
1)Tropomyosin moves and uncovers the cross-bridge binding sites.
2)Calcium is released and binds to the troponin complex.
3)Transverse tubules depolarize the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
4)The thin filaments are ratcheted across the thick filaments by the heads of the myosin molecules using energy from ATP.
5)An action potential in a motor neuron causes the axon to release acetylcholine,which depolarizes the muscle cell membrane.

A)1 → 2 → 3 → 4 → 5
B)2 → 1 → 3 → 5 → 4
C)2 → 3 → 4 → 1 → 5
D)5 → 3 → 1 → 2 → 4
E)5 → 3 → 2 → 1 → 4

Question 11

The muscles of a recently deceased animal can remain in a contracted state,termed rigor mortis,for several hours due to the lack of

A)phosphorylated myosin.
B)ATP needed to break actin-myosin bonds.
C)calcium ions needed to bind to troponin.
D)oxygen supplies needed for myoglobin.
E)sodium ions needed to fire action potentials.

Question 12

What bones unite to form the knee joint in humans?

A)femur and fibula only
B)femur and tibia only
C)tibia and fibula only
D)tibia,fibula,and femur

Question 13

What force(s)must animals overcome in order to move?

A)friction only
B)gravity only
C)inertia only
D)friction and gravity only
E)friction and inertia only

Question 14

A skeletal muscle with abnormally low levels of calcium ions would be impaired in

A)ATP hydrolysis.
B)the initiation of an action potential.
C)maintaining its resting membrane potential.
D)initiating contraction.
E)its ability to sustain glycolysis.

Question 15

What do skeletal,cardiac,and smooth muscle have in common?

A)A bands and I bands
B)transverse tubules
C)gap junctions
D)motor units
E)thick and thin filaments

Question 16

Myasthenia gravis is a form of muscle paralysis in which

A)motor neurons lose their myelination and the ability to rapidly fire action potentials.
B)acetylcholine receptors are recognized by antibodies and destroyed by an overactive immune system.
C)ATP production becomes uncoupled from mitochondrial electron transport.
D)the spinal cord is infected with a virus that attacks muscle stretch receptors.
E)troponin molecules become unable to bind calcium ions.

Question 17

In a relaxed skeletal muscle,actin is bound to

A)myosin only.
B)troponin only.
C)tropomyosin and troponin only.
D)tropomyosin,troponin,and myosin.

Question 18

The hydrostatic skeleton of the earthworm allows it to move around in its environment by

A)walking on its limbs.
B)crawling with its feet.
C)swimming.
D)using peristaltic contractions of its circular and longitudinal muscles.
E)alternating contractions and relaxations of its smooth muscle.

Question 19

The contraction of skeletal muscles is based on

A)actin filaments coiling up to become shorter.
B)myosin filaments coiling up to become shorter.
C)actin cross-bridges binding to myosin and transitioning from a high-energy to a low-energy state.
D)myosin cross-bridges binding to actin and transitioning from a high-energy to a low-energy state.

Question 20

Ruminant animals such as cows regurgitate their food and chew it (the "cud")seemingly nonstop all day long.What type of muscle fibers would you expect to find in their masticatory muscles?

A)oxidative fast-twitch
B)oxidative slow-twitch
C)glycolytic fast-twitch
D)smooth muscle

Question 21

Male mountain lions will kick up piles of dirt and leaves and then urinate on them (which leaves a strong scent)to mark their territory.What type of communication signal is this?

A)olfactory
B)visual
C)auditory
D)tactile

Question 22

Which of the following examples describes a behavioral pattern that results from a proximate cause?

A)A cat kills a mouse to obtain nutrition.
B)A male sheep fights with another male because it helps to improve its social position.
C)A female bird lays its eggs because the amount of daylight is decreasing slightly each day.
D)A goose squats and freezes motionless to escape a predator.
E)A cockroach runs into a crack in the wall and avoids being stepped on.

Question 23

Coyotes are awake and often hunt at night.What types of communication do coyotes likely use?

A)visual and auditory
B)tactile and visual
C)olfactory and auditory
D)visual and olfactory
E)tactile and auditory

Question 24

A female cat in heat urinates more often and in many places.Male cats congregate near the urine deposits and fight with each other.Which of the following would be an ultimate cause of the male cats' response to the female's urinating behavior?

A)The males have learned to recognize the specific odor of the urine of a female in heat.
B)When the males smelled the odor,various neurons in their brains were stimulated.
C)Responding to the odor means locating reproductively receptive females.
D)Male cats' hormones are triggered by the odor released by the female.
E)The odor serves as a releaser for the instinctive behavior of the males.

Question 25

A female cat in heat urinates more often and in many places.Male cats are attracted to the urine deposits.Which of the following is a proximate cause of this increased urination?

A)It announces to the males that she is in heat.
B)Female cats that did this in the past attracted more males.
C)It is a result of hormonal changes associated with her reproductive cycle.
D)The female cat learned the behavior from observing other cats.

Question 26

An example of a ball-and-socket joint in the human skeleton is found between

A)the radius and the ulna.
B)the radius and the metacarpals.
C)the ulna and the humerus.
D)the humerus and the scapula.
E)the femur and the tibia.

Question 27

Circannual rhythms in birds are influenced by

A)periods of food availability.
B)reproductive readiness.
C)periods of daylight and darkness.
D)magnetic fields.
E)lunar cycles.

Question 28

Karl von Frisch demonstrated that European honeybees communicate the location of a distant food source by

A)performing a round dance.
B)performing a waggle dance.
C)emanating minute amounts of stimulus pheromone.
D)varying wing vibration frequency.

Question 29

Parental protective behavior in turkeys is triggered by the cheeping sound of young chicks.What term best applies to this behavior?

A)sign stimulus
B)migration
C)imprinting
D)associative learning

Question 30

A cage containing male mosquitoes has a small earphone placed on top through which the sound of a female mosquito is played.All the males immediately fly to the earphone and go through all of the steps of copulation.What is the best explanation for this behavior?

A)The males learned to associate the sound with females.
B)Copulation is a fixed action pattern,and the female flight sound is a sign stimulus that initiates it.
C)The sound is a form of a visual signal,which causes the males to attempt to mate.
D)The reproductive drive is so strong that when males are deprived of females,they will attempt to mate with anything that has even the slightest female characteristic.

Question 31

A stickleback fish will attack a fish model as long as the model has red coloring.What animal behavior idea is manifested by this observation?

A)sign stimulus
B)migration
C)imprinting
D)associative learning

Question 32

In which form of locomotion is friction the greatest impediment to moving?

A)running
B)hopping
C)swimming
D)flying

Question 33

Chimpanzees indicate to each other that there are threats nearby by raising their arms in the air.What type of communication signal is this?

A)olfactory
B)visual
C)auditory
D)tactile

Question 34

Animals use pheromones to communicate

A)only reproductive readiness.
B)only species recognition.
C)only gender recognition.
D)only danger.
E)reproductive readiness,species recognition,gender recognition,and danger.

Question 35

Upon returning to its hive,a European honeybee communicates to other worker bees the presence of a nearby food source it has discovered by

A)vibrating its wings at varying frequencies.
B)performing a round dance.
C)performing a waggle dance.
D)visual cues.

Question 36

A type of learning that can occur only during a brief period of early life and results in a behavior that is difficult to modify through later experiences is called

A)innate behavior.
B)imprinting.
C)spatial learning.
D)associative learning.

Question 37

Male alligators roar and slap their heads against the water to get the attention of females.What type of communication signal is this?

A)olfactory
B)visual
C)auditory
D)tactile

Question 38

A chemical produced by an animal that serves as a communication to another animal of the same species is called a

A)hormone.
B)visual signal.
C)pheromone.
D)tactile signal.

Question 39

The proximate causes of behavior are interactions with the environment,but behavior is ultimately shaped by

A)hormones.
B)evolution.
C)mating rituals.
D)pheromones.

Question 40

Animal communication involves what type(s)of sensory information?

A)visual only
B)auditory only
C)olfactory only
D)tactile only
E)visual,auditory,olfactory,and tactile

Question 41

A mother goat can recognize its own kid by smell.What form of animal behavior is this?

A)associative learning
B)innate behavior
C)imprinting
D)altruistic behavior
E)agonistic behavior

Question 42

Male elephant seals routinely fight (sometimes to the death)in order to mate with large groups of female elephant seals.What kind of mating behavior is this an example of?

A)intersexual selection
B)intrasexual selection
C)polygandry
D)monogamy

Question 43

Scientists have tried raising endangered whooping cranes in captivity by using sandhill cranes as foster parents.This strategy is no longer used because

A)fostered whooping crane chicks did not develop the necessary cues for migration.
B)the fostered whooping cranes' critical period was variable such that different chicks imprinted on different "mothers."
C)sandhill crane parents rejected their fostered whooping crane chicks soon after incubation.
D)none of the fostered whooping cranes formed a mating pair-bond with another whooping crane.
E)sandhill crane parents did not properly incubate whooping crane eggs.

Question 44

What is the fitness benefit of polygamy in birds that rear young that are precocious (develop and mature rapidly)?

A)Females will copulate with many males to ensure that all of their eggs are fertilized.
B)Females don't have to decide on one mate and can copulate with as many males as they deem worthy to share their genes with in reproduction.
C)Fit males don't have to help feed and rear young and can spend this time seeking out and mating with many females.
D)Females don't have to spend time rearing young and can mate and rear additional broods during a breeding season.
E)Both males and females spend little time with courtship and brood-rearing and don't tax their own physiology,so they can breed again in subsequent breeding seasons.

Question 45

Which of the following statements about the certainty of paternity is true?

A)Young or eggs laid by a female are likely to contain the same genes as another female's eggs in a population of birds.
B)The certainty of paternity is high in most species with internal fertilization because the acts of mating and birth are separated by time.
C)Males that guard females they have mated with are certain of their paternity.
D)The certainty of paternity is low when egg laying and mating occur together,as in external fertilization.
E)Paternal behavior exists because it has been reinforced over generations by natural selection.

Question 46

How do altruistic behaviors arise through natural selection?

A)By its actions,the altruist increases the likelihood that some of its genes will be passed on to the next generation.
B)The altruist is appreciated by other members of the population because their survivability has been enhanced by virtue of the altruist's risky behavior.
C)Animals that perform altruistic acts are allowed by their population to breed more,thereby passing on their behavior genes to future generations.
D)Altruistic behaviors lower stress in populations,which increases the survivability of all the members of the population.

Question 47

While at a zoo,you notice that a male peacock is larger and more ornamental compared with a female peacock.Even without observing their mating habits,you can probably conclude that peacocks are

A)polygamous.
B)monogamous.
C)polyandrous.
D)promiscuous.

Question 48

While on a field expedition in Ethiopia,you come across a group of baboons.After watching them for several days,you notice that one male baboon frequently mates with many different females.You also don't see any other males in the group.What type of mating system best describes these baboons?

A)monogamy
B)polygyny
C)polyandry
D)intrasexual selection

Question 49

Upon observing a golden eagle flying overhead,a prairie dog on "guard duty" gives a warning call to other members of the prairie dog community that are foraging.What form of animal behavior is this?

A)associative learning
B)innate behavior
C)imprinting
D)altruistic behavior
E)agonistic behavior

Question 50

Salmon are hatched in freshwater streams,and then they migrate to the ocean.When an adult salmon is ready to mate,it returns to the exact stream where it hatched.What term best applies to this behavior?

A)sign stimulus
B)spatial learning
C)imprinting
D)associative learning

Question 51

The mating system in which females are more ornamented than males is

A)monogamy.
B)promiscuity.
C)polygamy.
D)polygyny.
E)polyandry.

Question 52

Male stalk-eyed flies compete with other males in order to attract female attention.What kind of mating behavior is this an example of?

A)intersexual selection
B)intrasexual selection
C)polygamy
D)monogamy

Question 53

Imagine you are designing an experiment aimed at determining whether the initiation of migratory behavior is largely under genetic control.Of the following options,the best way to proceed is to

A)observe genetically distinct populations in the field and see if they have different migratory habits.
B)perform within-population matings with birds from different populations that have different migratory habits.Do this in the laboratory and see if offspring display parental migratory behavior.
C)bring animals into the laboratory and determine the conditions under which they become restless and attempt to migrate.
D)perform within-population matings with birds from different populations that have different migratory habits.Rear the offspring in the absence of their parents and observe the migratory behavior of offspring.

Question 54

Sea otters use stones and rocks to break open abalone shells in order to eat the flesh inside.A young sea otter observes other sea otters break open shells and thus learns how to perform this task.What type of learning did the young sea otter use to be able to perform this task?

A)associative learning
B)spatial learning
C)imprinting
D)social learning

Question 55

A human baby performs a sucking behavior perfectly when it is put in the presence of the nipple of its mother's breast.What form of animal behavior is this?

A)associative learning
B)innate behavior
C)imprinting
D)altruistic behavior
E)agonistic behavior

Question 56

Pair-bonding in a population of prairie voles can be prevented by

A)the ensuing confusion caused by introducing meadow voles.
B)administering a drug that inhibits the brain receptor for vasopressin in males.
C)administering a drug that turns on ADH receptor sites in male voles.
D)dying the coat color from brown to blond in either male or female prairie voles.
E)allowing the population size to reach critically low levels.

Question 57

What probably explains why coastal and inland garter snakes react differently to banana slug prey?

A)Ancestors of coastal snakes that could eat the abundant banana slugs had increased fitness.No such selection occurred inland,where banana slugs were absent.
B)Banana slugs are camouflaged,and inland snakes,which have poorer vision than coastal snakes,are less able to see them.
C)Garter snakes learn about prey from other garter snakes.Inland garter snakes have fewer types of prey because they are less social.
D)Inland banana slugs are distasteful,so inland snakes learn to avoid them.Coastal banana slugs are palatable to garter snakes.
E)Garter snakes learn to eat what their mothers eat.Coastal snake mothers happened to prefer slugs.

Question 58

Which of the following would be the best experiment to conduct in order to determine if a rabbit is capable of using associative learning?

A)Provide some food for the rabbit in a specific location and then cover it up with leaves.Monitor the location to see if the rabbit returns to find the food at a later time.
B)Introduce the sound of a predator (e.g. ,coyote howl)to the rabbit's habitat at a specific time of the day.Monitor the rabbit's activity when the sound is and is not played throughout the day.
C)Provide the rabbit with some food in a hard to reach location.Monitor the rabbit's activity to see if it is able to reach the food using a novel approach.
D)Expose the rabbit to pheromones,and see if they stimulate the rabbit's interest in mating even though a potential mate is not available.

Question 59

Which of the following statements about the evolution of behavior is correct?

A)Natural selection will favor behavior that enhances survival and reproduction.
B)An animal may show behavior that minimizes reproductive fitness.
C)If a behavior is less than optimal,it will eventually become optimal through natural selection.
D)Innate behaviors can never be altered by natural selection.

Question 60

Animal behavior that includes searching for,capturing,and eating food is known as

A)innate behavior.
B)foraging.
C)imprinting.
D)altruistic behavior.

Question 61

Figure 39.3
In the territorial behavior of the stickleback fish,the red belly of one male that elicits attack from another male is functioning as a

A)pheromone.
B)sign stimulus.
C)fixed action pattern.
D)hormone.

Question 62

Figure 39.2
The most energetically efficient locomotion per unit mass is likely

A)running by a 50-gram mouse.
B)running by a 40-kg horse.
C)flying by a 4-g hummingbird.
D)swimming by a 10-g stickleback (bony fish).
E)swimming by a 100-kg shark.

Question 63

Suppose a squirrel hides some acorns in the ground in preparation for winter.After a heavy snowfall,the squirrel is able to find the acorns even though their location is hidden.What type of learning did the squirrel use to remember where the acorns were stored?

A)imprinting
B)spatial learning
C)associative learning
D)problem solving

Question 64

Fred and Joe,two unrelated,mature male gorillas,encounter each other.Fred is courting a female.He grunts as Joe comes near.As Joe continues to advance,Fred begins drumming (pounding his chest)and bares his teeth.Joe then rolls on the ground on his back,gets up,and quickly leaves.This behavioral pattern is repeated several times during the mating season.Choose the most specific behavior described by this example.

A)agonistic behavior
B)spatial behavior
C)associative behavior
D)innate behavior

Question 65

The binding of calcium to the troponin complex

A)disrupts cross-bridges,allowing filaments to slide past each other.
B)allows tropomyosin to bind actin.
C)opens ion channels,allowing sodium to rush into the muscle cells.
D)causes tropomyosin to shift position,exposing myosin bind sites on actin.

Question 66

Which of the following is true of innate behaviors?

A)Their expression is only weakly influenced by genes.
B)They occur with or without environmental stimuli.
C)They are expressed in most individuals in a population.
D)They occur in invertebrates and some vertebrates but not mammals.

Question 67

Figure 39.4
The behavior of most animals is influenced by the periods of daylight and darkness in the environment.Fiddler crabs' courtship behaviors are instead synchronized by the 29 1/2-day cycle of the moon.What is the adaptive significance of using lunar cues?

A)The fiddler crab courtship ritual is highly visual,so individuals need the light of the full moon to be able to observe courtship displays.
B)Egg maturation in fiddler crab females takes 29 1/2 days.
C)By courting at the full and new moon,fiddler crabs link their reproduction to the times of the highest tides that disperse their larvae to safer,deeper waters.
D)The algae that larval fiddler crabs consume for energy and metabolism bloom on a monthly cycle,so recently hatched larvae have plenty to eat during a crucial time of their lives.
E)It takes about 29 days for a fiddler crab to reach sexual maturity.

Question 68

Which of the following has a coefficient of relatedness of less than 0.5?

A)a mother to her daughter
B)a father to his son
C)an aunt to her niece
D)a brother to his sister
E)a sister to her sister

Question 69

During a field trip,an instructor touched a moth resting on a tree trunk.The moth raised its forewings to reveal large eyespots on its hind wings.The instructor asked why the moth lifted its wings.One student answered that sensory receptors had fired and triggered a neuronal reflex culminating in the contraction of certain muscles.A second student responded that the behavior might frighten predators.Which statement best describes these explanations?

A)The first explanation is correct,but the second is incorrect.
B)The first explanation refers to proximate causation,whereas the second refers to ultimate causation.
C)The first explanation is testable as a scientific hypothesis,whereas the second is not.
D)Both explanations are reasonable and simply represent a difference of opinion.

Question 70

The presence of altruistic behavior is most likely due to kin selection,a theory maintaining that

A)aggression between sexes promotes the survival of the fittest individuals.
B)genes enhance the survival of copies of themselves by directing organisms to assist others who share those genes.
C)companionship is advantageous to animals because in the future they can help each other.
D)critical thinking abilities are normal traits for animals and they have arisen,like other traits,through natural selection.
E)natural selection has generally favored the evolution of exaggerated aggressive and submissive behaviors to resolve conflict without grave harm to participants.

Question 71

Use this information to answer the following questions.
Teo is a 27-year-old male who crashed his motorcycle while riding on an icy road through the Rocky Mountains.Luckily,Teo was wearing his helmet,so he did not suffer any head injuries,but he did break several bones in his body and damaged several joints.
Teo sprained his left ankle.What statement about this injury is correct?

A)Teo stretched the ligament connecting his left tibia and fibula.
B)Teo stretched the tendon connecting his left tibia and fibula.
C)Teo stretched the ligament connecting his left radius and ulna.
D)Teo stretched the tendon connecting his left radius and ulna.

Question 72

Figure 39.2
Consider a small duck that weighs about 1 kilogram (about 2.2 pounds).What form of locomotion by this duck would use the most energy?

A)running
B)flying
C)swimming

Question 73

Myosin filaments that form crossbridges with actin are in which section of Figure 39.1?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
E)5

Question 74

Which area in Figure 39.1 indicates the M line?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
E)5

Question 75

Teo suffered a simple fracture (when the bone breaks but does not penetrate the skin)of the bone that forms a ball and socket joint with his pelvis.What bone did Teo break?

A)humerus
B)femur
C)tibia
D)sternum

Question 76

According to Hamilton's rule,

A)natural selection does not favor altruistic behavior that causes the death of the altruist.
B)natural selection favors altruistic acts when the resulting benefit to the recipient,corrected for relatedness,exceeds the cost to the altruist.
C)natural selection is more likely to favor altruistic behavior that benefits an offspring than altruistic behavior that benefits a sibling.
D)the effects of kin selection are larger than the effects of direct natural selection on individuals.

Question 77

Animals that help other animals of the same species

A)have excess energy reserves.
B)are bigger and stronger than the other animals.
C)are usually related to the other animals.
D)are always male.

Question 78

During the contraction of a vertebrate skeletal muscle fiber,calcium ions

A)break cross-bridges by acting as a cofactor in the hydrolysis of ATP.
B)bind with troponin,changing its shape so that the myosin-binding sites on actin are exposed.
C)transmit action potentials from the motor neuron to the muscle fiber.
D)spread action potentials through the T tubules.

Question 79

One way to understand how early environment influences differing behaviors in similar species is through the "cross-fostering" experimental technique.Suppose the curly-whiskered mud rat differs from the bald mud rat in several ways,including being much more aggressive.How would you set up a cross-fostering experiment to determine if environment plays a role in the curly-whiskered mud rat's aggression?

A)You would cross curly-whiskered mud rats and bald mud rats,and hand-rear the offspring to see if any grew up to be aggressive.
B)You would place newborn curly-whiskered mud rats with bald mud rat parents,place newborn bald mud rats with curly-whiskered mud rat parents,and let some mud rats of both species be raised by their own species.Then you would compare the outcomes.
C)You would remove the offspring of curly-whiskered mud rats and bald mud rats from their parents,raise them in the same environment,and then compare the outcomes.
D)You would see if curly-whiskered mud rats bred true for aggression.
E)You would replace normal newborn mud rats with deformed newborn mud rats to see if it triggered an altruistic response.

Question 80

After the crash,Teo is having difficulty bending his fingers of his right hand to form a fist.What type of joint is being affected?

A)pivot
B)ball and socket
C)hinge