Deck 23: Broad Patterns of Evolution

Question 1

Which group of tetrapods had the first examples of specialized teeth?

A)synapsids
B)therapsids
C)early cynodonts
D)late cynodonts

Answer 1

B

Question 2

If we visualize the time that has passed since the origin of our solar system and Earth,or about 4.6 billion years,as a one-hour clock,then out of one hour,prokaryotes have been present on the planet for about

A)45 minutes.
B)15 minutes.
C)10 minutes.
D)30 seconds.
E)3 seconds.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Of the following,which is the most abundant source of fossil evidence?

A)amber,because a large portion of Earth is vegetated and insects often become trapped in sap
B)sedimentary rock,because such rock forms in areas sediment moved by water can cause the burial of organisms
C)mud,because such material is heavy and organisms cannot escape from it easily
D)ice,because most of Earth has been covered in ice at some point or another

Answer 3

B

Question 4

If the half-life of carbon-14 is about 5,730 years,then a fossil that has 1/16th the normal proportion of carbon-14 to carbon-12 should be about how many years old?

A)1,400
B)2,800
C)11,200
D)22,900

Question 5

The evolution of mammals from early tetrapods

A)is well documented by a series of transitional fossils.
B)involves specialization in teeth.
C)involves changes in the temporal fenestra of the skull.
D)is an example of macroevolution.

Question 6

Which event stimulated the rapid development of eukaryotes?

A)extinction of some organisms
B)addition of oxygen to the atmosphere
C)origin of multicellular organisms
D)colonization of land

Question 7

Radiometric dating is based on the

A)decay of radioactive isotopes.
B)temperature and pressure of the environment.
C)amount of carbon-12 in an organism at time of death.
D)ratio of carbon-14 to carbon-12.

Question 8

A difficulty in presenting evidence for a sixth mass extinction is

A)that tropical rain forests harbor many unknown species.
B)that species numbers are declining because of habitat loss.
C)introduction of new species.
D)increased global temperatures.

Question 9

The major evolutionary episode corresponding most closely in time with the formation of Pangaea was the

A)Cambrian explosion.
B)Permian extinctions.
C)Pleistocene ice ages.
D)Cretaceous extinctions.

Question 10

What is true of the fossil record of mammalian origins?

A)It is a good example of punctuated equilibrium.
B)It shows that mammals and birds evolved from the same kind of dinosaur.
C)It includes transitional forms with progressively specialized teeth.
D)It indicates that mammals and dinosaurs did not overlap in geologic time.

Question 11

Which life form has been present on Earth the longest?

A)jawed vertebrates
B)humans
C)microbes such as bacteria
D)single-celled eukaryotes such as protists

Question 12

Which statement about the atmosphere and life on Earth is correct?

A)Life on Earth arose once oxygen was present.
B)Life on Earth arose once temperatures of gases warmed.
C)Life on Earth arose before oxygen was present.
D)Life on Earth arose once the products of photosynthesis such as oxygen were present.

Question 13

Which of the following is a biological cause of extinctions?

A)habitat destruction
B)change in environment temperature
C)ocean anoxia
D)origin of new species

Question 14

For purposes of differentiation,what is the unique feature of the jaw fossils of non-mammalian tetrapods?

A)The lower and upper jaws hinge between the same bones.
B)The lower jaw is composed of several bones.
C)There are three bones in the middle ear.
D)Teeth are differentiated for function.

Question 15

If we visualize the time that has passed since the origin of our solar system and Earth,or about 4.6 billion years,as a one-hour clock,then out of one hour,multicellular eukaryotes have been present on the planet for about

A)45 minutes.
B)15 minutes.
C)10 minutes.
D)30 seconds.
E)1 second.

Question 16

Which effect of continental drift would allow scientists to track the history of life on the planet?

A)alteration of habitat
B)climate change
C)allopatric speciation
D)change in distribution of extinct animals

Question 17

The first terrestrial organisms probably were considered which of the following?
1)burrowers
2)photosynthetic
3)multicellular
4)prokaryotes
5)eukaryotes
6)plants and their associated fungi

A)2 and 4 only
B)3 and 5 only
C)1,3,and 5 only
D)2,3,and 6 only

Question 18

What is the benefit of using carbon in radioisotope dating,versus using other elements?

A)The relatively longer half-life of carbon allows more accurate dating when samples are within the last ~55,000 years.
B)The longer half-life of carbon compared with other elements allows more precision in dating,especially for contaminated samples.
C)Carbon is relatively rare on Earth,so the presence of carbon can lead researchers to surprising findings compared with other elements.
D)Carbon is central to nearly all molecules in living organisms,and its ubiquitous presence in the atmosphere,plus shorter half-life,provides accurate dating of especially recent samples.

Question 19

Which of the following statements about the fossil record is correct?

A)The fossil record includes more organisms that were abundant,or lived for long periods on Earth,than it is with those that lived for short periods of time and then became extinct.
B)The fossil record is richer with organisms that are the same ones as currently common and living on Earth today.
C)The fossil record is richer with organisms that resemble organisms that are those alive today.
D)A fossil of a rain forest snake would not be found in an area on Earth that is currently a desert.

Question 20

If we visualize the time that has passed since the origin of our solar system and Earth,or about 4.6 billion years,as a one-hour clock,then out of one hour,humans have been present on the planet for about

A)30 minutes.
B)15 minutes.
C)1 minute.
D)20 seconds.
E)2/10ths of a second.

Question 21

The existence of evolutionary trends,such as increasing body sizes among various horse species,is evidence that

A)a larger volume-to-surface area ratio is beneficial to all mammals.
B)an unseen guiding force is at work.
C)evolution always tends toward increased complexity or increased size.
D)in particular environments,similar adaptations can be beneficial in more than one species.

Question 22

Over time,new forms of life have arisen by

A)modification of existing structures or existing developmental genes.
B)sexual selection only.
C)the process of species living in variable environments with the end goal of mutating and evolving.
D)the availability of resources after other species go extinct.

Question 23

Speciation that occurs when continents move and cause geographic barriers to gene flow and reproduction between populations of species would be termed which of the following?

A)allopatric
B)sympatric
C)peripatric

Question 24

An organism has a relatively large number of Hox genes in its genome.Which of the following is true of this organism?

A)These genes are fundamental and are expressed in all cells of the organism.
B)The organism must have multiple paired appendages along the length of its body.
C)The organism has the genetic potential to have a relatively complex anatomy.
D)Most of its Hox genes owe their existence to gene fusion events.

Question 25

The history of continental drift on Earth has

A)allowed for speciation to occur.
B)allowed for both speciation and extinction to occur.
C)caused speciation rates to exceed extinction rates.
D)caused speciation to equal extinction rates.

Question 26

Larval flies (maggots)express the Ubx gene in all their segments and thereby lack appendages.If this same gene continued to be expressed throughout subsequent developmental stages,except in the head region,and if the result was a fit,sexually mature organism that still strongly resembled a maggot,this would be an example of

A)exaptation.
B)homochrony.
C)paedomorphosis.
D)adaptive radiation.

Question 27

During the Cambrian explosion,fossil evidence indicates a rapid and sudden diversification of more complex animals.However,fossils of Ediacaran animals from 30 million years prior to this demonstrate that genes to produce complex animals had already existed.What could explain this?

A)a lack of gene expression due to lack of stress on the Cambrian species
B)changes in the environment that brought about selective adaptations and evolution during the Cambrian,repurposing some gene regions through differential regulation
C)changes that led to the innate ability of organisms during the Cambrian to mutate in response to environmental pressures or opportunities
D)a spatial pattern of organisms across the landscape during the Ediacaran that allowed adaptations and evolution

Question 28

What type of genes control how flower petals are arranged or where a set of wings on a bird will develop?

A)homeotic genes
B)paedomorphic genes
C)gene sequences
D)convergent genes

Question 29

Learning from the history about plate tectonics on Earth,scientists now predict that

A)continents will continue moving apart for a few hundred million years more.
B)continents may come back together during the next few hundred million years,forming new mountain ranges and larger continents.
C)continents will soon slow in their drift and stabilize.
D)continents will speed up in their drift across the planet,potentially causing a sixth major extinction event.

Question 30

Hox genes are a group of related genes that

A)control the body plan of an embryo and are conserved across many taxonomic groups.
B)do not affect change in location.
C)do not affect plant development.
D)control the body plan of an embryo of a small portion of animal species.

Question 31

Records of extinctions on the planet indicate that

A)although Earth has experienced five mass extinctions,the diversity of life appears to be greater now than ever before.
B)mass extinctions on the planet have caused a steady decline over hundreds of millions of years,both in the numbers and abundance of species.
C)mass extinctions have caused the number of predator genera to decline over time.
D)extinction rates are highest when global temperatures are lower.

Question 32

Many species of snakes lay eggs.However,in the forests of northern Minnesota where growing seasons are short,only live-bearing snake species are present.This trend toward species that perform live birth in a particular environment is an example of

A)natural selection.
B)sexual selection.
C)species selection.
D)goal direction in evolution.

Question 33

In the 5 to 7 million years that the hominid lineage has been diverging from its common ancestor with the great apes,dozens of hominid species have arisen,often with several species coexisting in time and space.As recently as 30,000 years ago,Homo sapiens coexisted with Homo neanderthalensis.Both species had large brains and advanced intellects.The fact that these neurological traits were common to both species is most easily explained by which of the following?

A)species selection
B)uniformitarianism
C)sexual selection
D)convergent evolution

Question 34

Exaptations

A)imply that a structure evolves in anticipation of use.
B)evolve in one environment but are used for another function.
C)process new forms by modifying existing forms.
D)trend toward larger body size.

Question 35

A change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene affects function of that gene

A)in cells that express that gene.
B)but is limited to a single cell type.
C)after gene duplication events.
D)resulting in paedomorphosis.

Question 36

The loss of ventral spines by modern freshwater sticklebacks is due to natural selection operating on the phenotypic effects of Pitx1 gene

A)duplication (gain in number).
B)elimination (loss).
C)mutation (change).
D)silencing (loss of expression).

Question 37

What is critical to understand about the following statement? Eyes could not have evolved over time,part by part,because for the eyeball to function at all,it needs all of its parts working together.

A)Many different taxa rely on simple eyes to survive,which function and are missing some components of more complex eyes.
B)An eye can only work to form and image and transmit it to the brain if it has all components.
C)The purpose of an eye is always to form and image and transmit the image to the brain.
D)Eyes that distinguish only light from dark are too simple to be useful.

Question 38

Bagworm moth caterpillars feed on evergreens and carry a silken case or bag around with them in which they eventually pupate.Adult female bagworm moths are larval in appearance;they lack the wings and other structures of the adult male and instead retain the appearance of a caterpillar even though they are sexually mature and can lay eggs within the bag.This is a good example of

A)allometric growth.
B)paedomorphosis.
C)sympatric speciation.
D)adaptive radiation.

Question 39

One explanation for the evolution of insect wings suggests that wings began as lateral extensions of the body that were used as heat dissipaters for thermoregulation.When they had become sufficiently large,these extensions became useful for gliding through the air,and selection later refined them as flight-producing wings.If this hypothesis is correct,modern insect wings could best be described as

A)adaptations.
B)mutations.
C)exaptations.
D)isolating mechanisms.

Question 40

Adaptive radiation

A)reduces the size of prosperous ecological communities.
B)increases extinction rates.
C)allows new species to occupy different habitats.
D)observes trends in the fossil record.

Question 41

Please use the following information to answer the questions below.
Figure 23.1 represents a cross section of the seafloor through a mid-ocean rift valley,with alternating patches of black and white indicating seafloor with reversed magnetic polarities.At the arrow labeled I (the rift valley),the igneous rock of the seafloor is so young that it can be accurately dated using carbon-14 dating.At the arrow labeled III,however,the igneous rock is about 1 million years old,and potassium-40 dating is typically used to date such rocks.Note: The horizontal arrows indicate the direction of seafloor spreading,away from the rift valley.
Figure 23.1
If a particular marine organism is fossilized in the sediments immediately overlying the igneous rock at the arrow labeled II,at which other location(s),labeled A-E,would a search be most likely to find more fossils of this organism?

A)B only
B)C only
C)D only
D)B and C

Question 42

The appearance of Pax-6 in all animals with eyes can be explained in multiple ways.Based on the information given,which explanation is most likely?

A)Pax-6 in all of these animals is not homologous;it arose independently in many different animal phyla due to intense selective pressure favoring vision.
B)The Pax-6 gene is really not one gene.It is many different genes that,over evolutionary time and due to convergence,have come to have a similar nucleotide sequence and function.
C)The Pax-6 gene was an innovation of an ancestral animal of the early Cambrian period.Animals with eyes or eyespots are descendants of this ancestor.
D)The perfectly designed Pax-6 gene appeared instantaneously in all animals created to have eyes or eyespots.

Question 43

A genetic change that caused a certain Hox gene to be expressed along the tip of a vertebrate limb bud instead of farther back helped make possible the evolution of the tetrapod limb.This type of change is illustrative of

A)the influence of environment on development.
B)paedomorphosis.
C)a change in a developmental gene or in its regulation that altered the spatial organization of body parts.
D)heterochrony.

Question 44

The following questions refer to this hypothetical situation.
A female fly,full of fertilized eggs,is swept by high winds to an island far out to sea.She is the first fly to arrive on this island and the only fly to arrive in this way.Thousands of years later,her numerous offspring occupy the island,but none of them resembles her.There are,instead,several species,each of which eats only a certain type of food.None of the species can fly,for their flight wings are absent,and their balancing organs (in other words,halteres)are now used in courtship displays.The male members of each species bear modified halteres that are unique in appearance to their species.Females bear vestigial halteres.The ranges of all of the daughter species overlap.
If these fly species lost the ability to fly independently of each other as a result of separate mutation events in each lineage,then the flightless condition in these species could be an example of

A)adaptive radiation.
B)species selection.
C)sexual selection.
D)allometric growth.

Question 45

Pax-6 usually causes the production of a type of light-receptor pigment.In vertebrate eyes,though,a different gene (the rh gene family)is responsible for the light-receptor pigments of the retina.The rh gene,like Pax-6,is ancient.In the marine ragworm,for example,the rh gene causes production of c-opsin,which helps regulate the worm's biological clock.Which of these most likely accounts for vertebrate vision?

A)The Pax-6 gene mutated to become the rh gene among early mammals.
B)During vertebrate evolution,the rh gene for biological clock opsin was co-opted as a gene for visual receptor pigments.
C)In animals more ancient than ragworms,the rh gene(s)coded for visual receptor pigments;in lineages more recent than ragworms,rh has flip-flopped several times between producing biological clock opsins and visual receptor pigments.
D)Pax-6 was lost from the mammalian genome and replaced by the rh gene much later.

Question 46

A swim bladder is a gas-filled sac that helps fish maintain buoyancy.The evolution of the swim bladder from the air-breathing organ (a simple lung)of an ancestral fish is an example of

A)exaptation.
B)changes in Hox gene expression.
C)paedomorphosis.
D)adaptive radiation.

Question 47

Figure 23.3
Hawaii is the most southeastern of the seven islands and is also closest to the seafloor spreading center from which the Pacific plate originates,which lies about 5,600 km farther to the southeast.Assuming equal sedimentation rates,what should be the location of the thickest sediment layer and,thus,the area with the greatest diversity of fossils above the oceanic crust?

A)between the island of Hawaii and the seafloor spreading center
B)around the base of the island of Hawaii
C)around the base of Kauai,the oldest of the Hawaiian Islands
D)where the islands are most concentrated (highest number of islands per unit surface area)

Question 48

Adaptive radiations can be a direct consequence of four of the following five factors.Select the exception.

A)vacant ecological niches
B)genetic drift
C)colonization of an isolated region that contains suitable habitat and few competitor species
D)evolutionary innovation

Question 49

Scientists,looking at the range of beak shapes and sizes across different finch species,observed that the thicker beak expressed a gene known as BMP4 early in development.To verify that the BMP4 gene itself could trigger the growth of bigger beaks,researchers increased the production of BMP4 in the developing beaks of chicken embryos.Which of the following results would explain why BMP4-treated chicks began growing wider,taller beaks?

A)Change to the genome induces radical changes in form.
B)New genes arise every time a new species arises.
C)Development cannot change morphology.
D)BMP4 is a homeotic gene.

Question 50

Which factor most likely caused animals and plants in India to differ greatly from species in nearby Southeast Asia?

A)The species became separated by convergent evolution.
B)The climates of the two regions are similar.
C)India is in the process of separating from the rest of Asia.
D)India was a separate continent until 45 million years ago.

Question 51

According to the theory of seafloor spreading,oceanic islands,such as the Hawaiian Islands depicted in Figure 23.3,form as oceanic crustal plates move over a stationary "hot spot" in the mantle.Currently,the big island of Hawaii is thought to be over a hot spot,which is why it is the only one of the seven islands that has active volcanoes.What should be true of the island of Hawaii?
1)Scientists in search of ongoing speciation events are more likely to find them there than on the other six islands.
2)Its species should be more closely related to those of nearer islands than to those of farther islands.
3)It should have a rich fossil record of terrestrial organisms.
4)There is a good chance of finding endemic species on this island.
5)On average,it should have fewer species per unit surface area than the other six islands.

A)1,2,and 3
B)1,2,and 5
C)1,2,3,and 4
D)1,2,4,and 5

Question 52

An improved method of radiometric dating,which filtered out contaminants,showed that most Neanderthal bones in Europe are older than suggested by earlier dating.This new dating suggests that Neanderthals' time on the planet did not overlap with modern humans.Radiocarbon dating depends on measuring the radioactive isotopes of carbon-14.
Which of the following statements supports the null hypothesis that modern humans and Neanderthals did not occupy the same sites at the same time?

A)The Neanderthal fossils were older than originally dated because very little carbon-14 remained in filtered specimens.
B)Small amounts of contaminating carbon-14 can make a sample seem much older.
C)The amount of carbon in an organism's body increases after death.
D)Re-dating Neanderthal sites across Europe shows evidence for extensive interbreeding between Neanderthals and modern humans.

Question 53

This evolutionary tree shows the influence of speciation and extinction on the diversity of life.After 2 million years,lineage A had a(n)________ rate of speciation and ________ extinction rates compared to lineage B.

A)higher;lower
B)lower;higher
C)increased;decreased
D)improved;enhanced

Question 54

Which of these fly organs,as they exist in current fly populations,best fits the description of an exaptation?

A)wings
B)balancing organs
C)mouthparts
D)thoraxes
E)walking appendages

Question 55

A researcher discovers a fossil of what appears to be one of the oldest-known multicellular organisms.The researcher could estimate the age of this fossil based on

A)the amount of uranium-238 in the fossil.
B)the amount of carbon-14 in the fossil.
C)the amount of uranium-238 in volcanic layers surrounding the fossil.
D)the amount of carbon-14 in volcanic layers surrounding the fossil.

Question 56

Which period had the greatest rate of extinction?

A)Permian
B)Cretaceous
C)Devonian
D)Cambrian

Question 57

Assuming that the rate of seafloor spreading was constant during the 1-million-year period depicted in Figure 23.1,what should be the approximate age of marine fossils found in undisturbed sedimentary rock immediately overlying the igneous rock at the arrow labeled II?

A)10,000 years
B)250,000 years
C)500,000 years
D)1,000,000 years

Question 58

Please use the following information to answer the questions below.
All animals with eyes or eyespots that have been studied so far share a gene in common.When mutated,the gene Pax-6 causes lack of eyes in fruit flies,tiny eyes in mice,and missing irises (and other eye parts)in humans.The sequence of Pax-6 in humans and mice is identical.There are so few sequence differences with fruit fly Pax-6 that the human/mouse version can cause eye formation in eyeless fruit flies,even though vertebrates and invertebrates last shared a common ancestor more than 500 million years ago.
Fruit fly eyes are of the compound type,which is structurally very different from the camera-type eyes of mammals.Even the camera-type eyes of molluscs,such as octopi,are structurally quite different from those of mammals.Yet fruit flies,octopi,and mammals possess very similar versions of Pax-6.The fact that the same gene helps produce very different types of eyes is most likely due to

A)the few differences in nucleotide sequence among the Pax-6 genes of these organisms.
B)variations in the number of Pax-6 genes among these organisms.
C)the independent evolution of this gene at many different times during animal evolution.
D)differences in the control of Pax-6 expression among these organisms.

Question 59

Upon being formed,oceanic islands,such as the Hawaiian Islands,should feature what characteristic,leading to which phenomenon?

A)mass extinctions,leading to bottleneck effect
B)major evolutionary innovations,leading to rafting to nearby continents
C)a variety of empty ecological niches,leading to adaptive radiation
D)adaptive radiation,leading to founder effect

Question 60

Figure 23.2
A sediment core is removed from the floor of an inland sea.The sea has been in existence,off and on,throughout the entire time that terrestrial life has existed.Researchers wish to locate and study the terrestrial organisms fossilized in this core.The core is illustrated in Figure 23.2 as a vertical column,with the top of the column representing the most recent strata and the bottom representing the time when land was first colonized by life.Assuming the existence of fossilized markers for each of the following chemicals,what is the sequence in which they should be found in this sediment core,working from ancient sediments to recent sediments?
1)chitin coupled with protein
2)chlorophyll
3)bone
4)cellulose

A)2,4,3,1
B)2,4,1,3
C)4,2,1,3
D)4,2,3,1