Exam 23: Broad Patterns of Evolution

For purposes of differentiation,what is the unique feature of the jaw fossils of non-mammalian tetrapods?

Adaptive radiations can be a direct consequence of four of the following five factors.Select the exception.

Which period had the greatest rate of extinction?

Which life form has been present on Earth the longest?

The first terrestrial organisms probably were considered which of the following? 1)burrowers 2)photosynthetic 3)multicellular 4)prokaryotes 5)eukaryotes 6)plants and their associated fungi

Speciation that occurs when continents move and cause geographic barriers to gene flow and reproduction between populations of species would be termed which of the following?

Figure 23.3 -Hawaii is the most southeastern of the seven islands and is also closest to the seafloor spreading center from which the Pacific plate originates,which lies about 5,600 km farther to the southeast.Assuming equal sedimentation rates,what should be the location of the thickest sediment layer and,thus,the area with the greatest diversity of fossils above the oceanic crust?

A swim bladder is a gas-filled sac that helps fish maintain buoyancy.The evolution of the swim bladder from the air-breathing organ (a simple lung)of an ancestral fish is an example of

Learning from the history about plate tectonics on Earth,scientists now predict that

Which factor most likely caused animals and plants in India to differ greatly from species in nearby Southeast Asia?

An improved method of radiometric dating,which filtered out contaminants,showed that most Neanderthal bones in Europe are older than suggested by earlier dating.This new dating suggests that Neanderthals' time on the planet did not overlap with modern humans.Radiocarbon dating depends on measuring the radioactive isotopes of carbon-14. Which of the following statements supports the null hypothesis that modern humans and Neanderthals did not occupy the same sites at the same time?

A researcher discovers a fossil of what appears to be one of the oldest-known multicellular organisms.The researcher could estimate the age of this fossil based on

Radiometric dating is based on the

An organism has a relatively large number of Hox genes in its genome.Which of the following is true of this organism?

The evolution of mammals from early tetrapods

Scientists,looking at the range of beak shapes and sizes across different finch species,observed that the thicker beak expressed a gene known as BMP4 early in development.To verify that the BMP4 gene itself could trigger the growth of bigger beaks,researchers increased the production of BMP4 in the developing beaks of chicken embryos.Which of the following results would explain why BMP4-treated chicks began growing wider,taller beaks?

Figure 23.2 A sediment core is removed from the floor of an inland sea.The sea has been in existence,off and on,throughout the entire time that terrestrial life has existed.Researchers wish to locate and study the terrestrial organisms fossilized in this core.The core is illustrated in Figure 23.2 as a vertical column,with the top of the column representing the most recent strata and the bottom representing the time when land was first colonized by life.Assuming the existence of fossilized markers for each of the following chemicals,what is the sequence in which they should be found in this sediment core,working from ancient sediments to recent sediments? 1)chitin coupled with protein 2)chlorophyll 3)bone 4)cellulose

Please use the following information to answer the questions below. Figure 23.1 represents a cross section of the seafloor through a mid-ocean rift valley,with alternating patches of black and white indicating seafloor with reversed magnetic polarities.At the arrow labeled I (the rift valley),the igneous rock of the seafloor is so young that it can be accurately dated using carbon-14 dating.At the arrow labeled III,however,the igneous rock is about 1 million years old,and potassium-40 dating is typically used to date such rocks.Note: The horizontal arrows indicate the direction of seafloor spreading,away from the rift valley. Figure 23.1 -If a particular marine organism is fossilized in the sediments immediately overlying the igneous rock at the arrow labeled II,at which other location(s),labeled A-E,would a search be most likely to find more fossils of this organism?

What is the benefit of using carbon in radioisotope dating,versus using other elements?

During the Cambrian explosion,fossil evidence indicates a rapid and sudden diversification of more complex animals.However,fossils of Ediacaran animals from 30 million years prior to this demonstrate that genes to produce complex animals had already existed.What could explain this?