Deck 6: Groups and Organizations

Question 1

Interactions are more personal and intense in a small group,a collectivity small enough for all members to be acquainted with one another and to interact simultaneously.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The Japanese system encourages worker loyalty and a high level of productivity.Managers are assigned to a permanent workplace and tend to become highly specialized,unlike their U.S.counterparts who are often moved through various parts of the organization.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Today,computer networks and email offer additional opportunities for workers to enhance or degrade their work culture.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Authoritarian leaders focus on the instrumental tasks of the group and demand compliance from others.

Question 5

Occasionally,people in aggregates and categories form social groups.For instance,people within the category known as "graduate students" may form social groups as they interact with one another in classes and seminars,find that they have mutual interests and concerns,and develop a sense of belonging to the group.

Question 6

A network is a web of social relationships that links one person with other people and through them,with other people they know.

Question 7

According to Robert Merton,the term "bureaucratic personality" describes those workers who are
more concerned with following correct procedures than they are with getting the job done correctly.

Question 8

Jeff is a manager for a large department store.Rather than adopting a tough stance,he prefers to set the agenda and let group members make their own decisions rather than flaunting his power and position.He could be characterized as having a laissez-faire leadership style.

Question 9

A reference group is a group consisting solely of members that strongly influences a person's
behavior and social attitudes.

Question 10

Sociologist Amitai Etzioni classified formal organizations into three categories: normative,coercive,and controlling.

Question 11

In a series of experiments conducted by Solomon Asch,the pressure toward group conformity was so great that participants were willing to contradict their own best judgment if the rest of the group disagreed with them.

Question 12

Large groups leaders are expected to perform a variety of roles,some related to the internal workings of the group and others related to external relationships with other groups.

Question 13

The tragic 2010 explosion of the BP Deepwater Horizon oil rig has been cited as an example of groupthink.

Question 14

According to George Ritzer,the process of "McDonaldization" has become a global phenomenon,as four elements of rationality can be found in fast­food restaurants and other "speedy" or "jiffy" businesses.

Question 15

According to Charles H.Cooley,we have primary relationships with other individuals in our primary
groups-that is,with our significant others,who frequently serve as role models.

Question 16

Sociologist Georg Simmel suggested that small groups have distinctive interaction patterns that do not exist in larger groups.According to Simmel,a coalition is an alliance created in a dyad in an attempt to reach a shared objective or goal.

Question 17

The Milgram study provides evidence that obedience to authority may be more common than most of us would like to believe.Almost two-thirds of study participants went all the way to what could have been a deadly jolt of electricity.

Question 18

According to social psychologist Irving Janis' theory on "groupthink," members usually want to be "team players." They may not want to be the ones who undermine the group's consensus or who challenge the group's leaders.Consequently,members often limit or withhold their opinions and focus on consensus rather than exploring all of the options and determining the best course of action.

Question 19

As the introductory story depicts,professors across the nation are embracing technology and allowing it in the classroom to connect with their students.

Question 20

People in aggregates share a common purpose (such as purchasing items or arriving at their destination)but generally do not interact with one another,except perhaps briefly.

Question 21

______________ are individuals who frequently serve as role models.These are people that are in our primary groups.

A)Personal others
B)Consanguineal kin
C)Significant others
D)Fictive kin

Question 22

Which of the following is NOT a method that an organization,such as a country club,may use to maintain formal group boundaries?

A)applications for membership that require recommendations by current members
B)large initiation fees and monthly dues
C)use of signs and security personnel to discourage entrance by nonmembers
D)establishment of cliques where some members shun other members

Question 23

A(n) _____________
Characteristic.
Is a number of people who may never have met one another but share a similar

A)social group
B)category
C)aggregate
D)secondary category

Question 24

For a person who strongly believes in the value of human rights and equal opportunity,which of the following would NOT constitute a reference group?

A)Ku Klux Klan
B)American Civil Liberties Union
C)National Organization for Women
D)Council on Racial Equality

Question 25

A(n)______________is a group to which a person does not belong and toward which the person may feel a sense of competitiveness or hostility.

A)ingroup
B)outgroup
C)secondary group
D)reference group

Question 26

Political sociologist Robert Michels stated that all organizations encounter the "iron cage anarchy"-the tendency to become a bureaucracy ruled by the few.His central idea was that those who control bureaucracies wield power but have no interest in retaining their power.

Question 27

The text points out that ingroup and outgroup distinctions:

A)may encourage social cohesion among group members
B)serve to prevent classism,racism,sexism,and ageism
C)discourage feelings of group superiority
D)are less likely to exist in contemporary societies than in traditional ones

Question 28

Organizational stakeholder theory is based on the idea that organizations must focus on morals and values in goal setting and decision making.

Question 29

A(n)______________is a collection of two or more people who interact frequently with one another,share a sense of belonging,and have a feeling of interdependence.

A)social group
B)aggregate
C)category
D)secondary group

Question 30

According to Charles H.Cooley,a______________group is a larger,more specialized grouping in which the members engage in more impersonal,goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time.

A)secondary
B)primary
C)kinship
D)social

Question 31

Sociologist Charles H.Cooley used the term______________to describe a small,less specialized group in which members engage in face-to-face,emotion-based interactions over an extended period of time.

A)secondary group
B)significant others
C)secondary group
D)primary group

Question 32

Examples of a(n)would include people who are the same age,race,or gender,or _____________
Those who share the same educational level.

A)social group
B)category
C)formal organization
D)aggregate

Question 33

In discussing primary and secondary groups,the text points out that:

A)formal organizations are secondary groups and have no primary groups within them
B)all secondary groups are approximately the same size
C)there are no significant others in secondary groups
D)some of the people in a secondary group may eventually form a primary group

Question 34

Russian organizations tend to be very bureaucratic and "top-down."

Question 35

Women in traditionally male organizations may feel more visible and experience greater performance pressure.They may also find it harder to gain credibility in management positions.

Question 36

Several people waiting for a traffic light to change,shoppers in a department store,and passengers on an airplane flight are all examples of a(n):

A)category
B)aggregate
C)social group
D)primary group

Question 37

A(n)______________is a group that strongly influences a person's behavior and social attitudes, regardless of whether that individual is an actual member.

A)social group
B)ingroup
C)reference group
D)instrumental group

Question 38

Mary runs her sorority with an authoritarian leadership style because she encourages group decision making and reaching a consensus.

Question 39

A(n)______________is a group to which a person belongs and with which the person feels a sense of identity.

A)ingroup
B)outgroup
C)secondary group
D)reference group

Question 40

William Graham Sumner argued that distinguishing between our ingroups and our outgroups helps us:

A)establish our individual identity and self-worth
B)develop groupthink
C)become ethnocentric
D)establish boundaries

Question 41

There are many different ways of organizing,and these are often bound by culture.Which country typically has the less hierarchical and centralized organizational structure?

A)Russia
B)India
C)Japan
D)the United States

Question 42

The number of members a group actually has refers to the______________size of a group.

A)relative
B)numeric
C)absolute
D)interaction

Question 43

Leadership in secondary groups (such as colleges,governmental agencies,and corporations)involves:

A)an informal hierarchy
B)a friendly orientation
C)a clearly defined chain of command
D)a strong personality

Question 44

According to functionalists,______________needs are particularly important for self-expression and support from family,friends,and peers.

A)expressive
B)instrumental
C)social
D)individual

Question 45

A(n)______________is a web of social relationships that links one person with other people and,through them,with other people they know.

A)informal organization
B)network
C)socializing group
D)reference group

Question 46

Robby and Amanda recently had their first baby and now they are considered to be a(n):

A)extended family
B)triad
C)dyad
D)quaternary formation

Question 47

In a______________,the active participation of both members is crucial for the group's survival.

A)triad
B)quaternary formation
C)dyad
D)secondary group

Question 48

Two members may unite to create a______________that can subject the third member to group pressure in order to conform.It is an alliance created in an attempt to reach a shared objective or goal.

A)triad
B)coalition
C)dyad
D)reference group

Question 49

______________ leadership provides emotional support for members.

A)Instrumental
B)Expressive
C)Harmonious
D)Primary

Question 50

Larger groups typically have______________leadership structures.Their leaders are expected to perform a variety of roles,some related to the internal workings of the group and others related to external relationships with other groups.

A)more informal
B)more formalized
C)more traditional
D)more nontraditional

Question 51

Two people who are best friends,married couples,and domestic partnerships are all examples of:

A)dyads
B)extended families
C)triads
D)quaternary formations

Question 52

______________ leadership is most appropriate when the group's purpose is to reach a particular goal.

A)Expressive
B)Functional
C)Relational
D)Instrumental

Question 53

The potential members in a group refers to the______________size of a group.

A)relative
B)hypothetical
C)absolute
D)probable

Question 54

Sociologist______________suggested that small groups have distinctive interaction patterns that do not exist in larger groups.

A)Emile Durkheim
B)Max Weber
C)Herbert Spencer
D)Georg Simmel

Question 55

From a______________perspective,if groups exist to meet the instrumental and expressive needs of their members,then leaders are responsible for helping the group meet those needs.

A)premodern
B)conflict
C)symbolic interactionist
D)functionalist

Question 56

A group composed of three members is referred to as a:

A)secondary group
B)quaternary formation
C)dyad
D)triad

Question 57

The actual number of members in a group is referred to as the______________.

A)relative size
B)conformity size
C)primary size
D)absolute size

Question 58

According to functionalists,______________needs cannot always be met by one person,so the group works cooperatively to fulfill a specific goal.For example,think of how hard it would to function as a one-person football team or to single-handedly build a skyscraper.

A)expressive
B)instrumental
C)social
D)individual

Question 59

______________ leadership is most appropriate when the group is dealing with emotional issues,and harmony,solidarity,and high morale are needed.

A)Expressive
B)Functional
C)Relational
D)Instrumental

Question 60

______________ leadership is goal- or task-oriented.

A)Instrumental
B)Expressive
C)Harmonious
D)Secondary

Question 61

______________ may be praised for their expressive,supportive behavior toward group members,but they may also be blamed for being indecisive in times of crisis.

A)Authoritarian leaders
B)Laissez-faire leaders
C)Socialistic leaders
D)Democratic leaders

Question 62

______________ focus on the instrumental tasks of the group and demand compliance from others.In times of crisis,such as a war or natural disaster,they may be commended for their decisive actions.In other situations,however,they may be criticized for being dictatorial and for fostering intergroup hostility.

A)Socialistic leaders
B)Laissez-faire leaders
C)Authoritarian leaders
D)Democratic leaders

Question 63

The tragic 2003 explosion of the space shuttle Columbia while preparing to land has been cited as an example of:

A)group conformity
B)a rush to judgment
C)groupthink
D)focused decision making

Question 64

According to the text,Solomon Asch's experiment demonstrated that:

A)group pressure encourages independent decision-making by participants
B)studies of male college students can be generalized to other populations
C)people will bow to social pressure in small-group settings
D)people will not say (or do)things simply to gain the approval of other people

Question 65

______________ leaders are only minimally involved in decision making and encourage group members to make their own decisions.

A)Democratic
B)Authoritarian
C)Laissez-faire
D)Socialistic

Question 66

Social psychologist examined group decision making among political experts and _____________
Found that major blunders in U.S.history may be attributed to pressure toward group conformity.

A)Robert Merton
B)Stanley Milgram
C)Irving Janis
D)Solomon Asch

Question 67

On one hand,______________may be viewed positively by group members because they do not flaunt their power or position.On the other hand,a group that needs active leadership is not likely to find it with this style of leadership,which does not work vigorously to promote group goals.

A)socialistic leaders
B)laissez-faire leaders
C)democratic leaders
D)authoritarian leaders

Question 68

Groups have a significant amount of influence on our values,attitudes,and behavior.Asch's experiments illustrate that in order to gain and then retain our membership in groups,most of us are willing to:

A)enforce cohesion
B)pay little attention
C)exhibit a high level of conformity
D)remain individualized

Question 69

In a series of experiments on pressure toward group conformity,Solomon Asch found that:

A)subjects stood by their own answers and were not influenced by the incorrect responses of Asch's assistants
B)subjects chose to conform to the incorrect responses of Asch's assistants about one­third (33%)of the time
C)subjects chose to conform to the incorrect responses of Asch's assistants over one­half (50%)of the time
D)subjects always chose to conform to the incorrect responses of Asch's assistants

Question 70

According to social psychologist Irving Janis,______________is the process by which members of a cohesive group arrive at a decision that many individual members privately believe is unwise.

A)group conformity
B)groupthink
C)decisional harassment
D)situational decision making

Question 71

In reference to Stanley Milgram's study,the text points out that:

A)this research raises some questions concerning research ethics
B)Milgram's subjects knew about the nature of the study but agreed to participate anyway
C)many of the research subjects found the experiment interesting and agreed to participate in future research on the same topic
D)Milgram's findings have never been confirmed by other researchers

Question 72

The research conducted by Stanley Milgram and his colleagues provides evidence that obedience to authority:

A)is relatively uncommon
B)takes place only in the presence of charismatic leadership
C)may be more common than most people would like to believe
D)occurs only in totalitarian situations

Question 73

In Stanley Milgram's experiments,the respondents were:

A)children
B)teenagers
C)women
D)men

Question 74

______________ is a form of compliance in which people follow direct orders from someone in a position of authority.

A)Cohesion
B)Obedience
C)Symbolic response
D)Learning

Question 75

After conducting his research,Solomon Asch concluded that:

A)obedience to authority may be more common than many people would like to believe
B)the size of the group has little influence on the extent to which individuals respond to group pressure
C)the degree of social cohesion felt by participants is very important regarding how individuals respond to group pressure
D)groups wield very little power with respect to compliance

Question 76

Almost of Stanley Milgram's research subjects went all the way to what could have _____________
Been a deadly jolt of electricity if the shock generator had been real.

A)one-quarter
B)one-half
C)two-thirds
D)three-quarters

Question 77

______________ leaders make all major group decisions and assign tasks to members.

A)Democratic
B)Authoritarian
C)Laissez-faire
D)Socialistic

Question 78

Three major styles of leadership exist in groups.Which of the following is NOT one of them?

A)authoritarian
B)democratic
C)laissez-faire
D)socialistic

Question 79

The process of maintaining or changing behavior to comply with the norms established by a society,subculture,or other group is referred to as:

A)conformity
B)anticipatory socialization
C)enforcement
D)total expectation

Question 80

______________ leaders encourage group discussion and decision making through consensus building.

A)Democratic
B)Authoritarian
C)Laissez-faire
D)Socialistic