Deck 19: Population and Urbanization

Question 1

Advocates of the demographic transition theory highlight the relationship between technological development and population growth.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Between 1870 and 1910,the population of New York City grew by 500 percent,making it the first
U.S.metropolis.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Sociologists Joe Feagin and Robert Parker asserted that urban space has an "exchange value," which refers to the profits that industrialists make from buying,selling,and developing land and buildings;and a "use value," which is the utility of space,land,and buildings for everyday life,family life,and neighborhood life.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Succession is the process by which a new category of people or type of land use gradually predominates in an area formerly dominated by another group or activity.

Question 5

Symbolic interactionists argue that "uneven development"-the tendency of some neighborhoods,cities,or regions to grow and prosper whereas others stagnate and decline-reflects inequalities of wealth and power in society.

Question 6

Cities are a relatively recent innovation when compared to the length of human existence.

Question 7

Sociologist Emile Durkheim applied natural ecology to his analysis of organic solidarity,characterized by a simple division of labor and shared religious beliefs such as those found in small,agrarian societies;and mechanical solidarity,characterized by interdependence based on the elaborate division of labor found in large,urban societies.

Question 8

According to the multiple nuclei model,cities do not have one center from which all growth radiates,but rather have numerous centers of development based on specific urban needs or activities.As cities began to grow rapidly,they annexed formerly outlying and independent townships that had been communities in their own right.

Question 9

International migration has occurred throughout U.S.history and has significantly changed the distribution of the population over time.For example,in the late 19^th century and early 20^th century,thousands of people moved from rural to urban areas.

Question 10

Economist Thomas Malthus stated that the elimination of the existing population might be averted by either positive or preventive checks on population.Preventive checks are mortality risks such as famine,disease,and war,compared with positive checks,which include limits on fertility.For Malthus,the only acceptable positive check was moral restraint.

Question 11

Based on urban ecologist Homer Hoyt's sector model,residences of a particular type and value tend to grow inward from the outskirts of the city in a circular pattern with the less-expensive residential neighborhoods located along the higher ground near lakes and rivers.

Question 12

Every year,the global population grows by only a few hundred thousand people.

Question 13

Functionalists argue that cities do not grow or decline by chance.Rather,they are the product of specific decisions made by members of the capitalist class and political elites.These far-reaching decisions regarding land use and urban development benefit the members of some groups at the expense of others.

Question 14

One measure of population composition is the sex ratio.In the United States,the estimated sex ratio for 2003 was 96.3,which means there were about 96 females per 100 males.

Question 15

The first decade of the twenty-first century has resonated with pleas from undocumented workers and leaders of various immigration reform organizations asking for change in U.S.immigration and citizenship laws for millions of people who dream of U.S.citizenship.

Question 16

An important ecological process in the concentric zone model;succession is the process by which a new category of people or type of land use arrives in an area previously occupied by another group or type of land use.

Question 17

Emigration is the movement of people out of a geographic area to take up residency elsewhere,whereas immigration is the movement of people into a geographic area to take up residency.

Question 18

In low-income,less-developed nations,infectious diseases remain the leading cause of death;in some areas,mortality rates are increasing rapidly as a result of HIV/AIDS.Children under age 15 constitute a growing number of those who are infected with HIV/AIDS.

Question 19

The age distribution of a population has a direct bearing on the demand for schooling,health,employment,housing,and pensions.The current distribution of a population can be depicted in a population pyramid.

Question 20

According to sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies,Gesellschaft is a society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability,such that people have a commitment to the entire group and feel a sense of togetherness.

Question 21

Many sociological studies use______________analysis as a component of the research design because all aspects of social life are affected by it.For example,an important relationship exists between population size and the availability of food,water,energy,and housing.

A)ecological
B)economical
C)demographic
D)graphical

Question 22

As used by demographers,a______________is a group of people who live in a specified geographic area.

A)society
B)culture
C)sect
D)population

Question 23

The level of fertility in a society is based on biological and social factors,the primary biological factor being:

A)the general health and nutrition of the women
B)the roles available to women in a society
C)the prevalent viewpoint regarding what constitutes the "ideal" family size
D)the number of women of childbearing age

Question 24

The Massachusetts Turnpike corridor west of Boston and the Perimeter area north of Atlanta are examples of urban fringes,or edge cities.

Question 25

Exurban areas tend to be overwhelmingly nonwhite.

Question 26

The most basic measure of fertility is the______________rate.

A)total fertility
B)age-specific birth
C)crude birth
D)non-refined fertility

Question 27

In 2012,the U.S.crude death rate was______________per 1,000.

A)8
B)9.14
C)12.35
D)18.27

Question 28

The primary cause of world population growth in recent years has been a decline in______________,which is the incidence of death in a population.

A)the crude death rate
B)mortality
C)the death quota
D)the total death rate

Question 29

According to sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein's world systems theory,the wealthy in peripheral nations support the exploitation of poor workers by core nation capitalists in return for maintaining their own wealth and position.Poverty is thus perpetuated,and the problems worsen because of the unprecedented population growth in these countries.

Question 30

Among the world's twelve largest agglomerations,the only U.S.city on this list is New York City.

Question 31

In 2012,the crude birth rate in the United States was______________,as compared with an all-time high rate of 27.0 per 1,000 in 1947 (following World War II).

A)5.3 per 1,000
B)10.4 per 1,000
C)13 per 1,000
D)17.6 per 1,000

Question 32

______________ is the actual level of childbearing for an individual or a population.

A)Reproduction
B)Fecundity
C)Fertility
D)Fruitfulness

Question 33

Although population growth has slowed in the United States,the world's population of 7.1 billion in 2012 is increasing by______________people each day as a result of the larger number of births than deaths worldwide.

A)22
B)460
C)52,495
D)230,969

Question 34

Changes in population occur as a result of three processes.All of the following processes are involved EXCEPT:

A)fertility
B)mortality
C)social pathology
D)migration

Question 35

______________ is the potential number of children who could be born if every woman reproduced at her maximum biological capacity.

A)Reproduction
B)Fecundity
C)Fertility
D)Fruitfulness

Question 36

The______________is the number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population in a given year.

A)total death rate
B)crude death rate
C)death quota rate
D)refined death rate

Question 37

______________ is a subfield of sociology that examines population size,composition,and distribution.

A)Social ecology
B)Demography
C)Social psychology
D)Social dynamics

Question 38

Sociologist Herbert Gans suggested that not everyone experiences the city in the same way.Based on research in Boston during the 1950s,he concluded that many residents develop strong loyalties and a sense of community in central-city areas that outsiders may view negatively.

Question 39

The______________is the number of live births per 1,000 people in a population in a given year.

A)total fertility rate
B)crude birth rate
C)age-specific rate
D)non-refined fertility

Question 40

The simplest measure of mortality is the______________rate.

A)crude death
B)total death
C)death quota
D)refined death

Question 41

Which of the following statements regarding sociologist Karl Marx's views on overpopulation is FALSE?

A)The food supply is threatened by overpopulation.
B)Overpopulation occurs because capitalists desire to have a surplus of workers so as to suppress wages and force workers to be more productive.
C)Poverty is the most important issue with regard to food supply in a capitalist economy.
D)Technology makes it possible to produce the food and other goods needed by a growing population.

Question 42

According to economist Thomas Malthus,the population,if left unchecked,would exceed the:

A)earth's carrying capacity
B)available food supply
C)ecological balance
D)earth's water supply

Question 43

______________ are a series of bar graphs divided into five-year age cohorts,with the left side depicting the number or percentage of males in each age bracket;the right side provides the same information for females.

A)Demographic diagrams
B)Population pyramids
C)Ecological portraits
D)Actuarial graphs

Question 44

The______________is an important reflection of a society's level of preventive (prenatal)medical care,maternal nutrition,childbirth procedures,and neonatal care for infants.

A)infant death quotient
B)child death index
C)infant mortality rate
D)underage mortality rate

Question 45

People migrate either voluntarily or involuntarily.All of the following are "push" factors of voluntary migration at the international level EXCEPT:

A)political unrest
B)violence
C)war
D)a more temperate climate

Question 46

______________ is the number of people living in a specific geographic area.

A)Distribution
B)Migration
C)Emigration
D)Density

Question 47

______________ refers to the physical location of people throughout a geographic area.

A)Migration
B)Distribution
C)Density
D)Immigration

Question 48

Mariela and her family are leaving the United States to pursue a job opportunity elsewhere.The job is a______________factor.

A)emigration
B)push
C)pull
D)immigration

Question 49

The______________refers to the number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births in a given year.

A)underage mortality rate
B)infant mortality rate
C)child death index
D)infant death quotient

Question 50

______________ usually occurs as a result of political oppression,such as when Jews fled Nazi Germany in the 1930s or when Afghans left their country to escape oppression there in the early 2000s.

A)Internal migration
B)Voluntary migration
C)Involuntary migration
D)External migration

Question 51

One measure of population composition is the______________,which is the number of males for every hundred females in a given population.

A)sex ratio
B)rate of gender composition
C)population composition
D)refined gender rate

Question 52

According to some contemporary economists using a Marxist perspective,the greatest crisis today facing low-income nations is______________,which refers to the lack of adequate money or property to maintain a business.

A)natural disaster
B)war
C)food shortage
D)capital shortage

Question 53

In 2011,the U.S.infant mortality rate for black infants was______________deaths per 1,000 live births,as compared with______________deaths per 1,000 for white infants.

A)11.4;5.11
B)4.8;13.2
C)1.0;1.0
D).5;.1

Question 54

______________ was one of the first scholars to systematically study the effects of population.He argued that "the power of population is infinitely greater than the power of the earth to produce subsistence (food)for man."

A)Emile Durkheim
B)Max Weber
C)Karl Marx
D)Thomas Malthus

Question 55

Changes in fertility,mortality,and migration affect the______________,which refers to the biological and social characteristics of a population,including age,sex,race,marital status,education,occupation,income,and size of household.

A)gender/sex composition
B)sex ratio
C)population composition
D)rate of natural increase

Question 56

According to economist Thomas Malthus,all of the following are positive checks on population EXCEPT:

A)famine
B)disease
C)war
D)moral restraint

Question 57

Economist Thomas Malthus argued that the population would increase in a geometric (exponential)progression while the food supply would increase only by an arithmetic progression;thus,a______________occurs.

A)doubling effect
B)positive check
C)preventive check
D)moral restraint

Question 58

For economist Thomas Malthus,the only acceptable preventive check on population was:

A)famine
B)disease
C)war
D)moral restraint

Question 59

______________ is an estimate of the average lifetime in years of people born in a specific year.

A)Life expectancy
B)Longevity determination
C)Life prospects
D)Life projection

Question 60

______________ is the movement of people from one geographic area to another for the purpose of changing residency.It affects the size and distribution of the population in a given area.

A)Immigration
B)Distribution
C)Migration
D)Emigration

Question 61

______________ is the process by which some societies have moved from high birth and death rates to relatively low birth and death rates as a result of technological development.

A)Zero population growth
B)Population lag
C)Demographic transition
D)Cultural lag

Question 62

The______________suggests that migration may be fostered by groups,such as humanitarian aid organizations relocating refugees or smugglers bringing people into a country illegally,and that the actions of these groups may produce a larger stream of migrants than would otherwise be the case.

A)network theory
B)institutional theory
C)world systems theory
D)neoclassical economic approach

Question 63

Known as the______________,this migration theory suggests that after flows of migration commence,the pattern may continue because potential migrants have personal ties with relatives and friends who now live in the country of destination and can serve as a source of stability when the potential migrants relocate to the new country.

A)world systems theory
B)institutional theory
C)neoclassical economic approach
D)network theory

Question 64

According to sociologist Gideon Sjoberg,three preconditions must be present in order for a city to develop.All of the following were preconditions identified EXCEPT:

A)a favorable physical environment
B)an advanced technology
C)a wall built around the city for protection
D)a well-developed social organization

Question 65

______________ refers to the point at which no population increase occurs from year to year because the number of births plus immigrants is equal to the number of deaths plus emigrants.

A)Demographic transition
B)Advanced industrialization
C)Zero population growth
D)Zero sum fertility

Question 66

During the demographic transition stage of______________,birth rates continue to decline as more women gain full-time employment and the cost of raising children continues to increase.The population grows very slowly,if at all,because the decrease in birth rates is coupled with a stable death rate.

A)postindustrialization
B)early industrialization
C)advanced industrialization and urbanization
D)preindustrial societies

Question 67

According to urban sociologists,a______________is a relatively dense and permanent settlement of people who secure their livelihood primarily through nonagricultural activities.

A)metropolitan area
B)township
C)city
D)territory

Question 68

Several major theories have been developed in an attempt to explain international migration.The assumes that migration patterns occur based on geographic differences in the supply and demand for labor.

A)epidemiological transition
B)neoclassical economic approach
C)new households economics of migration approach
D)split-labor market theory

Question 69

The largest preindustrial city was:

A)Jericho
B)Athens
C)Rome
D)Babylon

Question 70

Neo-Malthusians refer to______________as the point at which no population increase occurs from year to year because the number of births plus immigrants is equal to the number of deaths plus emigrants.

A)population lag
B)zero population growth
C)the transitional point
D)the demographic transition

Question 71

During the demographic transition stage of______________,little population growth occurs because high birth rates are offset by high death rates.Food shortages,poor sanitation,and lack of adequate medical care contribute to high rates of infant and child mortality.

A)postindustrialization
B)early industrialization
C)advanced industrialization and urbanization
D)preindustrial societies

Question 72

Which of the following statements regarding Ferdinand Tönnies' typology of Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft is FALSE?

A)In Gemeinschaft societies,people have only a limited commitment to the group.
B)Gesellschaft refers to societies characterized by impersonal and specialized relationships,with little long-term commitment to the group or consensus on values.
C)In Gesellschaft societies,even neighbors are "strangers" who perceive that they had little in common with one another.
D)Gemeinschaft refers to societies in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship.

Question 73

Marx and Engels made a significant contribution to the study of demography by suggesting that ,not overpopulation,is the most important issue with regard to food supply in a capitalist economy.

A)wealth
B)poverty
C)alienation
D)reification

Question 74

Preindustrial cities were limited in size by a number of factors.Which of the following was NOT a factor?

A)crowded housing conditions and a lack of adequate sewage facilities
B)limited food supplies
C)difficulties in migrating to the cities
D)the lack of a sense of community

Question 75

According to______________,Earth is a "dying planet" with too many people and too little food, compounded by environmental degradation.

A)neo-Malthusians
B)neo-Marxist
C)postmodernists
D)functionalists

Question 76

According to the______________,overpopulation and rapid population growth result in global environmental problems,ranging from global warming and rain-forest destruction to famine and vulnerability to epidemics.

A)Malthusian perspective
B)neo-Malthusian perspective
C)Marxist perspective
D)demographic transition theory

Question 77

During the demographic transition stage of______________,significant population growth occurs because birth rates are relatively high,whereas death rates decline.Improvements in health,sanitation,and nutrition produce a substantial decline in infant mortality rates.Overpopulation is likely to occur because more people are alive than the society has the ability to support.

A)postindustrialization
B)early industrialization
C)advanced industrialization and urbanization
D)preindustrial societies

Question 78

During the demographic transition stage of______________,very little population growth occurs because both birth rates and death rates are low.The birth rate declines as couples control their fertility through contraceptives and become less likely to adhere to religious directives against their use.

A)postindustrialization
B)early industrialization
C)advanced industrialization and urbanization
D)preindustrial societies

Question 79

______________ argue that overpopulation and rapid population growth result in global warming,rain-forest destruction,and vulnerability to epidemics.

A)Conflict theorists
B)Neo-Marxists
C)Postmodernists
D)Neo-Malthusians

Question 80

Based on his preconditions for the development of cities,sociologist Gideon Sjoberg places the first cities in:

A)Egypt
B)Italy
C)Sicily
D)the Middle Eastern region of Mesopotamia