Deck 5: The Emerging Self and Socialization in the Early Years

Question 1

At what age does a child seem to exhibit the phase of self-development that includes self-recognition,early self-esteem,and feelings of autonomy?

A)0-6 months
B)15-24 months
C)24-36 months
D)After the age of 3

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Two cognitive and emotional advances must emerge (in tandem with objective self-awareness)before young children have the capacity for behavior regulation.One of those advances is emotional response to wrongdoing.What is the other?

A)Secure attachment
B)Social referencing
C)Sense of body permanence
D)Representational thought

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following is most likely to effect compliance with fearless children?

A)Warmth of their relationship to the parent
B)Gentle discipline
C)Harsh discipline
D)Intensity of the parent's power assertion

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Babies don't enter the world with a concept of self.Which of the following is an early indication that a young child's self-awareness is emerging?

A)Pre-self
B)Self-recognition
C)Social referencing
D)Secure attachment

Question 5

Annette is a warm and affectionate mother to her sons,Jason and Keith.When she comes home from her job,she likes to spend time playing with them,preparing their favorite foods,and letting them watch their favorite TV shows.She describes herself as a "soft touch" when it comes to her children.Lately she has been hearing complaints about 6-year-old Jason's behavior in school.Annette thinks the teacher is being too hard on her son.She does not want anything to affect the good relationship she has with her children.Which style best describes Annette's parenting?

A)Authoritarian
B)Authoritative
C)Permissive
D)Neglecting-uninvolved

Question 6

Researchers have identified cultural structures and values that are relevant to parenting.For which of the following cultural groups is independence the traditional value orientation?

A)European American
B)Latino American
C)Native American
D)African American

Question 7

What term do current writers use (in place of self)to represent the various aspects of self,incorporating such ideas as self-concept,self-regulation,and self-esteem?

A)Inner-self
B)Inner-being
C)Self-representation
D)Self-system

Question 8

Children who are conflicted and exhibit both anger and anxiety,have low self-esteem,show compliance with authorities (though perhaps a lack of self-regulation),and display poor social skills are likely receiving what type of parenting?

A)Neglecting-uninvolved
B)Authoritative
C)Authoritarian
D)Child-centered

Question 9

Avoidant children,feeling that emotional expression can be dangerous,become responsible for their own emotion regulation without help from a caregiver.In extreme cases,these children provide emotional care for their caregiver.What term identifies this pattern?

A)Compulsive self-sufficiency
B)Compulsive caregiving
C)Externalization
D)Internalization

Question 10

After young children show signs of self-recognition,they exhibit self-evaluation.This evaluative aspect of self is distinctly identified by which of the following terms?

A)Self-concept
B)Self-regulation
C)Self-esteem
D)Self-identity

Question 11

In the classic representation of the "I-Me" distinction,which of the following characteristics applies to the I-Self?

A)Sense of self as known by others
B)Sense of objective self-awareness
C)Sense of self as object of others' observations
D)Sense of subjective self-awareness

Question 12

Connor's behavior is described as impulsive and sometimes aggressive.He has low self-esteem and often seems to be in a negative mood.Connor exhibits high levels of both externalizing problems and internalizing problems.The parents of children like Connor typically use which style of parenting?

A)Authoritarian
B)Permissive
C)Authoritative
D)Neglecting-uninvolved

Question 13

Which cultural group's value orientation and traditional values influence parenting to be permissive and maintain patriarchal as well as matriarchal structures?

A)Asian American
B)African American
C)Latino American
D)Native American

Question 14

When parents practice the minimum sufficiency principle,which of the following are parents most likely to do in promoting children's internalization of rules?

A)Use harsh power assertion
B)Use mild power assertion
C)Use a permissive approach
D)Avoid the induction approach

Question 15

Children with easy temperaments and children with difficult temperaments respond differently to parenting strategies and are affected differently by parent behaviors.These differences in children demonstrate which of the following?

A)Authoritarian reaction
B)Differential susceptibility
C)Personal autonomy
D)Positive self-esteem

Question 16

Labels for parenting styles are based on parents' combined responsiveness and demandingness.What parenting style is characterized by a positive emotional climate,two-way communication,and parenting that is both highly responsive and highly demanding?

A)Authoritative
B)Authoritarian
C)Neglecting-uninvolved
D)Permissive

Question 17

Researchers discuss three categories associated with parental methods of control to enforce their demands.Which of these categories has proven to be the most effective way to promote the internalization of rules and result in the child's self-regulation of behavior?

A)Power assertion
B)Power withdrawal
C)Induction
D)Love withdrawal

Question 18

In parenting,which of the following levels of emotional arousal is associated with positive steps toward a child's internalization of rules?

A)Intense arousal
B)Anxious arousal
C)Warmth with no emotional arousal
D)Nonresponsive arousal

Question 19

The use of time-out as a method of control with toddlers and preschoolers involves which of the following?

A)Love withdrawal
B)Power assertion
C)Fear
D)Neglect

Question 20

According to recent views,the "Me" includes the material self,social self,and spiritual self.These aspects of self are defined by which term?

A)Self-concept
B)Self-esteem
C)Self-advocacy
D)Self-efficacy

Question 21

Juan is a fearless 4-year-old and one of the most active children in his day care center.He eagerly climbs the playground equipment and seems to have little fear of getting hurt.Juan often wanders away from his mother in stores,preferring to explore the interesting sights rather than waiting patiently by her side.Juan's mother is exasperated with his behavior and fears for his safety.Based on research,what advice could you give her?

A)She should spank him because this is the only type of discipline he understands at his age.
B)She should use gentle discipline so that he is not frightened by her.
C)She should maintain a secure attachment with him and avoid being too gentle or too harsh.
D)She should remember that Juan will be less likely to comply if she is too warm.

Question 22

Becky is struggling to learn her alphabet letters.Her kindergarten teacher,frustrated by failed attempts to teach her,says to Becky,"All the other girls and boys can write most of the letters and you can't even say their names." The teacher believes she is motivating the child to work harder by comparing Becky to the others.Which of the following predictions is most consistent with Cooley's theory of self-development?

A)Becky will develop a sense of agency because she is more motivated to compete with her peers.
B)Becky will not develop a sense of agency because she is not given adequate support.
C)Becky will work harder to develop her sense of self-esteem.
D)Becky will incorporate her teacher's negative evaluations into her construction of her own sense of self.

Question 23

Which of the following discipline methods is most likely to generate both immediate compliance and very high levels of anxiety?

A)Induction
B)Power assertion
C)Withdrawal of love
D)Neglectfulness

Question 24

Sasha,a 3-year-old girl,was having difficulty settling down at bedtime.She ran around her house,trying to make her parents catch her before getting into bed.Sasha's behavior awakened her baby sister,asleep in the next room.John,Sasha's father,felt pushed to his limit and he screamed at Sasha to stop and threatened her with a spanking.His loud voice made the young girl cry and run to her bed.How would you explain Sasha's compliance?

A)Sasha complied because she was afraid.
B)Sasha complied because she didn't want to wake up her baby sister.
C)Sasha complied because it was the right thing to do.
D)Sasha complied because she understood her father's position.

Question 25

Recent research on the self-system supports the idea that the nature of the self is which of the following?

A)Multidimensional
B)Bidimensional
C)Unidimensional
D)Non-dimensional

Question 26

Surya wants 8-year-old Leila to start her homework.Leila doesn't want to turn off the TV.Surya raises her voice and threatens to take away Leila's TV privileges for a week if she doesn't comply.Surya enters the room and commands Leila to obey.Leila begins to wail,saying that the homework is too hard and that she never understands it anyway.At this point the phone rings.Surya gets absorbed in the call.Thirty minutes later,Leila is still watching TV and another battle ensues.Surya,exhausted from the struggle,takes Leila to bed.Which of the following best illustrates the negative reinforcement cycle that is operating in this example?

A)Leila is more likely to continue the conflict when Surya raises her voice.
B)Leila is allowed to watch TV longer if she keeps arguing with her mother.
C)Surya is more likely to gain compliance when she threatens Leila.
D)Leila is more likely to do her homework if she understands the material.

Question 27

Alex is 22 months of age.He knows that he should not play with his food at the dinner table,but he sometimes plays anyway.His parents can usually redirect his behavior with simple reminders about what he should be doing.What is happening cognitively to help him grow in self-control?

A)With repeated experience,Alex is constructing representations of standards for everyday behavior that serve as guidelines for behavior.
B)Alex knows that he will be embarrassed if he gets caught playing with his food.
C)Alex can decenter sufficiently to understand that he needs to focus on his food in order to stay healthy.
D)Alex is now less cognitively egocentric and can see his mother's perspective.

Question 28

Surya wants 8-year-old Leila to start her homework.Leila doesn't want to turn off the TV.Surya raises her voice and threatens to take away Leila's TV privileges for a week if she doesn't comply.Surya enters the room and commands Leila to obey.Leila begins to wail,saying that the homework is too hard and that she never understands it anyway.At this point the phone rings.Surya gets absorbed in the call.Thirty minutes later,Leila is still watching TV and another battle ensues.Surya,exhausted from the struggle,takes her to bed.This scenario is an example of which phenomenon?

A)Patterson's view of coercive interaction
B)Maccoby's view of authoritative parenting
C)Crittendon's view of attachment
D)Mead's view of factors that shape the self-system

Question 29

Based on Crittendon's view,infants who have avoidant attachment classifications actively avoid or block out perceptions that arouse their feelings because they have experienced which pattern of learning or conditioning?

A)Intermittent reinforcement for displays of emotion
B)Intermittent punishment for displays of emotion
C)Predictable reinforcement for displays of emotion
D)Predictable punishment for displays of emotion

Question 30

Sasha,a 3-year-old girl,was having difficulty settling down at bedtime.She ran around her house,trying to make her parents catch her before getting into bed.Sasha's behavior awakened her baby sister,asleep in the next room.John,Sasha's father,felt pushed to his limit and he screamed at Sasha to stop and threatened her with a spanking.In this example,which of the following statements is true with regard to internalization of standards?

A)Sasha's father supported her internalization of rules of behavior because he exerted his authority.
B)Sasha's father did not support her internalization of rules of behavior because she only complied out of fear.
C)Sasha's father supported her internalization of rules because he considered the needs of her baby sister.
D)Sasha's father did not support her internalization of rules because she was too young to understand what rules are.

Question 31

For counselors who work with families that include children of different ages,which of the following statements is true?

A)Parents should consistently enforce a limited number of rules regardless of the age of the child.
B)Parents need to treat all children in the family the same way (e.g. ,granting privileges,etc. )or they risk sending the message that they favor one child over another.
C)Parents need to be flexible as children get older and adjust their rules and expectations to developmentally changing competencies and needs.
D)Parents can relax their control of older children because these children have passed the critical period of the preschool years when learning rules is most important.
Essay Questions (Chapter 5)

Question 32

Based on research,present the pros and cons of corporal punishment as a disciplinary method.

Question 33

Sasha,a 3-year-old girl,was having difficulty settling down at bedtime.She ran around her house,trying to make her parents catch her before getting into bed.Sasha's behavior awakened her baby sister,asleep in the next room.John,Sasha's father,felt pushed to his limit and he screamed at Sasha to stop and threatened her with a spanking.His loud voice made the young girl cry and run to her bed.John's actions appear to elicit ____________ in Sasha.

A)mild anxiety
B)intense anxiety
C)mild aggression
D)intense aggression

Question 34

Sasha,a 3-year-old girl,was having difficulty settling down at bedtime.She ran around her house,trying to make her parents catch her before getting into bed.Sasha's behavior awakened her baby sister,asleep in the next room.John,Sasha's father,felt pushed to his limit and he screamed at Sasha to stop and threatened her with a spanking.Which type of discipline did Sasha's father use?

A)Induction
B)Power assertion
C)Withdrawal of love
D)Rule-giving

Question 35

The internalization of rules and standards of behavior is most closely associated with the development of

A)self-concept.
B)attachment.
C)intelligence.
D)conscience.

Question 36

Surya wants 8-year-old Leila to start her homework.Leila doesn't want to turn off the TV.Surya raises her voice and threatens to take away Leila's TV privileges for a week if she doesn't comply.Surya enters the room and commands Leila to obey.Leila begins to wail,saying that the homework is too hard and that she never understands it anyway.At this point the phone rings.Surya gets absorbed in the call.Thirty minutes later,Leila is still watching TV and another battle ensues.Surya,exhausted from the struggle,takes her to bed.Which behavior is most likely to increase next time?

A)Doing homework
B)Losing TV privileges
C)Parent's involvement with homework
D)TV viewing

Question 37

Parents who give reasons for the rules they set in ways their children can understand are using what disciplinary approach?

A)Induction
B)Power assertion
C)Withdrawal of love
D)Permissiveness

Question 38

A counselor is leading a parents' group when the topic of spanking as a disciplinary technique is raised.Based on research,what is the most accurate statement the counselor can offer?

A)Spanking is one of a variety of effective techniques for teaching prosocial skills to children.
B)Spanking should be used with young children for potentially dangerous kinds of misbehavior like running across a street because it is the only thing they understand under the circumstances.
C)Spanking is the best way to discipline young children but only when it is accompanied by a hug or some show of affection afterward.
D)Spanking may gain immediate compliance,but it does not aid development of self-regulation and may increase a child's aggressiveness.

Question 39

Marie has a 2½-year-old daughter.The babysitter has been calling her daughter "naughty" and "a bad girl" when the child is uncooperative.The babysitter says that the little girl doesn't understand what she is saying so it doesn't matter.Marie is unsure about what to do.Based upon information presented in this chapter,what would you say to Marie?

A)Marie should not worry about what the babysitter is doing because her daughter is too young to understand.
B)Marie should tell her daughter that what the babysitter says about her is untrue.
C)Marie should tell her daughter that she is loved to make up for what the babysitter says.
D)Marie should find some way to stop this before these labels become part of her daughter's developing self-understanding.

Question 40

Sasha,a 3-year-old girl,was having difficulty settling down at bedtime.She ran around her house,trying to make her parents catch her before getting into bed.Sasha's behavior awakened her baby sister,asleep in the next room.John,Sasha's father,felt pushed to his limit and he screamed at Sasha to stop and threatened her with a spanking.His loud voice made the young girl cry and run to her bed.What is Sasha most likely to learn from repeated experiences like this one?

A)Sasha will associate bedtime with threats and avoid going to bed even more.
B)Sasha will focus on the reason why it is not a good idea to make a lot of noise.
C)Sasha will come to believe that her father prefers her baby sister.
D)Sasha will learn how angry her father gets when she refuses to do what he wants.

Question 41

Create a case study of a family with two children who are showing behavior problems.Outline the steps you would take as a counselor to treat this family while paying particular attention to the developmental needs of the children.

Question 42

Discuss the relationship between child temperament and parent disciplinary style.

Question 43

Why might the effectiveness of corporal punishment vary from one cultural group to another? What questions remain to be answered about the relationship between culture and disciplinary style?