Deck 17: Speciation and Macroevolution

Question 1

The biological species concept relies mainly on ________ to define a species.

A)reproductive isolation
B)morphological differences
C)the presence of analogous traits
D)comparative biochemical analysis

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Holt-Oram syndrome (HOS)is an autosomal dominant condition characterized in part by upper limb malformations.The most likely cause of this disorder would be a mutation in a Pax6 gene.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Why is the use of morphological traits to distinguish species considered to be a disadvantage?

Answer 3

The use of morphological traits to distinguish species is considered to be a disadvantage.In some instances,slight variations within a species,such as size differences between the sexes,may be misinterpreted as evidence of the presence of two separate species.Conversely,the lack of diagnostic differences could cause one to conclude that two living organisms or two fossils are the same species when they are not.

Question 4

The Acadian flycatcher,Willow flycatcher,and Least flycatcher are morphologically very similar,but live in different habitats and do not reproduce with one another.Which species concept would be the most useful in determining if these flycatchers are different species? Explain.

Question 5

________ prevent hybrid offspring from developing or if the hybrid is born,it is infertile.

A)Prezygotic reproductive isolating mechanisms
B)Temporal isolation mechanisms
C)Postzygotic isolating mechanisms
D)Two of these are correct.
E)None of the answer choices are correct.

Question 6

Explain the key differences between gradualistic equilibrium and punctuated equilibrium.

Question 7

Scientists developed the ________ model after their studies of the fossil record revealed that some species appear quite suddenly and then remain essentially unchanged phenotypically for a long period of time.

A)Hardy-Weinberg
B)Urey-Miller
C)gradualistic
D)punctuated equilibrium

Question 8

The morphological species concept involves the identification of certain structural traits,called ________,to distinguish one species from another.

A)analogous traits
B)homologous traits
C)diagnostic traits
D)convergent traits

Question 9

Two species of the garter snake in the genus Thamnophis are found in the same geographic region.These species are not likely to meet and attempt to reproduce because one lives mainly in the water,while the other species spends most of its time on land.This is known as

A)behavioral isolation.
B)habitat isolation.
C)temporal isolation.
D)zygote mortality.

Question 10

Diagnostic traits can be used to distinguish between species of living organisms only.

Question 11

Isolating mechanisms that prevent reproductive attempts or make it unlikely that reproductive attempts will be successful are referred to as

A)prezygotic reproductive isolating mechanisms.
B)pregametic isolating mechanisms.
C)postzygotic isolating mechanisms.
D)postgametic isolating mechanisms.
E)None of the answer choices are correct.

Question 12

Which of the following examples is best explained by the process of convergent evolution?

A)The wings of birds and butterflies being used for flight.
B)Both mice and rats having a tail.
C)Wolves and coyotes both producing milk for their young.
D)A human cell and a fruit fly cell both going through the process of transcription and translation in order to produce a gene.

Question 13

________ is when one species splits into two species or when one species transforms into another over time.

A)Reproductive isolation
B)Convergent evolution
C)The founder effect
D)Speciation
E)Both reproductive isolation and speciation are correct.

Question 14

In which model of evolution are many transitional forms predicted?

A)punctuated equilibrium
B)gradualistic
C)Neither punctuated equilibrium nor gradualistic.
D)Both punctuated equilibrium and gradualistic.

Question 15

Reproductive isolation

A)means there is no gene flow between two groups of organisms.
B)is necessary for species to remain separate.
C)is maintained by certain prezygotic and postzygotic barriers.
D)All of the choices are correct.
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 16

A ________ is the first cell that results when an egg is fertilized by a sperm.

A)spermatogonium
B)gastrula
C)zygote
D)blastula

Question 17

The biological species concept is limited,and may not be applied to

A)asexually reproducing organisms.
B)organisms known only in the fossil record.
C)species that could possibly interbreed if they lived near one another.
D)All of the answer choices are correct.

Question 18

________ is said to occur when a similar trait evolves in two unrelated species while ________ is when a species evolves in response to another species.

A)Convergent evolution; coevolution
B)Coevolution; convergent evolution
C)Sympatric speciation; coevolution
D)Allopatric speciation; convergent evolution

Question 19

All of the following statements concerning the evolutionary species concept are true EXCEPT

A)it requires that the members of a species share a distinct evolutionary pathway.
B)it relies on identification of certain morphological traits to distinguish one species from another.
C)abrupt changes in traits are indicative of the evolution of a new species in the fossil record.
D)an evolutionary "family tree" is used to identify species based on a common ancestor.

Question 20

Which figure depicts a punctuated equilibrium model of evolution?

A)Figure A
B)Figure B

Question 21

In speciation which of the following is mismatched?

A)allopatric speciation-geographic isolation
B)sympatric speciation-absence of a geographic barrier
C)adaptive radiation-chance for new species to adapt to new habitats
D)postzygotic isolation-hybrid offspring sterility
E)None of the answers are mismatched.

Question 22

A cross between a male horse and a female donkey produces a mule.Mules are an example of

A)zygote mortality.
B)hybrid infertility.
C)temporal isolation.
D)gametic isolation.

Question 23

Members of the ancestral salamander species live in northern California.As they migrate southward,populations are separated by the Central Valley.With limited contact between populations on the east and west of the valley,genetic differences accumulate.What type of speciation occurs under these conditions?

A)sympatric speciation
B)allopatric speciation
C)Both sympatric and allopatric speciation.
D)Neither sympatric or allopatric.

Question 24

In ________,proteins on the surface of the sperm are not able to bind to proteins on the surface of the egg.

A)temporal isolation
B)behavioral isolation
C)mechanical isolation
D)gametic isolation

Question 25

Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus)and roof rats (Rattus rattus)are different species.Occasionally,mating occurs if the two species are kept together in captivity.The resulting pregnancies are not successful and the embryos die.This is an example of

A)mechanical isolation.
B)hybrid sterility.
C)hybrid inviability.
D)lack of F₂ fitness.

Question 26

Reinforcement would eventually

A)reduce the formation of hybrids.
B)favor and therefore increase the formation of hybrids.
C)have no effect on hybrid formation.
D)increase the fitness of hybrids.

Question 27

An insect population lives along the edge of a north-south mountain range.The populations from the east and west slope eventually join in a low northern pass and interbreed,producing fertile offspring,but they do not circle around the southern edge because of a desert barrier.When glaciers move southward,the populations are pushed south of the northern pass and are isolated.While isolated,the two populations develop enough differences over time that when the glaciers retreat north and the insects again share the same pass,they no longer mate at the same time,nor can they produce fertile offspring.These insects

A)began as one species and therefore remain one species.
B)were originally two species and remain two species.
C)were originally two species but are now one species.
D)were originally one species but are now two species.
E)The number of species cannot be determined from the information given.

Question 28

Reproductive isolation is more likely to occur when

A)hybrids are more fit than members of the parent species.
B)hybrids are less fit than members of the parent species.
C)there are no differences between the fitness of the parent species and hybrids.
D)None of the answer choices are true.

Question 29

What type of speciation requires a geographic barrier?

A)sympatric speciation
B)allopatric speciation
C)Both sympatric and allopatric speciation require a geographic barrier.
D)Neither sympatric or allopatric speciation require a geographic barrier.

Question 30

Study the chart of the mating seasons of these five species of frogs.What factor keeps the frogs reproductively isolated? What other factors may be involved?

Question 31

When a diploid plant produces diploid gametes due to nondisjunction during meiosis,what occurs?

A)Autoploidy is occurring.
B)An increase in the number of chromosomes above the parent species occurs.
C)A triploid or tetraploid plant may occur.
D)All of the answer choices are true.

Question 32

Descriptions of new species of insects are more likely to contain diagrams of the shape of the male genitalia than head,wing,or leg parts.Why?

A)This is where mutations usually express themselves in animals.
B)Radiation damage to genes usually occurs in genitalia.
C)Small changes in the genitalia cause reproductive isolation while a single species can tolerate wider variation in head,wing,and leg morphology.
D)Arthropods have hard exoskeletons so head,wing,and leg structures can't vary as much.
E)This is the convention or custom of entomology.

Question 33

Sympatric speciation in plants,as a result of ________,is well documented.

A)any type of geographic barrier
B)a series of islands off of a mainland
C)polyploidy
D)mountain ranges

Question 34

Plant species A has a diploid number of 28 chromosomes,while Plant species B has a diploid number of 14 chromosomes.Species A and B produce a hybrid through alloploidy.The diploid number of chromosomes of the hybrid is

A)28.
B)14.
C)42.
D)21.

Question 35

Which of the following would result in reproductive isolation?

A)Two populations of crickets are indistinguishable in physical features,but the females in each group only come to the different songs of their males.
B)Fruit flies on one Hawaiian island live for hundreds of generations and do not come in contact with fruit flies on another island except when blown there by rare tropical storms.
C)One brood of the seventeen-year cicada emerged in 1987 (and will do so every 17 years)and lives a few months as adults; another brood emerged in 1992 (and will do so every 17 years); the larvae of both feed side-by-side on tree roots.
D)A lion and a tiger mate in the artificial confines of a zoo but the offspring is infertile.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 36

Male fireflies are recognized by females of their species by their flash pattern,while male crickets are recognized by females of their species by their chirping.These are examples of

A)behavioral isolation.
B)habitat isolation.
C)temporal isolation.
D)mechanical isolation.

Question 37

Once members of a species are geographically isolated,what factors may cause them to differ from each other over time?

A)natural selection
B)genetic drift
C)new mutations
D)sexual selection
E)All of the above are correct.

Question 38

The process in which natural selection favors the continual development of prezygotic isolating mechanisms is called

A)disruptive selection.
B)sympatric speciation.
C)mutation.
D)reinforcement.

Question 39

Female Anolis distinguish males of their species by the color of their dewlap,a colorful flap of skin in the neck region.This is an example of

A)a postzygotic isolating mechanism.
B)a prezygotic isolating mechanism.
C)temporal isolation.
D)hybrid inviability.

Question 40

The Greek root words meaning "together" and "fatherland" are the basis for the term

A)prezygotic.
B)adaptive radiation.
C)speciation.
D)allopatric.
E)sympatric.

Question 41

Some genes can bring about radical changes in body shape and organs.The Pax6 gene is one such gene and is involved in

A)determining the location of repeated structures in all vertebrates.
B)the development of limbs.
C)eye formation in all animals.
D)breast cancer.

Question 42

The ________ was proposed to help explain speciation that appears in the fossil record.

A)evolutionary species concept
B)morphological species concept
C)phylogenetic species concept
D)genetic divergence species concept

Question 43

Evolutionary change above the species level is referred to as ________,whereas evolutionary change below the species level is known as ________.

A)convergent; divergent
B)macroevolution; microevolution
C)microevolution; macroevolution
D)punctuated; gradualistic

Question 44

What type of scientist classifies organisms into groups?

A)geneticist
B)taxonomist
C)zoologist
D)botanist
E)embryologist

Question 45

The history of life on Earth can be studied by looking at

A)macroevolution.
B)microevolution.
C)sexual selection.
D)gene flow.

Question 46

Animal diversity is due to variations in the expression of ancient genes in addition to the evolution of new and different genes.

Question 47

Several species of Caribbean Anoline lizards have evolved from a single ancestral species.The species occupies a wide variety of ecological niches,such as tree trunks and the ground,or tree trunks only,or tree trunks and the crown of trees,etc.This type of allopatric speciation is called

A)adaptive radiation.
B)alloploidy.
C)autoploidy.
D)hybridization.

Question 48

The three processes that are commonplace throughout the evolutionary history of a species and illustrate that macroevolution is not goal-directed are speciation,diversification,and extinction.

Question 49

Adaptive radiation occurs when organisms

A)exploit a variety of new environments.
B)remain in the same,stable environment.
C)undergo autoploidy and alloploidy.
D)occupy the same habitat as their ancestral species.

Question 50

A reproductive isolation mechanism includes any structural,functional,or behavioral characteristic that blocks reproductive ability.

Question 51

Compare the key differences between microevolution and macroevolution.

Question 52

Which of the following scenarios is explained by adaptive radiation?

A)The average running speed of a cheetah increases each generation due to the gazelles getting faster.
B)The toxicity level of the bark of a species of plant increases due to constantly being attacked by aphids.
C)The color pattern of the moths living in the woods of England become darker as the levels of pollution increase during the Industrial Revolution.
D)All of these are examples of adaptive radiation.

Question 53

The ranges of the red-legged frog and the yellow-legged frog overlap in California.The red-legged frog (Rana aurora,left)breeding season lasts from January to March.The closely related yellow-legged frog (Rana boylii,right)breeds from late March through May.What type of reproductive isolating mechanism is mainly responsible for keeping these two species separate?

A)habitat isolation
B)behavioral isolation
C)temporal isolation
D)mechanical isolation
E)gamete isolation

Question 54

Male birds often perform a special dance or set of physical displays to attract females.This would be an example of a behavioral isolation mechanism.

Question 55

Macroevolution is opportunistic,not goal oriented.Explain what this means.