Deck 13: Memory Retrieval and Forgetting

Question 1

A person learns list A,then they are required to learn list

A)proactive interference
B)When list A interferes with the ability to recall list B,this is called ______.
B)reactive interference
C)retroactive interference
D)active interference

Answer 1

A

Question 2

A rat is placed in a distinctive environment and required to actively respond and avoid shock in a shuttle box.Forty-eight hours later,the rat is placed in a shuttle box in the original training room or an identical shuttle box located in a different room that had a different size,light,odor,and noise level.What would you expect to happen to the rat's performance?

A)The rat will respond faster in the new room than the original room.
B)The rat will respond slower in the new room than the original room.
C)The rat will respond at the same rate in either the new room or the old room.
D)The rat will stop responding altogether.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Underwood proposed that there are ______ memory attributes.

A)Five
B)Eight
C)10
D)20

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Choose the most accurate answer.A student goes to a party and becomes intoxicated.The following day their friends ask them if they had an enjoyable time.However,the student does not remember if they did.This is an example of ______.

A)a cue recall attribute
B)an effective attribute
C)a context attribute
D)state-dependent learning

Question 5

Underwood suggested that memory can be conceptualized as a collection of different types of information.Each type of information is called ______.

A)an engram
B)a memory attribute
C)a contextual cue
D)a priming task

Question 6

When a person studies,they drink lots of coffee and smoke a pack of cigarettes.However,when they go to take their exam,they don't do very well.This is an example of ______.

A)state-dependent learning
B)a context attribute
C)a cue recall attribute
D)a frequency attribute

Question 7

The student must take a final exam in biology.They decide to study every day for a week in the room where the exam is to be given.This person is trying to establish ______ cues to help them remember biology.

A)modality
B)orthographic
C)spatial
D)context

Question 8

A person is required to learn list C,then they are required to learn list

A)proactive interference
B)retroactive interference
C)deactivate interference
D)When list D interferes with your ability to recall list C,this is called ______.
D)reactive interference

Question 9

When a person studies for their biochemistry test,they listen to classical music.Ideally,when they take their biochemistry test,they should ______.

A)listen to rock 'n' roll
B)listen to classical music
C)listen to country Western music
D)the type of music will have no impact on their performance

Question 10

Joe remembers where he caught the biggest fish of his life.Underwood would call this a ______ of memory.

A)contextual cue
B)spatial attribute
C)temporal attribute
D)primal cue

Question 11

Ebbinghaus's studies on forgetting found ______.

A)that few items were forgotten
B)all items were forgotten
C)that approximately half of the items in a list were forgotten after 24 hr
D)that many forgotten items were recalled the following day

Question 12

For Underwood,______.

A)context is important,but the significance and availability of other attributes influence whether a member is recalled in another context
B)context is unimportant in relation to other attributes
C)context is the most important of all the attributes and other attributes impact context attributes minimally
D)context is important but other attributes are more important

Question 13

You have been attending your class in one particular classroom.However when you take the final,you find that the original room is under repair and that you need to go to a different classroom that has the same characteristics.According to your text,how would you expect your performance to be in the second room?

A)You will perform worse than normal.
B)You will perform better than normal.
C)You will perform about the same as you normally do.
D)You will give up and not take the test at all.

Question 14

The student is happy because they just found out they received an 'A' grade on their biochemistry exam.While in this happy state,the student suddenly remembers the first time they received an 'A' grade in college.According to Underwood,the student's retrieval of the first 'A' experience was aided by the ______ attribute.

A)affective
B)frequency
C)spatial
D)temporal

Question 15

Which of the following brain structures codes visual and spatial attributes of an experience?

A)basal ganglia
B)prefrontal cortex
C)hippocampus
D)perirhinal cortex

Question 16

A person first learns to speak Spanish.Then they learn French.When Spanish interferes with their recall of French,this is called ______.

A)retroactive interference
B)proactive interference
C)deactivate interference
D)reactive interference

Question 17

Ebbinghaus in his classic studies on forgetting used ______ to study memory.

A)all vowels
B)all consonants
C)vowels and consonants
D)nonsense syllables

Question 18

In two experiments discussed in your text,participants smoked marijuana and then were given a memory task.Which type of memory task did the marijuana participants performed the best on?

A)a free recall task
B)a cued recall task
C)an interference task
D)students did not perform well on any of the tasks

Question 19

On a visit to your old high school,lots of memories return.This is due to the ______ attribute of memory.

A)context
B)acoustic
C)situational
D)effective

Question 20

One model of forgetting contends ______.

A)memorization is not an accurate way to understand forgetting
B)that engrams take several days before they become developed
C)engrams do not become fully developed
D)interference among memories causes forgetting

Question 21

The greater the distress ______.

A)the less susceptible participants are to the creation of false memories by misinformation
B)the more information that is forgotten
C)the more susceptible participants are to the creation of false memories by misinformation
D)the more susceptible participants are to forgetting what they have observed

Question 22

Which of the following factors appears to influence the misinformation effect?

A)the number of times the misinformation is repeated
B)the person's confidence in the accuracy of the memory
C)the plausibility of the misinformation
D)all of these are correct

Question 23

In the study where participants read the folktale 'The War of the Ghosts,' participants ______.

A)deleted some aspects of the story
B)overemphasized some aspects of the story
C)added new material to the story
D)all of these answers are correct

Question 24

What can be done to reduce the effects of misinformation?

A)nothing can be done
B)provide postevent warnings that misinformation was presented
C)provide preevent warnings that misinformation may be presented
D)repeat the new information several times

Question 25

Postman contends ______.

A)interference creates undue mental demands that stop the recall of information
B)interference actually caused an increase in the second list responses
C)generalized competition was responsible for the inability to recall first list responses
D)interference actually had no impact on why the person could not recall the lists

Question 26

A person is required to learn psychology.Then they are required to learn sociology.When sociology interferes with your ability to recall psychology,this is called ______.

A)deactivate interference
B)reactive interference
C)proactive interference
D)retroactive interference

Question 27

Individuals are asked to memorize list A,then list

A)proactive and retroactive interference created changes in the brain that cause forgetting
B)However,they often are unable to recall items from one of the lists depending on the task.According to Underwood,______.
B)distinctiveness of memories will increase the level of interference
C)list differentiation was a source of the forgetting
D)none of these are correct

Question 28

When a witness is interviewed by a person from the press and the interviewer provides additional information,what will happen with the witnesses recall?

A)They will ignore what the reporter said.
B)They will remember what the reporter said but it will not have an impact on their recall.
C)The information will be incorporated into the witnesses recall.
D)The information will be recalled and it will have the opposite effect on what the witness reports.

Question 29

An alteration of memory to be consistent with the individuals view the world is called ______.

A)proactive learning
B)retroactive learning
C)systemic recall
D)memory reconstruction

Question 30

In general,Bartlett's research suggests we construct memories ______.

A)based on qualifications of what people have said
B)based on the logic of the situation
C)based on inferences of what 'must have happened'
D)based on the way the questions were asked

Question 31

During the memory reconstruction process,what happens to the original memory?

A)It is forgotten.
B)It is recalled in total.
C)It is recalled but the person is uncertain whether the original reconstructed memory is accurate.
D)It is recalled and the person is certain which is the original memory and which is the reconstructed memory.

Question 32

Which of the following is correct?

A)Strong negative emotions and positive emotions can make one susceptible to misinformation.
B)Strong negative emotions but not positive emotions can make one susceptible to misinformation.
C)Strong positive emotions but not negative emotions can make one susceptible to misinformation.
D)Emotions have no impact on misinformation.

Question 33

Which view of interference provides a mechanism for the effective recency of behavior?

A)decay
B)display
C)list differentiation
D)generalized competition

Question 34

Repressed memories are ______.

A)memories that are created when additional information is provided by a counselor
B)memories about childhood experiences that were traumatic but were blocked out
C)memories about adult experiences that were traumatic but recalled at a later date
D)memories about childhood experiences that were traumatic but never recalled

Question 35

According to Postman,generalized competition means ______.

A)a massive amount of interference is caused by spreading activation in the long-term store
B)the inability to find the correct retrieval results to information in the long-term store
C)a set or disposition to continue to respond in the manner learned most recently
D)disruptive influence of language on the learning of paired associate tasks

Question 36

According to Loftus,______.

A)trial witnesses try to help out either the prosecution or defense
B)trial witnesses recall what they believe they saw or heard
C)trial witnesses accurately recall the information,but become confused when they are describing the information
D)trial witnesses do not recall any information

Question 37

The effects of misinformation to alter memory ______.

A)do not occur
B)are short term
C)are long-lasting
D)are forgotten

Question 38

One of the first individuals to contend that memory of experiences was often inaccurate was ______.

A)Sir Frederic Bartlett
B)Underwood
C)Hull
D)Loftus

Question 39

Jack goes to a social event.While there he meets new people over the course of the evening.However,the new people he is meeting later in the evening are interfering with his name recall of people he met earlier in the evening.This is an example of ______.

A)reactive interference
B)retroactive interference
C)proactive interference
D)name recall interference

Question 40

A person is driving and comes to an intersection where they see a deer.After driving past the deer,a policeman pulls them over.After the standard questions,the policeman asks them if they had seen an elk on the road.The person says 'no' and goes upon their way.One week later,the same person is pulled over by another policeman.The second policeman asks the person if they had seen an elk the previous week.Forty percentage of the time,what will the person's response be?

A)They had seen a deer.
B)They had seen a cow.
C)They had seen an elk.
D)They had not seen anything.

Question 41

The person is associating words with the phrases,'One is bun,two is a shoe,three is a tree,etc.' This is an example of the ______.

A)peg word method
B)method of loci
C)acronym method
D)Carmile method

Question 42

Loftus and Coan conducted a study where they had family members remind the subject of an incident where the subject was lost in a shopping mall.Their results indicated ______.

A)that it was difficult to create false memory
B)creating a false memory required multiple reminders of the incident
C)that creating the false memory only worked on younger children
D)that it was easy to create a false memory

Question 43

Which of the following brain areas is not involved in memory storage?

A)the prefrontal cortex
B)the medial temporal lobe
C)the hypothalamus
D)the dorsomedial thalamus

Question 44

Amnesic individuals have more correct answers when ______.

A)a free recall procedure is used
B)when a recognition task procedure is used
C)when a fill in the blank procedure is used
D)amnesic individuals have the same number of errors on all of these procedures

Question 45

Memories are retrieved by the ______,and projections from this structure go to the ______ which provide a 'route by which recollections are translated into action.'

A)frontal lobe,hippocampus
B)medial temporal lobe,hippocampus
C)hippocampus,frontal lobes
D)hippocampus,thalamus

Question 46

Underwood proposed there are 10 memory attributes.

Question 47

A person goes to a therapist complaining of depression.During the course of the conversation,the therapist begins to ask about the person's childhood.Initially,the person says there were no problems.However,with continued leading questioning by the therapist,the person comes to believe that they were sexually abused by someone in their family.However,no sexual abuse ever occurred.This is an example of ______.

A)false memory syndrome
B)repressed memory
C)depression-induced memory
D)none of these are correct

Question 48

Damage to the ______ can lead to an inability to recall past events.

A)hippocampus
B)parietal Lobe
C)cingulate gyrus
D)all of these can lead to an inability to recall past events

Question 49

Creation of inaccurate memories is more likely to occur ______.

A)in all individuals
B)in suggestible people who do not have emotional problems
C)in suggestible people who have extreme emotional problems
D)in individuals who are stable,have no emotional problems,and are well adjusted

Question 50

Using the words 'Roy

A)Eidetic phrase
B)mnemonic technique
C)method of loci
D)pegboard method
G)Biv' for the colors of the visual spectrum is an example of a ______.

Question 51

The brain structure that appears activated during motivated forgetting and is able to suppress the recall of unwanted memories is the ______.

A)hippocampus
B)prefrontal cortex
C)dorsomedial thalamus
D)parietal lobe

Question 52

One major way to improve recall when using the method of loci is to ______.

A)read the material
B)have others provide the Loc location
C)utilize more locations that are needed to be recalled
D)create vivid mental images

Question 53

Examples of motivated forgetting include ______.

A)forgetting to butter a slice of bread before eating it
B)forgetting identity threat promotions that they receive through social media
C)cheating and then feeling guilty about it
D)all of these are correct

Question 54

The ______ is activated when memories are retrieved,and inhibited when unwanted memories are suppressed.

A)temporal lobe
B)mediodorsal thalamus
C)frontal lobes
D)hippocampus

Question 55

The creation of inaccurate records of childhood sexual abuse is called ______.

A)eyewitness memory syndrome
B)emotional sexual syndrome
C)repressed memory syndrome
D)false memory syndrome

Question 56

Several studies have investigated whether an individual can deliberately forget previous experiences.Results from these studies conclude ______.

A)directed forgetting occurs with recall tasks but not with recognition tasks
B)directed forgetting occurs with both recall and recognition tasks
C)directed forgetting occurs with recognition tasks but not with recall tasks
D)directed forgetting occurs in pigeons but not in humans

Question 57

Mnemonics are most effective when ______.

A)acoustic codes are used
B)the person relies on the well-learned body of knowledge
C)the person creates a new mnemonic
D)when others provide information used in the mnemonic

Question 58

The person wants to remember a speech they are about to give.They break the speech into several key thoughts and associate these thoughts with rooms as they mentally walk through their house.This is an example of the ______.

A)peg word method
B)method of loci
C)acronym method
D)none of these are correct

Question 59

The false memory syndrome refers to ______.

A)a memory disorder caused by damage to the hippocampus which causes the patient to confuse reality with fantasy
B)the development of hallucinations which are then stored in long-term memory as real events
C)the creation of inaccurate memory record,such as imagined sexual abuse
D)the inability to retrieve episodic information from the long-term store

Question 60

Several researchers have indicated that memories are stored by which of the following brain structures?

A)medial temporal lobe
B)hippocampus and surrounding neural tissue
C)mediodorsal thalamus
D)all of these are correct

Question 61

Loftus contends there is a significant relationship between the memory reconstruction process and the adequacy of eyewitness testimony.

Question 62

Individuals learn items while drinking alcohol but cannot recall them the following day.This is an example of state-dependent learning.

Question 63

Compare and contrast a context attribute with affective attributes.

Question 64

When a person cannot recall past information due to new information.This is called proactive interference.

Question 65

What is the role of the hippocampus in memory?

Question 66

The sources of misinformation determine a person's susceptibility to misinformation.

Question 67

Memory for one attribute that is replaced over time by another attribute is called an affective attribute.

Question 68

Proactive interference involves the inability to recall recent experiences due to previous learning.

Question 69

Provide an example of state-dependent learning.

Question 70

The hippocampus and prefrontal cortex have no impact on the ability to recall past events.

Question 71

Underwood proposed memory can be conceptualized as a collection of different types of information.Each type of information is called a memory attribute.

Question 72

Affective memory attributes are related to the emotional character of the event.

Question 73

According to Underwood,treatments that increase the distinctiveness of memories will reduce the level of interference.

Question 74

Define and provide an example of proactive and retroactive interference.

Question 75

Directed forgetting occurs with recall but not with recognition tasks.

Question 76

How accurate is eyewitness testimony? What are some variables that influence the eyewitness testimony?

Question 77

Cheating is an example of motivated forgetting.

Question 78

Utilization of mnemonics can help you to recall information.

Question 79

The creation of an inaccurate record of childhood sexual abuse is called false memory syndrome.