Deck 7: Theories of Appetitive and Aversive Conditioning

Question 1

A rat is allowed to perform two different behaviors: Behavior A and Behavior

A)the set point
B)The level at which the rat performs both behaviors is called ______.
B)the max point
C)the blisspoint
D)the operant level

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Individuals often go to Burger King.According to Skinner,what would be reinforcing if it increased the frequency of going to Burger King?

A)thinking about going to Burger King
B)driving in the car to Burger King
C)seeing the Burger King sign
D)a Whopper

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Response deprivation theory was developed by ______.

A)Skinner
B)Premack
C)Timberlake and Allison
D)Herrnstein

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Reggie likes to play basketball but dislikes cleaning his room.Using Premack's principle,how should Reggie's parents get him to clean his room ?

A)They should let them play basketball first,then clean his room.
B)They should have them clean his room before he is allowed to play basketball.
C)They should punish Reggie when he plays basketball until he cleans his room.
D)They should punish Reggie for playing basketball then cleaning his room.

Question 5

Which statement is correct?

A)High-probability activities are more reinforcing than low-probability activities.
B)Low-probability activities are more reinforcing than high-probability activities.
C)High-probability activities and low-probability activities have no differences in their reinforcement value.
D)Low-probability activities create opportunities for high-reinforcing activities.

Question 6

According to ______,reinforcement is any activity whose probability of occurring is greater than that of the reinforced activity.

A)Skinner
B)Premack
C)Hull
D)Freud

Question 7

Individuals often go to McDonald's.According to Skinner,what would be reinforcing if it increased the frequency of going to McDonald's?

A)a Big Mac
B)getting in the car
C)being with your friends
D)thinking about McDonald's

Question 8

Which of the following is correct?

A)Playing with toys will decrease the completion rates of doing math problems.
B)Getting time off will decrease the rates of selling cars.
C)Getting time off will increase the rates of selling magazines.
D)Getting a paid lunch will decrease the rates of selling cars.

Question 9

Which of the following is correct?

A)Playing with toys can increase the completion rates of doing math problems.
B)Completing math problems will be increased by doing a likable activity.
C)Making a more preferred activity contention upon the performance of a less preferred activity will increase behavior.
D)All of these are correct.

Question 10

According to response deprivation theory,reducing the baseline occurrence of a certain activity ______.

A)allows an activity to become a reinforcer if allowed to engage in that activity
B)produces permanent extinction of that activity
C)reduces the ability of that activity to serve as a reinforcer
D)does not affect the reinforcement status of the behavior

Question 11

Which of the following individuals created probability-differential theory?

A)Skinner
B)Devon
C)Premack
D)Hull

Question 12

Why is eating a Big Mac more reinforcing than going to McDonald's?

A)Eating the Big Mac is more probable than going to McDonald's.
B)Going to McDonald's creates a reinforcing perception to get the Big Mac.
C)Eating a Big Mac changes the perception of going to McDonald's.
D)Going to McDonald's changes the perception of getting a Big Mac.

Question 13

According to Timberlake and Allison,what causes an activity to become a reinforcement?

A)a punisher
B)a highly rewarding activity
C)deprivation of the reinforcer
D)none of these are correct

Question 14

A class of children is not allowed to color for 1 week.Following this week,what will happen with the coloring behavior?

A)The children will not color very much anymore.
B)The coloring will become a reinforcer.
C)The coloring will become a punisher to other behaviors.
D)The coloring level will remain the same.

Question 15

When an individual acts to minimize cost and maximize gain,this is referred to as ______.

A)a max point
B)a blisspoint
C)a set point
D)operant free point

Question 16

Applications of probability-differential theory has been successful in ______.

A)increasing academic performance and mentally retarded students
B)increasing sales among salespersons
C)improving work performance in fast-food restaurants
D)all of these are correct

Question 17

Eating is more probable than bar pressing in a food-deprived rat.Therefore,eating will reinforce bar pressing.This is an example of ______.

A)Hull drive reduction theory
B)Thorndike's law of effect
C)Premack's probability-differential theory
D)Bandura's social learning theory

Question 18

In grade school children,coloring is a higher probability behavior than doing math problems.If the opportunity to do math problems is restricted,math problems should be able to serve as a reinforcer according to ______.

A)drive reduction theory
B)probability-differential theory
C)response deprivation theory
D)maximum deflection theory

Question 19

A study was conducted where students had to write and complete math problems.Which of the following statements is correct?

A)restricting math caused the writing behavior to increase
B)restricting writing caused the math behavior to increase
C)restricting either writing or math caused both writing and math to increase simultaneously
D)restricting either writing or math caused either writing or math to increase when that particular activity was restricted

Question 20

In grade school children,coloring is a higher probability behavior than doing arithmetic problems.To get children to complete the arithmetic problems,one should ______.

A)create a contingency where the children must do their arithmetic problems before they can color
B)create a contingency in which the children must color before doing their arithmetic problems
C)create a contingency in which coloring is punished
D)create a contingency in which arithmetic work is punished

Question 21

An animal is placed in a two-choice experiment.They can push either Lever A on a FR-2 schedule or Lever B on FR-4 schedule.When observing the animal,what will occur?

A)The animal will respond more on the FR-2 schedule than the FR-4 schedule.
B)The animal will respond more on the FR- 4 schedule than the FR-2 schedule.
C)The animal will respond the same on the FR-2 schedule as the FR-4 schedule.
D)The animal will stop responding to both schedules.

Question 22

Which brain structure encodes for the probability of success and the value of success in choice situations?

A)the parietal lobe
B)the thalamus
C)the hippocampus
D)the prefrontal cortex

Question 23

One variable that will alter the level of responding in the matching law is ______.

A)bias
B)premonition learning
C)behavioral contrast
D)the congruency effect

Question 24

A pigeon receives reinforcement 1 s following pecking on Key A,while pecking on Key B provides reinforcement after 3 s.According to the matching law,how much pecking should occur on Key A?

A)10%
B)25%
C)50%
D)75%

Question 25

______ contends size and quality of reinforcement determine momentary choices,while ______ determines the overall pattern of responses.

A)Maximizing law; momentary maximization
B)Matching law; momentary maximization
C)Momentary maximization; matching law
D)Maximizing law; matching law

Question 26

The matching law has been successfully applied to ______.

A)basketball
B)consumer choice behavior
C)baseball
D)all of these

Question 27

In 2 days,you will have to take a difficult exam.However,right now there is a great television show on that you've wanted to watch.According to the matching law,what will your behavior be ?

A)You will study for the exam.
B)You will watch the television show.
C)You will watch the television show and study for the exam at the same time.
D)You will not study or watch the television.

Question 28

According to ______ theory,specific choices are determined by alternatives perceived to be most attractive at the moment.

A)matching law
B)momentary maximization
C)minimax models
D)drive reduction

Question 29

The ______ assumes that behavior is aimed toward obtaining as many reinforcers as possible.

A)matching law
B)minimizing law
C)large of effect
D)maximizing law

Question 30

A pigeon receives reinforcement 1 s following pecking on Key A,while pecking on Key B provides reinforcement after 3 s.According to the matching law,how much pecking should occur on Key B?

A)10%
B)25%
C)50%
D)75%

Question 31

Which brain structure responds to the desirability of different choices?

A)the parietal lobe
B)the prefrontal cortex
C)the thalamus
D)the hippocampus

Question 32

A rat is placed in an operant chamber with two bars.On Bar A,the rat is reinforced on a FR 10 schedule,while on Bar B the rat is reinforced on a FR 40 schedule.According to maximizing theory,the rat will respond ______.

A)only on Bar A
B)only on Bar B
C)on both A and B
D)The rat will stop responding.

Question 33

A rat is placed in an operant chamber with two bars.On Bar A,the rat is reinforced on a FR 10 schedule,while on Bar B the rat is reinforced on a FR 40 schedule.According to matching law,the rat will respond ______.

A)only on Bar A
B)only on Bar B
C)on both A and B
D)The rat will stop responding.

Question 34

Which of the following is correct?

A)A person will choose a delayed,large reinforcer over a small,immediate reinforcer.
B)A person will choose a small,immediate reinforcer over a large,delayed reinforcer.
C)A person will choose a small,immediate reinforcer at the same rate as a large,delayed reinforcer.
D)None of these are correct.

Question 35

What occurs when an animal cannot attain blisspoint?

A)It responds to allow it to be as close to the blisspoint as possible.
B)It responds higher on a second behavior.
C)It reduces its responding but does not stop.
D)It stops responding.

Question 36

______ theory contends that specific choices are determined by alternatives perceived to be the best at the time,while ______ contends that individual choices depend on which choice produces the shortest delay in receiving the next reinforcement.

A)Matching law; delay-reduction theory
B)Monetary maximization theory; delay-reduction theory
C)Matching law; maximization theory
D)Maximizing law; delay-reduction theory

Question 37

According to the behavior allocation view,changing from a 1:2 contingency to a 1:1 or 2:1 contingency has what effect on the desired behavior?

A)It increases the behavior.
B)It increases the asymptote of the behavior.
C)It decreases the behavior.
D)It has no effect on the behavior.

Question 38

According to the matching law,in a two-choice experiment,the subject will ______.

A)prefer ratio schedules over interval schedules of reinforcement
B)respond at higher levels to a FR 30 and a VR 30 schedule of reinforcement
C)show greater resistance to extinction following an FI schedule relative to a VI schedule
D)allocate its responding in proportion to the level of reinforcement available on each of the two schedules

Question 39

Which model predicts that the animal emits the minimum number of responses to obtain the maximum level of reinforcing activities?

A)set point theory
B)free operant theory
C)behavioral allocation view
D)response deprivation theory.

Question 40

In general,animals and humans operate more on which model?

A)matching law
B)maximizing law
C)minimizing law
D)contrast law

Question 41

Which of the following statements best describes Mowrer's two-factor theory of avoidance conditioning?

A)The subject learns an expectation that an aversive event will occur unless a response is made.
B)The subject experiences fear at the occurrence of the response which produces elation in an opponent-process mechanism.
C)Fear,conditioned to cues in the environment,motivates the occurrence of the avoidance response.
D)After the avoidance response,the animal is rewarded by the absence of shock that motivates the next response.

Question 42

Levis and Boyd contend ______.

A)the duration of exposure to the conditioned stimulus determines the fear reduction
B)the number of extinction trials is important to the fear reduction response
C)the greater the conditioned stimulus is presented,the less fear that occurs
D)the quality of the conditioned stimulus creates the fear reduction response

Question 43

Joe is anticipating receiving a chocolate ice cream cone for good behavior in class.Which part of Joe's brain is being activated for this anticipation?

A)the prefrontal cortex
B)post frontal cortex
C)the parietal cortex
D)the nucleus accumbens

Question 44

For Estes,the primary mechanism of punishment is ______.

A)response competition
B)competition of motives
C)inconsistent thoughts
D)negative reinforcement

Question 45

D'Amato contends ______.

A)anticipatory pain becomes actual pain
B)avoidance behavior is produced by environmental cues
C)anticipatory pain acts to motivate an escape behavior
D)escape behavior causes avoidance behavior

Question 46

Mowrer's two-factor theory of punishment contends ______.

A)fear is elicited when the animal experiences environmental events preceding punishment
B)negative reinforcement of the escape response causes the animal to exhibit escape response rather than the punished response
C)the suppressive influence of punishment occurs in two stages
D)all of these are correct

Question 47

According to Mowrer,the first stage avoidance behavior is ______.

A)pain
B)terminating the behavior
C)fear
D)escape

Question 48

In the acquisition of an avoidance response,______.

A)the greater the punisher,the faster the relief
B)relief has no impact on avoidance behavior
C)suppressed behavior will recur when the conditioned stimulus no longer occurs
D)the longer the interval between trials,the faster the learning of the avoidance response

Question 49

For Guthrie,punishment was suppressed behavior only if the response elicited by the punishment is ______ the punished behavior.

A)consistent with
B)antagonistic to
C)comparable to
D)coordinated with

Question 50

According to Levis and Boyd,an important factor in the extinction of avoidance learning is ______.

A)the number of extinction trials
B)the duration of the extinction trials
C)the number of trials required to establish the avoidance response
D)the intensity of the aversive stimulus used in the avoidance conditioning

Question 51

Increasing access to low-probability behavior increases the level of a high-probability behavior.

Question 52

For Mowrer,______.

A)fear has some influence,but is not of major importance in why the animal avoids escaping the feared stimulus
B)although it appears we are avoiding painful events,we are actually escaping a feared stimulus
C)the avoidance behavior and the escape behavior are the same
D)terminating the feared stimulus increases fear in the future

Question 53

Jack is in dreadful fear of being fired.As a result,he stops at his local bar and consumes several drinks to reduce his fear.Which model best explains Jack's drinking behavior?

A)two-factor theory
B)mono factor theory
C)contingency theory
D)maximization theory

Question 54

______ contented punishment weakens the strength of a stimulus response bond.

A)Hull
B)Estes
C)Guthrie
D)Thorndike

Question 55

Joel is trying to extinguish his fear of heights.For Levis and Boyd,Joel needs to do which of the following?

A)climb a tall ladder several times
B)climb halfway up the ladder,then three quarters of the way,then finally up to the top
C)remain at the top of the ladder for as long as possible
D)climb to the top of the ladder,then come back down until they no longer report fear

Question 56

According to Premack,when a parent wants a child to do homework,the parent should allow the child to play their favorite game before starting homework.

Question 57

Timberlake and Allison's model contends that a child who does not like to take out the garbage could be made to increase that behavior if the child is first prevented from doing so for a period of time.

Question 58

The ______ encodes for the probability and value of success of a choice,while the ______ responds based on the desirability of different choices.

A)parietal cortex; nucleus accumbens
B)temporal lobe; parietal cortex
C)prefrontal cortex; parietal cortex
D)prefrontal cortex; nucleus accumbens

Question 59

Denny contends that as the intertrial interval increases,the amount of conditioned relief ______.

A)decreases
B)remains the same
C)increases
D)first increases then decreases

Question 60

For Guthrie,effective punishment must produce ______.

A)motivation antagonistic to the unwanted motivation
B)behavior that is consistent with the unwanted response
C)behavior that is antagonistic to the unwanted response
D)behavior that is compatible with the unwanted response

Question 61

Mowrer's two-factor theory of punishment contends fear is not important for the environmental events present during punishment.

Question 62

Matching law assumes that when an animal has access to different schedules of reinforcement,the animal allocates its response to one schedule.

Question 63

The two-factor theory of avoidance learning contends fear is first conditioned to the environmental conditions that precede the aversive event.

Question 64

Compare and contrast the matching law with maximizing law.

Question 65

Animals will respond in a manner that allows them to be as close to a blisspoint as possible.

Question 66

Matching law contends individual choices depend on which choice produces the shortest delay in responding.

Question 67

The parietal cortex responds based on the desirability of different choices as predicted by the matching law.

Question 68

Matching law assumes that when an animal has access to different schedules of reinforcement,the animal allocates its response in proportion to the level of reinforcement available on each schedule.

Question 69

Matching law does not predict choice behavior in humans.

Question 70

According to D'Amato's view of avoidance learning,environmental cues present during shock produce an anticipatory pain response which then acts to motivate an escape behavior.

Question 71

Thorndike's negative law of effect suggests punishment increases the strength of a stimulus response bond.

Question 72

What is the matching law? What does it contend?

Question 73

Describe Mowrer's two-factor theory of avoidance.

Question 74

The persistence of avoidance behavior depends on the duration of exposure to the feared stimulus.That is,the longer the exposure,the weaker the avoidance response.

Question 75

Blisspoint predicts that an animal emits a minimum number of contingent responses to obtain the maximum level of reinforcing activities.

Question 76

Compare and contrast Premack's probability-differential theory with response deprivation theory.