Deck 7: Language Development

Question 1

What is the term for a baby's speech-like but meaningless sounds?

A)cooing
B)babbling
C)gurgling
D)murmuring

Answer 1

babbling

Question 2

What is a child most likely to refer to when she uses her first words?

A)feelings
B)needs
C)objects
D)dreams

Answer 2

objects

Question 3

What typically happens to a child's vocabulary between the ages of 16 and 24 months?

A)The process of cooing and babbling begins.
B)Vocabulary increases from about 50 to 400 words.
C)Vocabulary increases from about 1,000 to 5,000 words.
D)Language use drops to near-zero,during a "vocabulary latency" period.

Answer 3

Vocabulary increases from about 50 to 400 words.

Question 4

What general rule governs the pace of language production and language comprehension?

A)Comprehension precedes production.
B)Production and comprehension develop at the same rate over time.
C)Production precedes comprehension.
D)No predictable link has been established between production and comprehension for a given individual.

Question 5

Allison is sitting in her high chair while her father prepares her dinner.Allison tries to get her father's attention by saying "eat" and "cookie." What are Allison's words an example of?

A)syllogisms
B)phonemes
C)morphemes
D)holophrases

Question 6

What kind of speech omits non-critical words in a sentence?

A)holophrasic
B)telegraphic
C)phonemic
D)semantic

Question 7

When Jana is riding in the car with her parents,she occasionally points at passing vehicles and calls out "see cars," even though some of the vehicles are buses and trucks.What is Jana's speech an example of?

A)overextension
B)rehearsal
C)phonemic fluency
D)self-awareness

Question 8

The ability to understand speech is also known by what term?

A)phonology
B)comprehension
C)audition
D)production

Question 9

Armando calls his favorite blanket a "blankie." When he sees other blankets in the house,however,he does not refer to them as a "blankie" because he uses that name only for his favorite blanket.What is Armando demonstrating with his speech?

A)underextension
B)overextension
C)referential style
D)holophrasing

Question 10

Todd's mother notices that he makes a variety of sounds including cooing,crying,gurgling,and murmuring,along with facial expressions,gestures,imitation,and other nonlinguistic means.What is Todd demonstrating?

A)phonology
B)morphology
C)semantics
D)prelinguistic communication

Question 11

Dieter has started using his first words to communicate.Statistically,how old is Dieter likely to be?

A)2 years
B)14 months
C)8 months
D)6 months

Question 12

The ability to use language to communicate is also known by what term?

A)phonological morphology
B)linguistic comprehension
C)fluency
D)linguistic production

Question 13

What is the systematic,meaningful arrangement of symbols for the purposes of communication also known as?

A)sign language
B)talking
C)language
D)information processing

Question 14

Which term refers to the basic sounds of language that can be combined to produce words and sentences?

A)symbols
B)letters
C)alphabet
D)phonemes

Question 15

At what age does babbling first appear?

A)10 to 12 months
B)4 to 6 months
C)2 to 3 months
D)1 to 2 months

Question 16

Which term refers to the overly restrictive use of words,common among children just mastering spoken language?

A)holographic speech
B)referential style
C)overextension
D)underextension

Question 17

Which term refers to the smallest language unit that has meaning?

A)morpheme
B)phonology
C)letter
D)symbol

Question 18

What are semantics?

A)the smallest language units that have meaning
B)rules that govern the meaning of words and sentences
C)the basic sounds of language
D)the systematic,meaningful arrangements of symbols

Question 19

What are one-word utterances that stand for a whole phrase,but whose meaning depends on the particular context in which they are used?

A)phonemes
B)semantics
C)holophrases
D)morphemes

Question 20

Given that babbling is a universal phenomenon,what does that suggest about the origins of language production?

A)All languages must have developed from a wordless "proto-language."
B)Language is a culturally learned phenomenon.
C)Language development should follow an unpredictable developmental sequence.
D)Language production may have an innate basis in humans.

Question 21

Which term describes the system of rules that determines how our thoughts can be expressed?

A)egocentric speech
B)fast mapping
C)private speech
D)grammar

Question 22

When young children use speech that is spoken aloud and directed toward themselves,it is generally identified by which term?

A)scaffolded speech
B)syntactic resonance
C)fast mapping
D)private speech

Question 23

Renaldo and Clara spend time with their baby,teaching her to say what she wants and to tell her parents how she feels.What is this style of speech called?

A)expressive
B)underextension
C)overextension
D)referential

Question 24

How do mothers in the United States compare to mothers in Japan in the styles of speech they use with their children?

A)Mothers in the United States tend to use an overextended style,whereas mothers in Japan tend to use an underextended style of speech.
B)Mothers in the United States tend to use an expressive style,whereas mothers in Japan tend to use a referential style of speech.
C)Mothers in the United States tend to use an underextended style,whereas mothers in Japan tend to use an overextended style of speech.
D)Mothers in the United States tend to use a referential style,whereas mothers in Japan tend to use an expressive style of speech.

Question 25

Which term is used for speech directed toward another person and meant to be understood by that person?

A)social speech
B)pragmatics
C)syntax
D)private speech

Question 26

Which term refers to the way an individual combines words and phrases to form sentences?

A)pragmatic speech
B)grammar
C)private speech
D)syntax

Question 27

Which term describes the overly broad use of words,including overgeneralizing their meaning?

A)referential style
B)overextension
C)expressive style
D)telegraphic speech

Question 28

By age 6,how large is the vocabulary of an average child?

A)3,000 words
B)8,000 words
C)14,000 words
D)30,000 words

Question 29

When a person is communicating effectively and appropriately with others,the person is following the general rules of __________.

A)morphemes
B)fast mapping
C)pragmatics
D)private speech

Question 30

When a young child learns how to take turns in conversation,stay on topic,and give appropriate responses such as "please" and "thank you," what is the child demonstrating knowledge of?

A)egocentric speech
B)pragmatics
C)social speech
D)fast mapping

Question 31

At approximately what age can a child first follow the principles of grammar most of the time?

A)3 years of age
B)4 years of age
C)5 years of age
D)6 years of age

Question 32

Alesander is 6 years old,and although he pronounces most words clearly,he has difficulty pronouncing "j," "v," "th," and "zh" sounds,which are examples of __________.

A)metalinguistics
B)phonemes
C)word blends
D)morphemes

Question 33

When school-age children understand the rules of language indicating how words and phrases can be combined to form sentences,they have grasped the concept of __________.

A)metalinguistic skills
B)metacognition
C)syntax
D)metamemory

Question 34

The vocabulary of a typical 6-year-old child is from 8,000 to 14,000 words,although that vocabulary grows by another __________ words between the ages of 9 and 11.

A)1,000
B)2,000
C)5,000
D)10,000

Question 35

Which term refers to a style of communication in which language is used primarily to convey feelings and needs related to oneself and others?

A)phonemic
B)recursive
C)referential
D)expressive

Question 36

Which term describes a style of communicating in which language is used primarily to label objects?

A)semantic style
B)underextended style
C)referential style
D)overextended style

Question 37

Which term describes instances in which new words are associated with their meaning after only a brief encounter?

A)encoding
B)egocentric speech
C)fast mapping
D)private speech

Question 38

Before the age of 3,most children are unable to effectively demonstrate __________ speech.

A)pragmatic
B)private
C)egocentric
D)social

Question 39

Melissa is teaching her baby to speak by learning the names of lots of familiar and different objects that the baby sees.What style of speech is Melissa advocating?

A)expressive
B)underextended
C)overextended
D)referential

Question 40

When school-age children become more competent with the rules governing the use of language to communicate in a given social setting,they are demonstrating knowledge of __________.

A)pragmatics
B)semantics
C)phonemes
D)metalinguistic awareness

Question 41

What general conclusion can be drawn correctly from the research evidence linking language and thought?

A)Language shapes thought.
B)Thought shapes language.
C)Language and thought influence one another.
D)Language shapes thought,thought shapes language,and language and thought influence one another.

Question 42

Which theory of language acquisition combines several schools of thought to propose that language development is produced through a combination of genetically predetermined predispositions and environmental circumstances?

A)universal grammar
B)interactionist perspective
C)learning theory approach
D)language-attainment hypothesis

Question 43

Which type of speech typically is directed toward infants and characterized by short,simple sentences?

A)infant-directed speech
B)universal grammar
C)natural holography
D)babbling

Question 44

Which of Noam Chomsky's linguistic concepts relates to how the human brain is uniquely and genetically predisposed to comprehend and produce language?

A)infant-directed speech
B)nativist retrieval
C)language-acquisition device
D)universal grammar

Question 45

The __________ states that language can shape and possibly determine the way people from various cultures perceive the world.

A)pragmatic speech theory
B)interactionist perspective
C)nativist position
D)linguistic-relativity hypothesis

Question 46

Rebecca wants her baby to stop playing and crawl across the room to her.Rebecca uses the short phrase "Come to Mommy" to prompt her baby.What is this an example of?

A)retroactive speech
B)universal grammar
C)morphology
D)infant-directed speech

Question 47

Which theory proposes that a genetically determined,innate mechanism directs language development?

A)learning theory approach
B)the relativistic hypothesis
C)universal grammar
D)nativist approach

Question 48

Infant-directed speech used to be known by what outdated and gender-assuming term?

A)lady language
B)daddytalk
C)newspeak
D)motherese

Question 49

A child is asked,"Do you want to play with your blankie,your dolly,or your kitty?" Based on well-documented findings,what is the sex of the child receiving this message?

A)a boy
B)a girl
C)equally likely to be a girl or a boy
D)there is no evidence that it should be either a girl or a boy

Question 50

Which theorist proposed the linguistic relativity hypothesis?

A)Lev Vygotsky
B)Jean Piaget
C)Noam Chomsky
D)Benjamin Lee Whorf

Question 51

Which term refers to the ability to communicate in more than one language?

A)pragmatics
B)bilingualism
C)syntax
D)metalinguistics

Question 52

Which theory proposes that language acquisition follows the basic laws of reinforcement and conditioning?

A)nativist approach
B)learning theory approach
C)universal grammar
D)infant-directed speech

Question 53

Which theorist proposed the nativist approach and universal grammar to explain how children learn their language skills?

A)B)F.Skinner
B)Benjamin Lee Whorf
C)Noam Chomsky
D)Lev Vygotsky

Question 54

Based on research linking socioeconomic status and language use,what recommendation should be made to parents when speaking to their children?

A)Children should initiate conversations with their parents,focusing on their feelings and needs.
B)Parents should speak to their children often,using varied language.
C)Parents should use a small vocabulary,repeating the same words each day in the same contexts.
D)Children should be spoken to only when necessary,to encourage them to develop their own language skills independently.

Question 55

The sentences "I'm SO thrilled to be here," "I'm so THRILLED to be here," "I'm so thrilled to be HERE," and "I'M so thrilled to be here" differ in __________.

A)syntax
B)grammar
C)phonemes
D)intonation

Question 56

Almost every time Amos articulates the word "da," his father picks him up with joy,smiles,and praises his son for trying to say "dad." The father's behavior reinforces Amos's behavior.Which theory of language acquisition is this an example of?

A)learning theory approach
B)universal grammar
C)nativist approach
D)infant-directed speech

Question 57

The notion that all of the world's languages share a similar underlying structure is summarized in which concept?

A)universal grammar
B)reactionist approach
C)language division approach
D)cultural-learning theory

Question 58

Which term refers to an understanding of one's own use of language?

A)metamemory
B)comprehension
C)metalinguistic awareness
D)receptive communication

Question 59

Children rely on __________ when information is fuzzy or incomplete,such as asking for clarifications of information.

A)metacognitive skills
B)metalinguistic awareness
C)pragmatics
D)syntax

Question 60

Which term refers to a neural system of the brain hypothesized to permit understanding of language?

A)nativist understanding device (NUD)
B)language-acquisition device (LAD)
C)speech generator unit (SGU)
D)universal grammar detector (UGD)

Question 61

__________,in which new words are associated with their meaning after only a brief encounter,is responsible for the 14,000-word vocabulary of the average 6-year-old.

A)Overextension
B)Fast mapping
C)Pragmatics
D)Telegraphic comprehension

Question 62

The __________ approach to language acquisition posits that children are born with the innate capacity to use language,which emerges as they mature.

A)relativist
B)reinforcement
C)nativist
D)interdependent

Question 63

The basic sounds of language that can be combined to produce words and sentences are called __________.

A)morphemes
B)comprehensives
C)semantics
D)phonemes

Question 64

It is estimated that by age 4,children from poorer families have been exposed to some __________ fewer words than children of more affluent families.

A)2 million
B)5 million
C)9 million
D)13 million

Question 65

The use of rising pitch,singsong intonation,repetitive sounds,and short,simple sentences are all characteristics of __________.

A)telegraphic speech
B)universal speech
C)infant-directed speech
D)immersion speech

Question 66

Describe the sequence of language development during the first two years,and give an example of each type of communication.Why does this sequence develop in this way?

Question 67

Vygotsky believed that by age 2,the development of thought and language have become __________.

A)universal
B)environmental
C)innate
D)interdependent

Question 68

The __________ hypothesis suggests that language provides categories that help children construct perceptions of people and events in their surroundings.

A)linguistic-relativity
B)environmental-interactionist
C)language-interdependence
D)reinforcement-behaviorist

Question 69

Explain why the relationship between language and thought is reciprocal,and give examples of research evidence to support each direction of causality.

Question 70

What do the learning theory approach and the interactionist approach to language development both have in common?

A)Both approaches emphasize the importance of biology on language development.
B)Both approaches emphasize the importance of the environment on language development.
C)Both terms can be used interchangeably to represent the same approach.
D)These two approaches actually do not have anything in common.

Question 71

Summarize three theories of language acquisition,noting the strengths and weaknesses of each.

Question 72

Because they have a wider range of linguistic possibilities to select from,children who are __________ tend to show more cognitive flexibility than their peers.

A)low in socioeconomic status
B)native language speakers
C)deaf
D)bilingual

Question 73

Explain the differences in infant-directed speech in various cultures.

Question 74

Summarize how living in poverty affects language development.

Question 75

One-word utterances,called __________,stand for a whole phrase and derive their meaning from the context in which they are used.

A)holophrases
B)morphemes
C)semantics
D)underextensions

Question 76

In a classic study,parents classified as professionals spent significantly more time __________ their children than did parents who received welfare assistance.

A)lecturing
B)interacting with
C)prohibiting
D)shopping with

Question 77

Roberto points out to his mother that he purposefully tries to use smaller words with his little brother than he does with his older brother.This is an example of __________.

A)holophrases
B)private speech
C)telegraphic speech
D)metalinguistic awareness

Question 78

When non-English speaking children are initially taught in their native language,while at the same time learning English,the technique is called __________.

A)bilingualism
B)bilingual education
C)pragmatics
D)metalinguistics

Question 79

A mother who rewards a child for making a sound that approximates ma is an example of which perspective on language acquisition?

A)linguistic-relativity theory
B)learning theory approach
C)universal grammar theory
D)innate skill approach

Question 80

__________ is a universal phenomenon in which infants spontaneously produce all of the sounds from every language.

A)Phonemic speech
B)Babbling
C)Telegraphic speech
D)Symbolism