Deck 24: The Urinary System

Question 1

Which is the correct order of filtrate flow

A) glomerular capsule, Proximal Convoluted tubule (PCT), Loop of Henle, Distal Convoluted tubule (DCT), Collecting duct
B) Loop of Henle, glomerular capsule, PCT, DCT, Collecting duct
C) Ascending limb of Loop, PCT, DCT, Collecting duct
D) Collecting duct, DCT, PCT, Collecting duct, glomerular capsule
E) PCT, glomerular capsule, DCT, Collecting duct, Loop of Henle

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which is not a major function of the kidney?

A) regulation of blood ionic composition
B) regulation of blood cell size
C) regulation of blood volume
D) regulation of blood pressure
E) regulation of blood pH

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The portion of the kidney that extends between the renal pyramids is called the

A) renal columns
B) renal medulla
C) renal pelvis
D) calyces
E) renal papilla

Answer 3

A

Question 4

This is the structure of the nephron that filters blood.

A) glomerular capsule
B) Loop of Henle
C) Ascending limb
D) Collecting duct
E) Renal corpuscle

Question 5

The proximal convoluted tubules reabsorb what percentage of filtered water

A) 25%
B) 50%
C) 65%
D) 80%
E) 99%

Question 6

This layer of the ureter is composed of transitional epithelium.

A) Mucosa
B) Transitional epithelium
C) Lamina propria
D) Adventitia
E) Lamina elastica

Question 7

Increased secretion of aldosterone would result in a ___________ of blood ____________.

A) increase, potassium
B) decrease, volume
C) increase, calcium levels
D) decrease, pH
E) increase, sodium

Question 8

This layer of the filtration membrane is composed of collagen fibers and proteoglycans in a glycoprotein matrix.

A) glomerular endothelial cells
B) basal lamina
C) pedicels
D) filtration slites
E) slit membrane

Question 9

This structure lies in the anterior corner of the trigone of the bladder.

A) Urethral sphincter
B) Adventitia bundle
C) Ureter
D) Internal urethral orifice
E) Muscularis bundle

Question 10

Which is the correct order of blood flow?

A) renal artery-segmental artery-interlobular artery-peritubular capillaries- afferent arterioles
B) interlobar arteries-arcuate arteries-glomerular capillaries-arcuate veins
C) arcuate veins-arcuate arteries- glomerular capillaries- renal vein
D) renal vein-segmental arteries-interlobar arteries- efferent arterioles
E) interlobar veins- afferent arterioles- efferent arterioles- glomerular capillaries

Question 11

In ___________ , a substance passes from the fluid in the tubular lumen through the apical membrane then across the cytosol into the interstitial fluid.

A) paracellular reabsorption
B) transcellular reabsorption
C) apical reasborption
D) basolateral reabsorption
E) active transport

Question 12

This is smooth dense irregular connective tissue that is continuous with the outer coat of the ureter.

A) adipose capsule
B) renal capsule
C) renal hilus
D) renal cortex
E) renal medulla

Question 13

Once fluid enters the proximal convoluted tubule:

A) it is less dense.
B) it has a higher K⁺ concentration.
C) it is called tubular fluid.
D) all the Na⁺ is removed.
E) it is headed to the ascending loop.

Question 14

This is a nephron process that results in a substance in the blood entering the already formed filtrate.

A) reabsorption
B) filtration
C) secretion
D) excretion
E) none of these choices

Question 15

This occurs when stretching triggers contraction of smooth muscle walls in afferent arterioles.

A) glomerular filtration rate
B) tubulomerular feedback
C) myogenic mechanism
D) renal autoregulation
E) capsular hydrostatic pressure

Question 16

This structure transports urine from the kidney to the bladder.

A) Urethra
B) Ureter
C) Descending loop of Henle
D) Renal hilus
E) none of these choices

Question 17

Which of the following is a waste product normally excreted by the kidneys?

A) urea
B) glucose
C) insulin
D) cholesterol
E) carbon dioxide

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a way angiotensin II affects the kidneys?

A) It increases GFR
B) It can decrease GFR
C) It enhances reabsorption of certain ions
D) It stimulates the release of aldosterone
E) none of these choices

Question 19

Which structure of the nephron reabsorbs the most substances

A) glomerular capsule
B) Loop of Henle
C) Ascending limb
D) Collecting duct
E) Proximal convoluted tubule

Question 20

This term means entry of substances into the body from the filtrate.

A) reabsorption
B) filtration
C) secretion
D) excretion
E) none of these choices

Question 21

Where is the arcuate vein? A) E
B) F
C) G
D) H
E) I

Question 22

Where is the papillary duct? A) C
B) F
C) H
D) N
E) O

Question 23

This layer runs deep to the peritoneum and anchors the kidney to the surrounding structures and to the abdominal wall. A) A
B) B
C) C
D) B and C
E) All of these answer choices are correct.

Question 24

Where is the distal convoluted tubule? A) D
B) E
C) J
D) K
E) L

Question 25

What two structures comprise the renal corpuscle? A) A and B
B) C and D
C) E and F
D) K and L
E) N and O

Question 26

Identify the cortex. A) A
B) D
C) E
D) I
E) F

Question 27

This structure is composed of dense irregular tissue that runs continuous with the ureter. A) A
B) B
C) C
D) A and B
E) All of these answer choices are correct.

Question 28

What is line "B" pointing to? A) Fenestrations
B) Pedicels
C) Filtration slit
D) Basal lamina
E) Lumen of the glomerulus

Question 29

Where is the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle? A) C
B) D
C) J
D) K
E) L

Question 30

Each kidney can have anywhere from 8 to 18 of these. A) H
B) A
C) I
D) J
E) G

Question 31

This layer's main function is to protect the kidney from trauma and hold it in place within the abdominal cavity. A) A
B) B
C) C
D) A and C
E) All of these answer choices are correct.

Question 32

This is where the hilum extends into the kidney. A) E
B) D
C) F
D) I
E) J

Question 33

What is line "D" pointing to? A) Fenestrations
B) Pedicels
C) Filtration slit
D) Basal lamina
E) Lumen of the glomerulus

Question 34

What does line "M" point to? A) Arcuate artery
B) Arcuate vein
C) Collecting duct
D) Descending loop
E) Efferent arteriole

Question 35

Which is the location of the nephron? A) G
B) F
C) A
D) I
E) J

Question 36

Where is the corticomedullary junction? A) G
B) J
C) M
D) N
E) O

Question 37

Where is the renal pelvis? A) B
B) M
C) J
D) D
E) C

Question 38

What is line "C" pointing to? A) Fenestrations
B) Pedicels
C) Slit membrane
D) Basal lamina
E) Lumen of the glomerulus

Question 39

What is line "A" pointing to? A) Fenestrations
B) Pedicels
C) Filtration slit
D) Basal lamina
E) Lumen of the glomerulus

Question 40

What is line "C" pointing to? A) Distal convoluted tubule
B) Interlobular artery
C) Efferent arteriole
D) Arcuate artery
E) Corticomedullary junction

Question 41

An increase in which of these hormones would result in inhibition of the reabsorption of sodium and water in the proximal convoluted tubule and collecting duct?

A) atrial natriuretic peptide
B) aldosterone
C) parathyroid hormone (PTH)
D)antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
E)Calcitonin

Question 42

An increase in which of these hormones would result in increased facultative water reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct?

A) atrial natriuretic peptide
B) aldosterone
C) parathyroid hormone (PTH)
D) antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
E) Calcitonin

Question 43

What is indicated by the line labeled "E"? A) Spongy urethra
B) Membranous urethra
C) External urethral orifice
D) Urinary bladder
E) Prostatic urethra

Question 44

Which is the correct order for the flow of urine from the nephron?

A) minor calyx - major calyx - renal pelvis - papillary duct - bladder - ureter
B) renal pelvis - minor calyx - papillary duct - major calyx - ureter - bladder
C) papillary duct - minor calyx - major calyx - renal pelvis - ureter - bladder
D) ureter - papillary duct - renal pelvis - major calyx - minor calyx - ureter - bladder
E) papillary duct - major calyx - minor calyx - renal pelvis - ureter - bladder

Question 45

Most solutes in body fluids are

A) electrolytes.
B) proteins.
C) sugars.
D) amino acids.
E) lipids.

Question 46

Which of these structures in the kidney is sensitive to changes in the volume and pressure of blood and can release renin to regulate the changes?

A) Vasa recta
B) Juxtaglomerular cells
C) Collecting duct
D) Hilum
E) Mesangial cells

Question 47

What is indicated by the line labeled "A"? A) Spongy urethra
B) Membranous urethra
C) External urethral orifice
D)Urinary bladder
E) Prostatic urethra

Question 48

What is indicated by the line labeled "D"? A) Spongy urethra
B) Membranous urethra
C) External urethral orifice
D) Urinary bladder
E) Prostatic urethra

Question 49

Describe the structural features of the renal corpuscle that enhance its blood filtering capacity.

Question 50

Which of these answers is NOT true when comparing a juxtamedullary nephron to a cortical nephron?

A)The nephron loop has a thin descending limb followed by a thick ascending limb.
B)The nephron loop of juxtamedullary nephrons extends deep into the medulla.
C)The nephron loop of juxtamedullary nephrons is longer than that of the cortical nephron.
D)The nephron loop of juxtamedullary nephron receives blood supply from both peritubular capillaries and the vasa recta.
E)Juxtamedullary nephrons are more common than cortical nephrons.

Question 51

What is indicated by the line labeled "C"? A) Spongy urethra
B) Membranous urethra
C) External urethral orifice
D) Urinary bladder
E) Prostatic urethra

Question 52

An increase in which of these hormones would stimulate the distal convoluted tubule to reabsorb more calcium ions?

A) atrial natriuretic peptide
B) aldosterone
C) parathyroid hormone (PTH)
D) antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
E) Calcitonin

Question 53

Describe the flow of blood through the kidneys.

Question 54

The type of body fluid found within the cells is called

A) plasma.
B) extracellular fluid.
C) interstitial fluid.
D) intracellular fluid.
E) water.

Question 55

Discuss the importance of countercurrent flow to the functioning of the nephron.

Question 56

For any solute, the rate of its excretion in urine would be equal to

A) its rate of glomerular filtration - its rate of tubular reabsorption - its rate of tubular secretion.
B) its rate of glomerular filtration - its rate of tubular reabsorption + its rate of tubular secretion.
C) its rate of glomerular filtration + its rate of tubular reabsorption + its rate of tubular secretion.
D) its rate of glomerular filtration + its rate of tubular reabsorption - its rate of tubular secretion.
E) none of these answers.

Question 57

What is indicated by the line labeled "B"? A) Spongy urethra
B) Membranous urethra
C) External urethral orifice
D)Urinary bladder
E)Prostatic urethra

Question 58

Trace the flow of a water molecule through the nephrons from the afferent arteriole to the minor calyx.

Question 59

An increase in which of these hormones would result in an increase in reabsorption of sodium and chloride, as well as increased secretion of potassium?

A) atrial natriuretic peptide
B) aldosterone
C)parathyroid hormone (PTH)
D)antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
E) Calcitonin

Question 60

Solutes in the blood are _______________ in the region of vasa recta that is deep in the medulla of the kidney than are solutes in the blood in other parts of the body.

A) less concentrated
B) equal in concentration
C) more concentrated
D) less ionized
E) more ionized

Question 61

Which of these statements is true regarding the regulation of H⁺ levels in the body by the kidney?

A) H⁺ is secreted by apical membrane of intercalated cells in the collecting duct, and bicarbonate ions cross the basolateral membrane into peritubular capillaries.
B) The level of H⁺ is entirely determined by secretion of H⁺ into and reabsorption of Na⁺ from tubular fluid by cells lining the proximal convoluted tubule
C) H⁺ is secreted by crossing the basolateral membrane of intercalated cells into peritubular capillaries, where the protons can then be excreted from the body in the urine.
D) Excess H⁺ reacts with dihydrogen phosphate in the kidney to form monohydrogen phosphate, thus buffering the pH in body fluids.
E) The kidney does not play a role in regulation of pH; exhalation of carbon dioxide in the lungs is the only way that the body regulates pH of body fluids.

Question 62

Which region of the nephron changes its permeability to water when there are changes in the level of antidiuretic hormone?

A) Proximal convoluted tubule
B) Descending limb of nephron loop
C) Thin ascending limb of nephron loop
D) Thick ascending limb of nephron loop
E )Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

Question 63

Which of these parts of the nephron is NOT permeable to urea?

A) Proximal convoluted tubule
B) Descending limb of nephron loop
C) Thin ascending limb of nephron loop
D) Thick ascending limb of nephron loop
E) Proximal portion of the collecting duct

Question 64

Describe in detail how the renin angiotensin negative feedback loop helps regulate blood pressure and glomerular filtration rate in response to dehydration.

Question 65

Which region of the nephron actively reabsorbs sodium and potassium ions from tubular fluid and has low permeability to water, even with an increase in ADH levels?

A) Proximal convoluted tubule
B) Descending limb of nephron loop
C) Thin ascending limb of nephron loop
D) Thick ascending limb of nephron loop
E) Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

Question 66

Which of these is NOT true of sodium and chloride ions?

A) Na⁺ and Cl^- are the two primary solutes in extracellular fluid in the body.
B) A salty meal results in an increase in the volume of blood in the body.
C) Na⁺ and Cl^- are the two primary solutes in urine.
D) Natriuresis is the urinary loss of Na⁺, and this Na⁺ is followed by Cl^- and water.
E) A salty meal causes increased release of renin by juxtaglomerular cells.

Question 67

Consumption of salty food will cause an increase in this hormone.

A) Aldosterone
B) Renin
C) ANH
D) Angiotensin-II
E) ADH

Question 68

Discuss the three main pressures that affect glomerular filtration.

Question 69

Tubular fluid becomes progressively _____________ as it flows down the descending limb of the nephron loop and progressively ___________________ as it flows up the ascending limb.

A) faster moving; slower moving
B) slower moving; faster moving
C) more dilute; more concentrated
D) more concentrated; more dilute
E) none of these answers.