Deck 23: Circulation and Respiration

Question 1

How does a shark's cardiovascular system differ from that of a mammal?

A)The shark's heart does not directly pump oxygenated blood to the systemic tissues.
B)The shark's heart receives both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
C)The shark's circulatory system has a pulmonary and a systemic circuit.
D)The shark's blood is pumped through open-ended tubes.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of these animals has a double circulatory system?

A)fish
B)grasshopper
C)dog
D)hydra

Answer 2

C

Question 3

A heart murmur occurs when there is a defect in ________.

A)a heart valve
B)the sinoatrial node
C)arterioles
D)the timing of the cardiac cycle

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Plasma is where we could find ________ in the blood.

A)white blood cells
B)red blood cells
C)hormones
D)platelets

Question 5

Red blood cells lack nuclei and other organelles which allows them to ________.

A)have more room to carry hemoglobin
B)have a small surface area
C)contain less hemoglobin than they might otherwise be able to carry
D)carry more calcium

Question 6

Trace the path of a red blood cell in a circuit that takes it from the capillary bed of the right kidney to the capillary bed of the left kidney. Assume that you are doing this for an animal with a double circulation system.

A)capillary bed of right kidney → venules → veins → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary arteries →? capillaries of lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta → arteries → arterioles → capillary bed of left kidney
B)capillary bed of right kidney → venules → veins → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary veins → capillaries of lungs → pulmonary arteries → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta → arteries → arterioles → capillary bed of left kidney
C)capillary bed of right kidney → venules → veins → left atrium → left ventricle → pulmonary arteries → capillaries of lungs → pulmonary veins → right atrium → right ventricle → aorta → arteries → arterioles → capillary bed of left kidney
D)capillary bed of right kidney → arterioles → arteries → aorta → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary arteries → capillaries of lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → left ventricle → veins → venules → capillary bed of left kidney

Question 7

Blood pressure that is consistently ________ or higher would indicate that you have hypertension.

A)120/80
B)140/90
C)110/85
D)100/75

Question 8

Which of these carry(ies)oxygen-poor blood?

A)pulmonary arteries
B)pulmonary veins
C)aorta
D)left ventricle

Question 9

Why is blood pressure higher during systole than during diastole?

A)The contraction of the heart during systole increases the blood pressure against arterial walls.
B)The relaxation of the heart during systole increases the blood pressure against arterial walls.
C)The contraction of the heart during diastole decreases the blood pressure against arterial walls.
D)More blood flows into the heart during systole than during diastole.

Question 10

Blood pressure is lowest in ________.

A)veins
B)capillaries
C)arterioles
D)venules

Question 11

One type of electrical defect in the heart is a delay in the electrical signal from the sinoatrial node to the relay point. Predict the effect of this defect on the cardiac cycle.

A)The atria relax for a shorter period of time.
B)The atria relax for a longer period of time.
C)The ventricles relax for a shorter period of time.
D)The ventricles relax for a longer period of time.

Question 12

Which is a characteristic of open circulatory systems but NOT closed circulatory systems?

A)a heart
B)a vascular system
C)blood
D)open-ended vessels

Question 13

Veins carry ________.

A)blood away from the heart
B)oxygen-rich blood
C)oxygen-poor blood
D)blood toward the heart

Question 14

What is one way in which the cardiovascular system of a mammal is different than that of an arthropod such as an insect?

A)The heart of the mammal pumps blood into arteries, while the insect heart does not.
B)Veins send blood to a mammal's lungs, while insect veins send blood to the heart.
C)A mammal's blood is always contained inside vessels, while an insect's blood sometimes leaves the vessels.
D)A mammal has a heart to pump blood, while an insect does not have a heart.

Question 15

The basic rhythm of the heartbeat is set by the ________.

A)systolic pressure
B)EKG
C)sinoatrial node
D)"fight-or-flight" hormone

Question 16

If your blood pressure were 120/70, it would mean that ________.

A)your blood pressure during systole is 120 and your blood pressure during diastole is 70
B)you have high blood pressure
C)you have low blood pressure
D)your blood pressure during systole is 120 and your heart rate is 70

Question 17

In humans, oxygen is delivered from the environment to the cells of the body by ________.

A)a closed circulatory system
B)an open circulatory system
C)diffusion
D)diffusion and facilitated diffusion

Question 18

Animals such as hydras and jellies can exchange gases directly with the environment by ________.

A)diffusion
B)active transport
C)osmosis
D)bulk transport

Question 19

In animals with a closed circulatory system, gas exchange occurs across the thin walls of ________.

A)arteries
B)arterioles
C)capillaries
D)venules

Question 20

Which blood vessels have thin, leaky walls?

A)capillaries
B)venules
C)arteries
D)veins

Question 21

Leukemia ________.

A)decreases the production of white blood cells
B)increases the production of red blood cells
C)is a cancer of the white blood cells
D)is a cancer that arises in the lungs

Question 22

In the human respiratory system, gas exchange occurs across the cells of the ________.

A)diaphragm
B)trachea
C)bronchi
D)alveoli

Question 23

Reduced consumption of ________ is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

A)fruits and vegetables
B)red meats
C)products containing trans fats
D)tobacco products

Question 24

To allow rapid diffusion between the body and the environment, gas exchange requires a surface that is both ________.

A)durable and stiff
B)protected within the body and connected to the circulatory system
C)thin and moist
D)permeable to oxygen and impermeable to carbon dioxide

Question 25

In a human, the ________ provide(s)a common passageway for both food and air.

A)bronchioles
B)trachea
C)pharynx
D)alveoli

Question 26

Together, inhalation and exhalation are referred to as ________.

A)diffusion
B)breathing
C)active transport
D)positive pressure

Question 27

When you hold your breath, which changes in one or more blood gases leads initially to the urge to breathe again?

A)rising carbon monoxide level
B)rising carbon dioxide level
C)falling carbon monoxide level
D)rising carbon dioxide level and falling carbon monoxide level

Question 28

What structure do insects use for gas exchange?

A)lungs
B)tracheae
C)skin
D)gills

Question 29

What can cause anemia?

A)bone marrow disease, but not iron deficiency or low numbers of white blood cells
B)iron deficiency, but not bone marrow disease or low numbers of white blood cells
C)low numbers of white blood cells, but not bone marrow disease or iron deficiency
D)bone marrow disease and iron deficiency

Question 30

Earthworms use ________ as their respiratory organ.

A)lungs
B)gills
C)their skin
D)tracheae

Question 31

Most oxygen is transported through the body ________.

A)dissolved in the blood
B)dissolved in red blood cells
C)bound to hemoglobin
D)bound to dissolved iron

Question 32

When tissue lining a blood vessel is damaged, the first thing that happens is ________.

A)erythrocytes release fibrin
B)leukocytes multiply
C)platelets convert fibrinogen to fibrin
D)platelets adhere to the damaged tissue

Question 33

The buildup of plaque in the walls of arteries results in ________.

A)leukemia
B)atherosclerosis
C)anemia
D)low blood pressure

Question 34

White blood cells play a particularly important role in ________.

A)fighting infections
B)supporting the activity of red blood cells
C)carrying carbon dioxide
D)blood clotting

Question 35

Why do cigarette smokers cough more than most people do?

A)The tar in cigarette smoke tends to make alveoli become sticky and close. Coughing opens them.
B)Coughing is the respiratory system's attempt to clear itself of the thick mucus that is produced in response to smoke exposure.
C)Cigarette smoking partially paralyzes the lungs; coughing exchanges the resultant "dead air."
D)Coughing stimulates blood flow to the lungs.

Question 36

Cigarette smoking has many health consequences. Choose the exception.

A)It is responsible for about one in five deaths of Americans every year.
B)It accounts for 80-90% of all cases of lung cancer.
C)Secondhand smoke can affect the health of nonsmokers.
D)A former smoker will never attain the health status of a nonsmoker.

Question 37

Most of the time, breathing is controlled by ________.

A)hormones in blood plasma
B)the spinal cord
C)the circulatory system
D)control centers in the brain stem

Question 38

What path does a molecule of O₂ take from the nose to the respiratory surface?

A)pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchus → bronchiole → alveolus
B)larynx → pharynx → trachea → bronchus → bronchiole → alveolus
C)pharynx → larynx → bronchus → bronchiole → alveolus → trachea
D)pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchiole → bronchus → alveolus

Question 39

Animals need O₂ because it ________.

A)plays a role in obtaining energy from food
B)helps animals synthesize proteins
C)is necessary to make CO₂
D)is needed to deliver hemoglobin to the cells of an animal's body

Question 40

What structure do lobsters use for gas exchange?

A)gills
B)lungs
C)skin
D)tracheae

Question 41

Which group of people is most likely to have an iron deficiency?

A)pregnant women
B)smokers
C)high altitude residents
D)endurance athletes

Question 42

Please refer to the following art to answer the following questions.
The one-way flow of blood in veins is maintained by ________.

A)blood pressure
B)muscles pressing against the veins
C)their thick walls
D)valves

Question 43

The scientists studied 11 elite runners in this experiment. How does their sample size affect the validity of their study?

A)The small sample size limits how broadly their conclusions apply to athletes in general.
B)The sample size is sufficient to make conclusions about all endurance athletes, because there are very few endurance athletes.
C)Although the sample size was small, scientists should still consider these results as reliable as results from larger sample sizes because it is very hard to study humans.

Question 44

The Antarctic icefishes are the only known vertebrates to lack hemoglobin. What would be LEAST likely to alter gas transport from the environment to an icefish's cells?

A)higher oceanic temperatures from global warming
B)higher concentrations of carbon monoxide in the water from pollution
C)higher concentrations of carbon dioxide in the water from pollution
D)an injury that reduces the surface area of gills

Question 45

Examine the structure of blood vessels in the figure. Which vessel has the structure best suited to chemical exchange between the blood and tissues?

A)venule
B)capillary
C)arteriole
D)artery

Question 46

In varicose veins, veins are enlarged and blood flows backwards from the normal flow. What might help return the blood flow in these veins to normal?

A)Reduce physical activity.
B)Raise legs above the level of the heart when resting.
C)Remove valves from varicose veins.
D)Stand or sit still for long periods of time.

Question 47

The figure below is from an experiment on athletes. The "live high, train low" group lived for 18 days in rooms with a simulated altitude of 3,000 m, while training (exercising)at 1,200 m. Use this information and this figure to answer the following questions.
The scientists who conducted this experiment were testing the hypothesis that living at high altitudes will boost red blood cell production, which can then affect stamina when training and competing at lower altitudes. Why did they measure the athletes' aerobic capacity, which is the maximum amount of oxygen used in one minute per kilogram of body weight?

A)Red blood cells carry oxygen, which is needed for muscle function. An increased ability to take in oxygen should correspond to more red blood cells.
B)Oxygen is needed for muscle function. More oxygen is needed to do the same amount of work at high altitude compared to low altitude.
C)Athletes with high production of red blood cells need less oxygen than those with a low production of red blood cells.

Question 48

The figure below is from an experiment on athletes. The "live high, train low" group lived for 18 days in rooms with a simulated altitude of 3,000 m, while training (exercising)at 1,200 m. Use this information and this figure to answer the following questions.
The scientists who conducted this experiment were testing the hypothesis that living at high altitudes will boost red blood cell production, which can then affect stamina when training and competing at lower altitudes. What group of athletes is an appropriate control treatment for this experiment?

A)Athletes who lived and trained at 1,200 m.
B)Athletes who lived at 1,200 m and trained at 3,000 m.
C)Athletes who lived at 3,000 m and trained at 1,200 m.
D)Athletes who lived and trained at 3,000 m.

Question 49

Because of the changes in blood pressure through the circulatory system, the best way to feel a pulse is by pressing a finger against ________.

A)a vein
B)a capillary
C)an artery
D)either an artery or a vein

Question 50

Examine the figure shown. During breathing in humans, ________.

A)the diaphragm moves downward and the rib muscles contract, increasing the size of the chest cavity and decreasing the air pressure within the chest cavity
B)the nasal cavities expand and the diaphragm relaxes
C)the diaphragm and rib muscles contract, decreasing the size of the chest cavity and increasing the pressure within the chest cavity
D)the diaphragm moves downward and the rib muscles relax, increasing the size of the chest cavity and decreasing the air pressure within the chest cavity

Question 51

The figure below is of an important molecule for oxygen transport. This figure shows that ________.

A)hemoglobin can bind to either oxygen or carbon dioxide
B)a hemoglobin molecule can bind up to four molecules of oxygen
C)a red blood cell contains four hemoglobin molecules
D)each iron atom can bind four oxygen molecules

Question 52

In this figure, what do the dissolved substances and water represent?

A)plasma
B)erythrocytes
C)leukocytes
D)fibrinogen

Question 53

What is the pathway an oxygen molecule would take through the human circulatory system?

A)systemic tissues → alveoli → pulmonary vein → pulmonary capillaries → systemic capillaries → left ventricle → left atrium → aorta → systemic arteries
B)alveoli → pulmonary capillaries → pulmonary vein → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta → systemic arteries → systemic capillaries → systemic tissues
C)alveoli → pulmonary capillaries → pulmonary artery → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary vein → systemic arteries → systemic capillaries → systemic tissues
D)alveoli → pulmonary vein → pulmonary capillaries → systemic capillaries → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta → systemic arteries → systemic tissues

Question 54

In this figure, what could one of the dissolved substances be?

A)protein
B)erythrocytes
C)leukocytes

Question 55

An unknown liquid toxin in the environment appears to diffuse easily across respiratory surfaces. Which animal's respiratory surfaces would most likely come in contact with this toxin?

A)leech
B)stinkbug
C)opossum
D)spider

Question 56

What does the graph show about the experiment?

A)The increase in red blood cell production from living at a high altitude diminishes after returning to low altitude.
B)Living at high altitude does not have an effect on red blood cell production.
C)The increase in red blood cell production from living at a high altitude occurs from day 0.

Question 57

A scientist claimed that students might get better scores on written exams if they wiggle their legs frequently while taking an exam. This could work (but it is not better than studying)because wiggling legs might ________.

A)propel more blood from the legs back to the heart, increasing oxygen flow to the brain
B)add more oxygen to the blood that is returning to the heart
C)shake out more of the carbon dioxide that lingers in the blood returning to the heart
D)break up blood clots in the legs, which slow the movement of blood back to the heart

Question 58

Read the following scenario to answer the following questions.
Blood flowing away from the heart is under tremendous pressure, able to travel to just about any portion of the body. However, blood pressure drops considerably as it moves away from the heart. When blood finally reaches capillaries, the blood pressure drops to nearly zero. Therefore, when a person is standing, blood returning from the feet is not moved back towards the heart by contractions of the heart.
Blood is propelled back to the heart by ________.

A)rhythmic contractions of muscles in the walls of veins and the action of one-way valves
B)skeletal muscle contractions around veins and the action of one-way valves
C)suction force of the heart pulling blood into the empty chambers
D)the natural flow of blood into ever-larger blood vessels leading to the heart

Question 59

The following figure illustrates ________.

A)diastolic blood pressure
B)systolic blood pressure
C)the pulmonary circuit
D)the systemic circuit

Question 60

The cardiovascular system of a mouse works like that of a human. A mouse is moved from sea level (low altitude)to the top of a mountain (high altitude). How could this mouse's cardiovascular system maintain a similar rate of oxygen delivery to its tissues now that the mouse is at the top of the mountain?

A)Decrease breathing rate.
B)Decrease heart rate.
C)Increase the depth of ventilation.

Question 61

In a person with SCD, where would red blood cells with a sickle shape be LEAST likely to be found?

A)pulmonary arteries
B)pulmonary veins
C)right atrium
D)right ventricle

Question 62

The structure where the respiratory and digestive systems meet expands during a yawn. What is the name of this structure?

A)bronchus
B)larynx
C)pharynx
D)trachea

Question 63

The scientists found that the level of carbon dioxide in the air did not cause college students to yawn more frequently. What other experiment could they conduct to confirm that they should reject the hypothesis that yawning is regulated in the same way as breathing?

A)Test the effect of hemoglobin amounts on the frequency of yawning.
B)Test the effect of exercise levels on the frequency of yawning.
C)Test the effect of carbon monoxide (CO)levels on the frequency of yawning.

Question 64

What finding would be considered support for the hypothesis tested by the scientists?

A)College students produce more carbon dioxide when they yawn more frequently.
B)College students yawn with the same frequency regardless of carbon dioxide levels.
C)College students yawn more when they are in lecture, compared to when they are in lab.
D)College students yawn more when they are exposed to higher levels of carbon dioxide.

Question 65

Yawning uses the same muscles as regular breathing. When a person exhales to complete a yawn, what happens?

A)The rib muscles contract.
B)The diaphragm contracts.
C)The rib muscles act in the same way that they do in an inhalation.
D)The diaphragm relaxes.

Question 66

Red blood cells with a sickle shape can block circulation in small blood vessels. Which blood vessels are most likely to become blocked by sickle cells?

A)veins
B)arteries
C)arterioles
D)capillaries

Question 67

The scientists investigated carbon dioxide levels in their experiment because high carbon dioxide levels in the ________ signal control centers in the brain to increase rate and depth of inhalations and exhalations.

A)alveoli
B)blood
C)heart muscle
D)pharynx

Question 68

Draw a graph that shows a relationship between carbon dioxide and yawning that supports the hypothesis of the scientists. To graph their results, the scientists would plot the ________.

A)number of yawns on the x-axis
B)dependent variable on the x-axis
C)level of carbon dioxide on the x-axis
D)age of college students on the x-axis

Question 69

What must be TRUE if yawning has a regulatory mechanism similar to breathing?

A)Athletes should yawn more when exercising compared to when they are not exercising.
B)Tibetan mountaineers yawn less when they are walking compared to when they are standing still.
C)People adapted to lower altitudes should yawn the same amount when they are at high altitudes.
D)Athletes who have trained at high altitudes should inhale a greater volume of air when yawning compared to those who have trained only at low altitudes.