Deck 7: The Powers and Perils of Intuition

Question 1

Which of the following strategies might be helpful in reducing the overconfidence bias?

A)getting people to think about why their judgments might be wrong
B)delaying feedback regarding the accuracy of people's judgments
C)informing people about the overconfidence bias
D)telling people that there is no remedy for the overconfidence bias

Answer 1

getting people to think about why their judgments might be wrong

Question 2

Your best friend is a good chess player and has won numerous awards.When you play chess with her,you notice that she seems to be aware of her strategies almost immediately after your move.Her awareness of these strategies reflects what type of thinking?

A)controlled processing
B)automatic processing
C)internal processing
D)intentional processing

Answer 2

automatic processing

Question 3

When we are eager to seek information that verifies our beliefs but less inclined to seek evidence that might disprove our beliefs,the _____ has occurred.

A)hindsight bias
B)confirmation bias
C)overconfidence phenomenon
D)fundamental attribution error

Answer 3

confirmation bias

Question 4

One reason people are overconfident is that they are not inclined to seek out information

A)from experts.
B)that is objective and factual.
C)that involves judging estimates and comparisons.
D)that might disprove what they believe.

Question 5

Thinking that is effortless,impulsive,and without awareness is called

A)controlled processing.
B)automatic processing.
C)internal processing.
D)intentional processing.

Question 6

Jumping out of your seat as a result of an unexpected scene in a movie is what type of thinking?

A)controlled processing
B)automatic processing
C)internal processing
D)intentional processing

Question 7

The recognition of a friend's voice after the first spoken word of a phone conversation is an example of

A)controlled processing.
B)the overconfidence phenomenon.
C)automatic processing.
D)the confirmation bias.

Question 8

Students at the Carnegie Mellon University were asked to answer a survey that included a question about student control over the university curriculum.A week later,they agreed to write an essay opposing student control.When asked to recall how they had answered the question before writing the essay,most of the students recalled having held

A)the same attitude as their parents and relatives.
B)the same opinion as their friends.
C)the same attitude as after the experiment.
D)a neutral attitude prior to the experiment.

Question 9

When trying to recall the definition of the fundamental attribution error during an exam,you think back to what the professor was wearing when he was talking about the fundamental attribution error in class.What type of thinking is this?

A)controlled processing
B)automatic processing
C)internal processing
D)intentional processing

Question 10

The tendency to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs is called the

A)perseverance bias.
B)fundamental attribution error.
C)correspondence bias.
D)overconfidence phenomenon.

Question 11

Your summer vacation was perhaps not an overwhelmingly positive event.However,during the finals week of August,you remember it as being a fantastic time.This is an example of

A)the perseverance bias.
B)the fundamental attribution error.
C)the correspondence bias.
D)rosy retrospection.

Question 12

Kruger and Dunning (1999)found that those students who scored the lowest on tests of grammar and logic were _____ to overestimating their grammar and logic skills.

A)least prone
B)most prone
C)sometimes prone
D)never prone

Question 13

Which of the following statements is most likely true of overconfident people?

A)They are highly competent in the tasks they perform.
B)They refrain from seeking information that might disprove them.
C)They score high on grammar,humor,and logic tests.
D)They are acutely aware of their errors but refuse to accept them.

Question 14

Sharon typically watches televised news stations that support her existing political beliefs.She is less inclined to watch the news on other stations as it may disprove her preconceptions.Sharon's approach illustrates the

A)confirmation bias.
B)misinformation effect.
C)base-rate fallacy.
D)I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon.

Question 15

Martha habitually underestimates the time she requires to complete her research paper that is due at the end of each semester.Her behavior is an example of

A)behavioral confirmation.
B)the fundamental attribution error.
C)illusory correlation.
D)the overconfidence phenomenon.

Question 16

Thinking that is deliberate,reflective,and conscious is called

A)controlled processing.
B)automatic processing.
C)external processing.
D)intentional processing.

Question 17

You used to envy your brother because he was always so confident when talking to others.Yet,the older you became,the more you realized that your brother is more often convinced of things rather than being accurate about them.Your brother's behavior can be explained by the

A)perseverance bias.
B)fundamental attribution error.
C)correspondence bias.
D)overconfidence phenomenon.

Question 18

According to the text,people in psychotherapy and self-improvement programs for weight control,antismoking,and exercise showed only modest improvements,yet they claimed that they

A)did not improve at all.
B)experienced considerable change.
C)experienced rapid improvement,then a steady decline.
D)experienced change.