Deck 17: Ethical Issues and Guidelines for Research

Question 1

What is the primary purpose of debriefing a participant?

A) To describe future research
B) To explain the purpose of the research
C) To counteract or minimize any negative effects from the experiment
D) To answer any questions about the experiment

Answer 1

To counteract or minimize any negative effects from the experiment

Question 2

If four researchers collaborated on a research project, who among the following might be least likely to be entitled to authorship on the published research report?

A) Researcher # 1: Ran all of the participants
B) Researcher # 2: Developed the design and procedure
C) Researcher # 3: Wrote portions of the report and completed some of the data analysis
D) Researcher # 4: Decided what data analyses to use and conducted the analyses

Answer 2

Researcher # 1: Ran all of the participants

Question 3

Fraud in science:

A) Undermines public trust in research
B) Reflects an explicit effort to deceive and misrepresent
C) Is important to address in the training of researchers
D) All of the above

Answer 3

All of the above

Question 4

Data and information about a published study are often shared made available to others) in the sciences. However,

A) Investigators are often reluctant to share information
B) There are some complexities such as whether sharing data would limit plans the investigators have for further data, whether use of the data extends beyond informed consent provided by the subjects, what constitutes "the data" e.g., just what was reported or additional information that might help interpret that)
C) There may be legal obligations to share data, depending on mandates from a government funding agency
D) All of the above

Question 5

Which of the following is required in justifying the use of deception?

A) The actual purpose is difficult to understand
B) The nature of the research is controversial
C) Less deceptive technique will not produce the desired effect
D) the deception will be easier for the participant to accept

Question 6

Why is deception typically utilized in experiments?

A) Informing participants of the true nature of the study may dictate or unduly influence behavior
B) To determine how different cover stories can influence participant's attitudes
C) Informing participants about the experimental hypotheses may create problems
D) Describing the actual purpose of studies can be overly technical

Question 7

Consent forms contain several items. Which of the following is a list of items one would typically find on a consent form?

A) Alternative treatments, benefits, costs and compensation
B) Benefits, future research, costs and compensation
C) Risks, cost and compensation, outcome predictions
D) Design of the experiment, overview, outcome predictions

Question 8

The spirit of consent refers to:

A) Consenting to participate without actually signing a consent form
B) The researcher's best effort to convey the predicted outcomes of the experiment
C) Getting consent from an authority to run a group of people without getting consent from each individual participant
D) The researcher's attempt to describe the purpose and procedure of an experiment

Question 9

Conflict of interest can emerge in a study:

A) If the investigator has some commercial interest in the findings such as support for a program or intervention he or she tries to sell)
B) If a contract or grant that funds research has an agenda that competes with obtaining objective data
C) If the investigator is not allowed to publish or place in the public domain findings that do not support the view of an agency that requested the research
D) All of the above

Question 10

Why should no-treatment or waiting-list control design be used sparingly?

A) They present ethical problems
B) They are expensive and difficult to maintain
C) They do not important to most designs
D) Treatment effects are less powerful than other designs

Question 11

Ethical guidelines have been developed for research practices in part to:

A) Explain the obligations of researchers towards subjects
B) Dictate the type of research that can be conducted
C) Codify the requirements of publishing research reports
D) Rule out objectionable practices such as deception in research

Question 12

What is the psychological term that refers to ensuring that the identity of the participants and their performance is not revealed?

A) Confidentiality
B) Classified status
C) Anonymity
D) a and b

Question 13

Which of the following is not a necessary component of informed consent?

A) Competence
B) Structure
C) Knowledge
D) Volition

Question 14

Informed consent is an essential part of research because:

A) It is when participants are told the purpose of the research
B) It is when participants agree to participate in the research
C) It describes the design of the experiment
D) It explains the requirements for participation in the experiment

Question 15

Ethical issues can emerge

A) In relation to the individual subject in an experiment
B) In relation to groups of subjects e.g., given cultural or ethnic group) whether or not they were included in the study
C) Only when there is reason to believe there is some psychological or physical risk to the subject
D) a and b