Deck 3: Ethical Guidelines for Research

Question 1

The requirement of informed consent ______.

A) is more difficult to define than one might think on first glance
B) is straightforward
C) clearly states that it can be given by anyone
D) requires participants to be told after taking part in an experiment

Answer 1

A

Question 2

IRB stands for ______.

A) Important Reviewing Benefits
B) Incipient Review Board
C) Intrepid Review Board
D) Institutional Review Board

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following types of research creates few ethical problems?

A) survey
B) experiment
C) descriptive
D) explanatory

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following is not a current ethical standard concerning the treatment of human subjects?

A) Research should cause no more than a minimal risk of harm to subjects.
B) Confidentiality must be maintained unless explicitly waived.
C) Subjects should be compensated for their time and effort.
D) Researchers should fully disclose purposes of research.

Question 5

The ______ was passed by Congress in 1996 and created stricter regulations for the protection of health care data.

A) Health Care Data Protection Act (HCDPA)
B) Health Care Provider Regulations Act (HCPRA)
C) Participant Data Act (PDA)
D) Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)

Question 6

The necessary starting point for ethical research practice is ______.

A) achieving reliable results
B) achieving valid results
C) deciding what population to research
D) deciding who we should study

Question 7

If deception is used in an experiment, the researcher should ______ the participants afterwards to conduct ethical research.

A) debrief
B) advise
C) disclose
D) notify

Question 8

In the process of debriefing, the researcher ______.

A) explains to the subject what happened in the study and why
B) tries to make sure the participants are competent to give consent
C) discloses her or his identity partially
D) publishes the results of the study

Question 9

The Tuskegee syphilis experiment was conducted by the ______.

A) U. S. Army
B) German Army
C) British military
D) U. S. Public Health Service

Question 10

What famous prison simulation raised questions about the ethical treatment of subjects?

A) Harvard University Jail Study
B) Milgram's obedience Study
C) Stanford Prison Study
D) Humphreys Tearoom Trade

Question 11

The U. S. Government created a National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects which released a report in 1979, establishing ______ basic ethical principles for the protection of human subjects.

A) five
B) four
C) three
D) two

Question 12

The Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects is also known as the ______.

A) ACJS
B) IRB
C) Common Rule
D) Belmont Policy

Question 13

Formal procedures regarding the protection of research participants emerged ______.

A) after the US Public Health Service research at the Tuskegee regarding the 'natural course' of syphilis came to light
B) around the time of the Civil War
C) after revelations from the Nuremberg War Crimes Trials exposed horrific medical experiments
D) from the Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects

Question 14

Milgram's research on obedience to authority figures' instructions was prompted by ______.

A) Yale University's research funding
B) the Nazi Germany regime of the 1930s and 1940s
C) the U.S. Army's actions leading up to World War II
D) Stanford University's prison simulation

Question 15

Regarding the ability to give consent to participate in research, children ______.

A) can give consent if they sign a consent form
B) are never allowed to be used in research
C) may only participate if the researcher can prove there are no possible risks to them
D) cannot legally consent to participate in research

Question 16

Who determines whether deception of research participants is justifiable?

A) the researcher
B) the IRB
C) a medical official
D) the participants

Question 17

______ is a document issued by the National Institutes of Health to protect researchers from being legally required to disclose confidential information.

A) Certificate of Privacy
B) Confidentiality Document
C) Certificate of Confidentiality
D) Research Protection License

Question 18

In 2017, there was a revision of the 1991 Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects, which ______.

A) reinforced IRB review of human subjects research
B) added a new exemption from IRB review of research involving "benign behavioral interventions"
C) increased scrutiny of human subjects research
D) made only minimal changes to clarify the original intent of the document

Question 19

Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment lasted ______.

A) two weeks (14 days)
B) one week (seven days)
C) six days
D) three days

Question 20

There are special protections in place regarding research involving ______ populations.

A) egregious
B) vulnerable
C) indecent
D) fearful

Question 21

Emilia Bergen and her colleagues (2013) examined how adult male chat room visitors reacted to ______.

A) researchers posing as young adults in chat rooms
B) adults posing as young children in chat rooms
C) researchers posing as older adolescents (all over 16) in chat rooms
D) children and adolescents (adults posing as children) in three chat rooms

Question 22

The researcher who conducted famous studies on obedience to authority was Philip Zimbardo.

Question 23

Milgram used community members in his studies on obedience.

Question 24

Because individuals under the supervision of a correctional system are under constraints that could affect their ability to voluntarily consent to participate in research, ______.

A) they are never allowed to participate in research
B) there are also special protections for these populations
C) they must be considered an available population for research for the greater good
D) the use of incentives to participate is encouraged

Question 25

For researchers interested in examining criminal, deviant, or otherwise hidden subcultures, ______.

A) it is easy to secure informed consent from participants
B) obtaining informed consent is often quite difficult if not impossible
C) there is so much access for researchers, gaining consent is not difficult
D) obtaining consent to participate is especially easy to secure as long as the proper incentive is offered

Question 26

IRBs ensure that the decision to take part in research can have no effect on ______.

A) how he/she views participation in the research
B) an inmate's future treatment and/or parole decision
C) the inmate's decision as to where they would like to get involved after release
D) an inmate's mental health

Question 27

The National Institute of Justice can issue a Privacy Certificate, and the National Institutes of Health can issue a Certificate of Confidentiality. Both of these documents protect researchers from ______.

A) having to lock records
B) maximizing the risk of access by unauthorized persons
C) being legally required to disclose confidential information
D) observation in public places

Question 28

By regulatory definition, any person under 18 years old is considered to be a child and, as such, ______.

A) can only participate in social research with the researcher's permission
B) has not attained the legal age for consent to treatments and procedures involved in research
C) can never participate in social research
D) may only participate if they are given a reward for their participation

Question 29

A passive consent procedure is where ______.

A) students can participate as long as their parents do not return a form indicating their lack of consent
B) both the parent and student assent to participation
C) neither the student nor parent is asked whether they would like to participate, but are allowed to participate passively
D) students are allowed to participate since parents return a form indicating their assent

Question 30

An IRB proposal must include research instruments and consent forms, as applicable, as well as ______.

A) enough detail about the research design to convince the IRB members that the potential benefits of the research outweigh any risks
B) sufficient information about the research to show that the researcher knows his/her subject well enough
C) the pledge from all researchers that they will not mistreat any subjects
D) enough information to show that it is the researcher's intent to provide a pleasant experience for all involved

Question 31

An IRB has the authority to require changes in a research protocol or to refuse to approve a research protocol ______.

A) if it deems human subjects' protections inadequate
B) if it thinks it will make it easier to conduct research
C) unless the use of drugs by participants are involved
D) if it deems that human subjects' protections are adequate

Question 32

The Belmont Report established four basic ethical principles for the protection of human subjects.

Question 33

Milgram's (1963) obedience experiments highlighted the atrocities committed under the Nazis by ______.

A) soldiers at My Lai in Vietnam
B) citizens and soldiers who were "just following orders"
C) young men in the prison experiment
D) the internment of Japanese Americans

Question 34

Institutions seeking federal funds for research involving human subjects must have a group that reviews research proposals.

Question 35

To promote adequate review of ethical issues, the regulations require that IRBs include ______.

A) seven members, all from the researcher's institution
B) at least five members, with at least one nonscientist and one from outside the institution
C) three members, from different institutions
D) at least four members, from similar backgrounds as the researcher

Question 36

When research is reviewed concerning populations vulnerable to coercion or undue influence, such as prisoners, the IRB must include a member ______.

A) from a religious faith, such as a priest or minister
B) with a background in psychology
C) knowledgeable about that population
D) with knowledge about vulnerability

Question 37

Sherman (1992) explicitly cautioned police departments not to adopt mandatory arrest policies based solely on the ______.

A) say-so of their partners
B) knowledge that persons had been arrested previously
C) common understanding that arrests would prove to be useful
D) results of the Minneapolis experiment

Question 38

The institutional body that reviews proposed research involving human subjects is called the Belmont Reporting Commission.

Question 39

Social scientists who conduct research on behalf of specific organizations may face additional difficulties ______.

A) when the organization, instead of the researcher, controls the final report and the publicity it receives
B) if organizational leaders welcome the research
C) whenever there is a negotiated contract for the research
D) when the researcher is in complete control of the research

Question 40

Today, federal regulations require that every institution that seeks federal funding for biomedical or behavioral research on human subjects ______.

A) insist that all researchers are fully funded
B) must be planned activity, not only research
C) have an institutional review board (IRB) that reviews research proposals involving human subjects
D) have an international review board (IRB) to review planned activities

Question 41

The extent to which ethical issues present methodological challenges for researchers varies dramatically with the type of research design.

Question 42

The National Institute of Justice can issue a Privacy Certificate, which protects researchers from being legally required to disclose confidential information

Question 43

Confidentiality must be maintained for individual research participants unless it is voluntarily and explicitly waived.

Question 44

Because of the difficulty of simulating real-world stresses and dilemmas in a laboratory setting, deception can be a critical component of many experiments.

Question 45

As in Milgram's (1963) study, experimental researchers whose research design requires some type of subject deception try to minimize disclosure of experimental details by withholding some information before the experiment begins but then debrief subjects at the end.

Question 46

Today, federal regulations require that many institutions that seek funding for behavioral research on human subjects have an institutional review board (IRB) that reviews research proposals involving human subjects.

Question 47

Debriefing is a session after an experiment in which all instances of deception are revealed and explained and participants are allowed to ask questions.

Question 48

Openness about research procedures and results goes hand in hand with honesty in research design.

Question 49

Regardless of the study being conducted, research relying on both children and prisoners usually requires a full review by an IRB.

Question 50

Research participants should feel no anxiety or distress whatsoever during the study or even after their involvement ends.

Question 51

In a later article, Baumrind (1985) dismissed the value of the self-reported "lack of harm" of subjects who had been willing to participate in the Milgram obedience to authority experiment-and noted that 16% did not endorse the statement that they were "glad" they had participated in the experiment.

Question 52

The Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences (ACJS) Code of Ethics sets forth ethical standards for members that are more specific than federal guidelines.

Question 53

Obtaining informed consent creates challenges for researchers.

Question 54

Procedures to protect each subject's privacy, such as locking records and creating special identifying codes, are nearly impossible to implement in research settings.

Question 55

The act of publication itself is a vital element in maintaining openness and honesty.

Question 56

Philip Zimbardo (2008) himself decided that his Stanford Prison Experiment was unethical because it violated the first two of these principles: participants "did suffer considerable anguish . . . ."

Question 57

The process and even possibility of obtaining informed consent must take into account the capacity of prospective participants to give informed consent.

Question 58

Most social scientists believe that it is never proper for scientists to concern themselves with the way their research is used.

Question 59

The withholding of a beneficial treatment from some subjects is a cause for ethical concern.

Question 60

The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) passed by Congress in 1996 had very little effect on the protection of health care data

Question 61

Describe the Stanford Prison Simulation by Philip Zimbardo (1973).

Question 62

What is known as the Common Rule? What does it say?

Question 63

Briefly describe the historical development of formal procedures for the protection of human subjects in research. Be sure to include some of the notorious human rights cases that led to the creation of the first Ethics Committees.

Question 64

What is an IRB? What does it do? Do other countries have similar entities?

Question 65

Why have some IRBs allowed both Milgram's obedience experiment and Zimbardo's prison experiment to be replicated? What, if any, additional human subject protections were required?

Question 66

In which circumstances may it be defensible for a researcher to deceive his or her subjects? If deception is defensible, what must a researcher do over the course of research to maintain ethical standards? Discuss in some detail the issues of deception during the Stanford Prison Experiment.

Question 67

Describe an instance where a researcher would be obligated to break confidentiality and report an incident to the proper authorities.

Question 68

What are ethical issues related to conducting research with children and prisoners?

Question 69

What does the ACJS Code of Ethics say about the treatment of human subjects in research?

Question 70

What was the Belmont Report? What were the three ethical principles it established?

Question 71

Discuss some of the widely publicized abuses in research that made it clear that formal review procedures should be put into place to protect research participants. As part of your discussion, include the Nuremberg War Crimes trials, the Tuskegee Syphilis experiment, and Milgram's obedience experiments.

Question 72

Describe the process of gaining consent to conduct research involving children as participants.

Question 73

Explain the processes of deception and debriefing.

Question 74

What were the ethical issues with Zimbardo's research? Did he receive valid results? Did everyone agree that he did?

Question 75

Describe the design of Milgram obedience experiments. What were some of the controversies surrounding it?