Deck 2: Explaining Violence

Question 1

According to the frustration-aggression hypothesis,which of the following factors increases the likelihood of a violent reaction?

A) the frustration was unintentionally caused
B) the hindrance was perceived as being fair
C) the presence of aggressive stimuli such as aggressive music
D) the presence of an audience

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Merton believed that a state of ______ would result when individuals lived under conditions where legitimate means were not available to achieve societal goals.

A) anomie
B) balance
C) social control
D) self control

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Signaling theory,which suggests that criminals communicate through a wide variety of signals and signs that convey to others their credentials,their toughness,and their willingness to engage in violent and criminal activities,was suggested by whom?

A) Edwin Sutherland
B) Elijah Anderson
C) Diego Gambetta
D) Robert Agnew

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Those who have ______ are often characterized as being very narcissistic,reckless,and emotionally shallow.

A) PTSD
B) antisocial personality disorder
C) eating disorders
D) none of the above

Question 5

An argument made by a number of criminologists but popularized by John DiIulio suggests that our society was home to a new breed of violent offender known as ______?

A) pathological lier
B) sadism
C) violent offenders
D) superpredators

Question 6

______ seek to understand violent behavior in terms of personality,character,and mental disorder.

A) sociological perspectives
B) psychological perspectives
C) physical perspecitve
D) brain dysfunction perspectives

Question 7

Robert Merton's theory is often referred to as the theory of differential ______.

A) opportunity
B) ambition
C) poverty
D) association

Question 8

Lombroso was arguing that violent criminals were evolutionary throwbacks or ______,and the problem of crime rested upon the shoulders of individuals who were born to be violent and criminal.

A) serotonin
B) offenders
C) atavisms
D) eugenics

Question 9

Given that most violence is perpetrated by males,some have suggested that male aggression is linked with levels of ______.

A) testosterone
B) estrogen
C) steroids
D) progesterone

Question 10

Phrenology is the study of _____.

A) extra hormones
B) genetics
C) chemical imbalances
D) skull shapes
E) body shapes

Question 11

Who suggested some poor young African American men develop what he labels a "code of the street,"which involves a strong sense of personal honor combined with a corresponding emphasis on guarding against personal affronts and insults?

A) Elijah Anderson
B) Robert Agnew
C) Edwin Sutherland
D) Messner and Rosenfeld

Question 12

General theory of crime based on the notion that individual criminality is the result of?

A) social learning
B) low self-control
C) family genetics
D) body composition

Question 13

Steven Messner and Richard Rosenfeld developed what they call an _____ of crime that links crime to the existing social structure.Specifically,they suggest that the high rates of crime and violence found in U.S.society can,in part,be explained with reference to the notion of the "American Dream," which suggests that economic success can be achieved by anyone who works hard,plays by the rules,and is willing to engage in
Competition with others for jobs,income,and status.

A) code of the streets
B) general strain theory
C) strain theory
D) institutional-anomie theory
E) none of the above

Question 14

Steven Messner and Richard Rosenfeld developed what they call the ______ theory of crime that links crime to the existing social structure.

A) frustration was unintentionally caused
B) hindrance was perceived as being fair
C) institutional-anomie
D) presence of an audience

Question 15

Deindividuation,a phenomenon that facilitates violence in a group setting,is actually based on the classic work of ______.

A) Gustave Le Bon
B) Edwin Sutherland
C) Solomon Asch
D) Robert Sampson

Question 16

Some biologists/criminologists suggest that violence can be linked with ______.

A) mesomorphic
B) endomorphic
C) brain injuries from combat or a violent experience
D) metamorphic

Question 17

Which of the following tends to have the highest levels of testosterone?

A) high level violent inmates
B) high level nonviolent inmates
C) winning athletes
D) losing athletes

Question 18

Genetically,humans are most closely related to ______.

A) buffalo
B) pigs
C) monkeys
D) chimpanzees

Question 19

As the name implies,the ______ hypothesis contends that violence is one possible response for individuals who feel frustrated and thwarted in achieving something.

A) stress
B) economic deprivation
C) social deprivation
D) frustration-aggression

Question 20

It is not absolute poverty that is associated with criminality and violence,but rather inequality.This is sometimes referred to as ______?

A) shame
B) strain theory
C) anomie
D) economic deprivation

Question 21

The theory that beings poor and living within a relatively affluent community is a much more negative experience than being poor and living within a poor community is referred to as relative deprivation.

Question 22

Merton believed that a state of "anomie" would result when individuals lived under conditions where legitimate means were not available to achieve societal goals.

Question 23

James Gilligan suggests that the linkage between poverty and violence is caused by one specific factor: social learning.

Question 24

Because there is no single theory alone that can explain violence,we must look at a variety of theories,each of which can help us understand a portion of the puzzle that is human violence.In Chapter 2,you learned about ethological and biological explanations of violence along with sociological explanations of violence.Choose one of these explanations,and discuss the concept behind the theory.How does the theory you have choosen help explain and understand violence?

Question 25

Define antisocial personality disorder (APD)as it relates to violence.What characteristics could be associated with APD?

Question 26

The intergenerational transmission of violence theory is also known as the cycle of violence theory.

Question 27

Edwin Sutherland articulated the general theory of crime based on the notion that individual criminality is the result of low self-control.

Question 28

Serotonin is a substance that helps relay messages over the gap between the nerve cells and allows them to proceed.

Question 29

The idea that it is easier to remove ethical restrictions against violence when we perceive the victims to be less than us or perhaps even less than human is known as disenagement.

Question 30

Differential association theory was developed by Thomas Edison in 1940 and was one of the first individuals to suggest criminality and violence were not aberrations but were simply learned behaviors like all other behaviors.

Question 31

Discuss the relationship between stress and violence as it relates to the overrepresentation of minority communities.