Deck 23: American Corrections: Looking Forward16 Making It: Supervision in the Community

Question 1

There are two goals for corrections staff: attracting the right people to work in corrections and motivating them to remain once employed.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Most of those in charge of today's corrections system would argue that the system is already being improved and does not need an overhaul.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Programs that have been proven ineffective by research efforts are easily discarded for new innovative strategies.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The philosophy of the U.S. corrections system has remained static over the years.

Question 5

Most correctional employees receive equal pay raises regardless of performance.

Question 6

Crime rates are the lowest they have been in a generation.

Question 7

Electronic monitoring devices were an immediate success when they were first introduced.

Question 8

The key consideration that the new generation of correctional leaders will face is how to redirect an enormous enterprise in need of a new vision.

Question 9

The average length of prison stays has nearly tripled over the last 30 years.

Question 10

Corrections today has a clear mission.

Question 11

The short-term history of corrections seems dominated by fads.

Question 12

The term refers to the use of technology to monitor those on community corrections.

A) techno-corrections
B) techno-prison
C) techno-warden
D) techno-jails

Question 13

Most of those in charge of today's corrections system would argue that what we are doing is .

A) effective
B) self-destructive
C) fair
D) reasonable

Question 14

Although the correctional population has increased significantly over the past few decades, the number of officers and staff has decreased dramatically.

Question 15

Correctional employees are often demoralized.

Question 16

The number of people under correctional control is now almost .

A) 2 million
B) 4 million
C) 7 million
D) 9 million

Question 17

More African American men are behind bars than attend colleges and universities.

Question 18

The U.S. corrections system has become much harsher than other systems of a free society.

Question 19

Jails, prisons, probation, and parole all struggle to work effectively together.

Question 20

Prison construction is an effective way to alleviate prison overcrowding.

Question 21

The authors contend that the field of corrections will get nowhere without .

A) ample resources
B) effective methodologies
C) effective leadership
D) a new vision

Question 22

A constitutional and traditional bulwark in our government is .

A) harsh punishment
B) the separation of powers
C) disproportionality
D) interagency cooperation

Question 23

A potential threat to administrators' ability to manage the correctional system is .

A) media coverage
B) privatization
C) personnel
D) a divided public

Question 24

In the 1960s, most people agreed that the primary mission of corrections was .

A) retribution
B) rehabilitation
C) incapacitation
D) deterrence

Question 25

The most experienced correctional workers have seen highly praised programs .

A) significantly change the system for the better
B) achieve great ends
C) come and go
D) fail to be implemented

Question 26

A structural problem with corrections is that correctional leaders find that are often the ones who put the most immediate obstacles in the way of their attempts to manage their operations effectively.

A) incarcerated individuals
B) politicians
C) their colleagues
D) All of these are correct

Question 27

The most stringent correctional methods are applied in practice.

A) fairly
B) disproportionately
C) sparingly
D) liberally

Question 28

In recent years there has been a dramatic growth in studies on effectiveness.

A) leadership
B) program
C) prison
D) vision

Question 29

Most correctional administrators find that their greatest frustrations lie in .

A) budgetary constraints
B) legal constraints
C) the lack of coordination with other agencies
D) the lack of a clear mission

Question 30

One example of techno-corrections is .

A) electronic monitoring
B) guard tower controls
C) probation officers
D) work-release centers

Question 31

A recent trend that aims to improve agency coordination is .

A) mission clarity
B) partnerships
C) restructuring
D) method clarity

Question 32

Corrections lacks a clear .

A) mission
B) method
C) structure
D) approach

Question 33

The social costs of the growth of the penal system have been borne most substantially by .

A) working-class families
B) suburban communities
C) upper-class families
D) minority communities

Question 34

The crime rate today is about what it was in .

A) 1953
B) 1963
C) 1973
D) 1993

Question 35

Reasons for the lack of a clear mission in corrections today include that .

A) crime rates have declined
B) corrections officials are incompetent
C) corrections has so many clients
D) All of these are correct

Question 36

The "Iron Law of Prison Populations" refers to the size of a prison population determined by the number of people who are sent to prison and their .

A) gender
B) length of stay
C) classification
D) age

Question 37

Corrections' main resource is .

A) money
B) power
C) personnel
D) law

Question 38

The history of corrections has taught us that we often the people we try to help.

A) cure
B) reach
C) neglect
D) injure

Question 39

Compared to the 1970s, those who go to prison now serve sentences that are .

A) nearly twice as short
B) nearly twice as long
C) nearly identical
D) incomparable

Question 40

Leadership studies suggest that .

A) good leaders can handle any situation
B) great leaders are born, not made
C) Winston Churchill is the ideal leader
D) a leaders' skills must fit the situation

Question 41

Which of the following is NOT one of the four major forces that are now shaping corrections in the United States?

A) Professionalization
B) Techno-corrections
C) Evidence-based practices
D) Increasing crime rates

Question 42

The of correctional employees is difficult to assess.

Question 43

A is a situation that forces one to choose between two unsatisfactory alternatives.

Question 44

A national clearinghouse of information about correctional practices is the .

A) American Correctional Association
B) National Institute of Corrections
C) California Peace Officers Association
D) American Probation and Parole Association

Question 45

Correctional leaders, the authors assert, should articulate their and establish a clearer policy to guide its implementation.

Question 46

The public's desire to punish criminals is not always backed up by willingness to for the cost of punishment.

Question 47

The parade of new programs shifts the emphasis from process to .

Question 48

Most correctional administrators find that their greatest frustrations lie in getting other to avoid actions that severely constrain their ability to function.

Question 49

When apparently promising strategies turn out to lack merit, the result is a debilitating lack of .

Question 50

A new force for steady correctional growth and development that is likely to outstrip professional associations and government agencies is .

A) you
B) the media
C) professors of criminal justice
D) comprehensive research

Question 51

The main resource of corrections is .

Question 52

Several forces contribute to the constant change in corrections, predominantly professional associations and .

A) lobbyists
B) government agencies
C) the general public
D) the media

Question 53

All of the following are considered to be major dilemmas facing corrections, EXCEPT .

A) time
B) methods
C) mission
D) structure

Question 54

The list of correctional methods includes reduced caseloads, counseling for the convicted person, family counseling, group treatment, restitutions, and convicted individual classification.

Question 55

The growth of the American correctional system has affected minority group members.

Question 56

The challenge facing corrections is bringing practice more into line with our .

Question 57

One of the initial recruiting problems for those working within corrections is the low starting .

Question 58

The National Institute of Corrections is a division of the housed within the Department of Justice.

A) Corrections Corporation of America
B) American Corrections Association
C) Federal Corrections Association
D) Federal Bureau of Prisons

Question 59

The problem of in corrections is one of interdependence and coordination.

Question 60

When American penologists met in Cincinnati in 1870, they affirmed a mission of that become a model of corrections around the world.

Question 61

Explain the changes in the U.S. correctional system over the past 40 years that have made it into something badly in need of an overhaul.

Question 62

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Interacting with clients to change their behavior
b. Corrections being divided against itself
c. Corrections' greatest resource
d. Choice between unsatisfactory alternatives
e. Focusing on prisons
f. Looking for patterns and consistencies in study findings
g. Expectations and goals
h. Assigning a group to a valid program and one group to a nonvalid program
i. Innovative methods of surveillance and control
j. Disproportionately affects minority group members
Regressive approach

Question 63

What do different groups of people want from the correctional system that leads to competing sources of pressure?
Discuss whether or how these desires can be reconciled.

Question 64

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Interacting with clients to change their behavior
b. Corrections being divided against itself
c. Corrections' greatest resource
d. Choice between unsatisfactory alternatives
e. Focusing on prisons
f. Looking for patterns and consistencies in study findings
g. Expectations and goals
h. Assigning a group to a valid program and one group to a nonvalid program
i. Innovative methods of surveillance and control
j. Disproportionately affects minority group members
Random field trial

Question 65

Discuss what is meant when it is said that corrections has an ambiguous mission. How does this ambiguity affect the system?

Question 66

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Interacting with clients to change their behavior
b. Corrections being divided against itself
c. Corrections' greatest resource
d. Choice between unsatisfactory alternatives
e. Focusing on prisons
f. Looking for patterns and consistencies in study findings
g. Expectations and goals
h. Assigning a group to a valid program and one group to a nonvalid program
i. Innovative methods of surveillance and control
j. Disproportionately affects minority group members
Techno-corrections

Question 67

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Interacting with clients to change their behavior
b. Corrections being divided against itself
c. Corrections' greatest resource
d. Choice between unsatisfactory alternatives
e. Focusing on prisons
f. Looking for patterns and consistencies in study findings
g. Expectations and goals
h. Assigning a group to a valid program and one group to a nonvalid program
i. Innovative methods of surveillance and control
j. Disproportionately affects minority group members
Systematic review

Question 68

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Interacting with clients to change their behavior
b. Corrections being divided against itself
c. Corrections' greatest resource
d. Choice between unsatisfactory alternatives
e. Focusing on prisons
f. Looking for patterns and consistencies in study findings
g. Expectations and goals
h. Assigning a group to a valid program and one group to a nonvalid program
i. Innovative methods of surveillance and control
j. Disproportionately affects minority group members
Personnel

Question 69

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Interacting with clients to change their behavior
b. Corrections being divided against itself
c. Corrections' greatest resource
d. Choice between unsatisfactory alternatives
e. Focusing on prisons
f. Looking for patterns and consistencies in study findings
g. Expectations and goals
h. Assigning a group to a valid program and one group to a nonvalid program
i. Innovative methods of surveillance and control
j. Disproportionately affects minority group members
Correctional growth

Question 70

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Interacting with clients to change their behavior
b. Corrections being divided against itself
c. Corrections' greatest resource
d. Choice between unsatisfactory alternatives
e. Focusing on prisons
f. Looking for patterns and consistencies in study findings
g. Expectations and goals
h. Assigning a group to a valid program and one group to a nonvalid program
i. Innovative methods of surveillance and control
j. Disproportionately affects minority group members
Motivational interviewing

Question 71

In your view, what it will take for leaders to more widely implement "what works" in corrections? What changes will need to be made for the future of corrections?

Question 72

Borrowed from the field of medicine, the creates an experiment in which some people are given the treatment and an identical group is not, so whatever difference in how the two groups turn out is assumed to be the result of the treatment or nontreatment.

Question 73

Most correctional officials recognize that focusing on prisons is a approach.

Question 74

Describe what the authors mean by "good leadership" as something that can improve the current corrections system.

Question 75

The field of corrections will go nowhere without effective .

Question 76

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Interacting with clients to change their behavior
b. Corrections being divided against itself
c. Corrections' greatest resource
d. Choice between unsatisfactory alternatives
e. Focusing on prisons
f. Looking for patterns and consistencies in study findings
g. Expectations and goals
h. Assigning a group to a valid program and one group to a nonvalid program
i. Innovative methods of surveillance and control
j. Disproportionately affects minority group members
Mission

Question 77

Of the four substantial forces now shaping the U.S. corrections system, which do you feel may have the most impact? In contrast, which do you feel will have the least impact? Be sure to explain your responses.

Question 78

The emergence of professionalization in corrections has led to two important consequences: the field is
, and performance meets a higher standard.

Question 79

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Interacting with clients to change their behavior
b. Corrections being divided against itself
c. Corrections' greatest resource
d. Choice between unsatisfactory alternatives
e. Focusing on prisons
f. Looking for patterns and consistencies in study findings
g. Expectations and goals
h. Assigning a group to a valid program and one group to a nonvalid program
i. Innovative methods of surveillance and control
j. Disproportionately affects minority group members
Dilemma

Question 80

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Interacting with clients to change their behavior
b. Corrections being divided against itself
c. Corrections' greatest resource
d. Choice between unsatisfactory alternatives
e. Focusing on prisons
f. Looking for patterns and consistencies in study findings
g. Expectations and goals
h. Assigning a group to a valid program and one group to a nonvalid program
i. Innovative methods of surveillance and control
j. Disproportionately affects minority group members
Structural problems