Deck 9: Alternative Visions of the Nineteenth Century

Question 1

Which of the following nineteenth-century principles derived from the revolutions of the late eighteenth century?

A) Mercantilism
B) Government by and for property-holding citizens
C) The emergence of international law
D) Monarchical absolutism

Answer 1

Government by and for property-holding citizens

Question 2

Questions refer to the passage below.
Section II-Regarding Merchants. It is plain that the infidel and treacherous British government have monopolized the trade of all the fine and valuable merchandise, such as indigo, cloth, and other articles of shipping, leaving only the trade of trifles to the people. . . . When the Badshahi Government is established, all these aforesaid fraudulent practices shall be dispensed with, and the trade of every article, without exception, both by land and by water, shall be open to the merchants of India.
The Azamgarh Proclamation (1857), Bahadur Shah, last Mughal emperor
The arguments put forth in the document best exemplify which of the following ideologies?

A) Fascism
B) Socialism
C) Nationalism
D) Positivism

Answer 2

Nationalism

Question 3

Questions refer to the passage below.
Section II-Regarding Merchants. It is plain that the infidel and treacherous British government have monopolized the trade of all the fine and valuable merchandise, such as indigo, cloth, and other articles of shipping, leaving only the trade of trifles to the people. . . . When the Badshahi Government is established, all these aforesaid fraudulent practices shall be dispensed with, and the trade of every article, without exception, both by land and by water, shall be open to the merchants of India.
The Azamgarh Proclamation (1857), Bahadur Shah, last Mughal emperor
The proclamation is issued in which of the following historical contexts?

A) Movements to revitalize Islam on the periphery of empires
B) The Mfecane movement in northern Africa
C) The caste wars in South America
D) Anti-imperial resistance to the expansion of colonizing states

Answer 3

Anti-imperial resistance to the expansion of colonizing states

Question 4

Questions refer to the passage below.
Section II-Regarding Merchants. It is plain that the infidel and treacherous British government have monopolized the trade of all the fine and valuable merchandise, such as indigo, cloth, and other articles of shipping, leaving only the trade of trifles to the people. . . . When the Badshahi Government is established, all these aforesaid fraudulent practices shall be dispensed with, and the trade of every article, without exception, both by land and by water, shall be open to the merchants of India.
The Azamgarh Proclamation (1857), Bahadur Shah, last Mughal emperor
According to the document, Indian trade at this time was restricted to:

A) less-valuable products.
B) fraudulent practices.
C) indigo and cloth.
D) agricultural products.

Question 5

Questions refer to the passage below.
[O]ne of the ways of their government is the building of their sovereignty upon three things: the people's persons, their honor, and their possessions; and whomsoever they wish to kill or exile or violate his honor or devour his wealth they do so in pursuit of their lusts, without any right in the Shari'a. One of the ways of their government is their imposing on the people monies not laid down by the Shari'a. One of the ways of their government is their intentionally eating whatever food they wish, whether it is religiously permitted or forbidden, and wearing whatever clothes they wish, whether religiously permitted or forbidden, and drinking what beverages they wish, whether religiously permitted or forbidden, and riding whatever riding beasts they wish, whether religiously permitted or forbidden, and taking what women they wish without marriage contract, and living in decorated palaces, whether religiously permitted or forbidden, and spreading soft carpets as they wish, whether religiously permitted or forbidden.
Usman dan Fodio, critique of the Hausa state, 1806
What is the historical situation in which the author was writing?

A) A period of Islamic revitalization caused partly by the flow of religious ideas from outside the region
B) A period in which new ideas of nationalism led people to rebel against multinational states
C) The creation of new classes of people caused by the spread of the Industrial Revolution
D) The desire to restore the previous ruling family to the throne

Question 6

Questions refer to the passage below.
Yet we must know that the ten thousand names derive from the one name, and the one name from one ancestor. Thus our origins are not different. Since our Heavenly Father gave us birth and nourishment, we are of one form though of separate bodies, and we breathe the same air though in different places. This is why we say, "All are brothers within the four seas." Now, basking in the profound mercy of Heaven, we are of one family. . . .
We brothers, our minds having been awakened by our Heavenly Father, joined the camp in the earlier days to support our Sovereign, many bringing parents, wives, uncles, brothers, and whole families. It is a matter of course that we should attend to our parents and look after our wives and children, but when one first creates a new rule, the state must come first and the family last, public interests first and private interests last.
"The Principles of the Heavenly Nature," promulgated by the leadership of the Taiping
Heavenly Kingdom, 1854
Which of the following statements in "The Principles" represents a change in Chinese cultural thought?

A) [When] one first creates a new rule, the state must come first and the family last, public interests first and private interests last.
B) It is a matter of course that we should attend to our parents and look after our wives and children.
C) Yet we must know that the ten thousand names derive from the one name, and the one name from one ancestor.
D) Since our Heavenly Father gave us birth and nourishment, we are of one form though of separate bodies, and we breathe the same air though in different places.

Question 7

Questions refer to the passage below.
The basis of irreligious criticism is this: man makes religion; religion does not make man. Religion is indeed man's self-consciousness and self-awareness so long as he has not found himself or has lost himself again. But man is not an abstract being, squatting outside the world. Man is the human world, the state, society. This state, this society, produce religion which is an inverted world consciousness, because they are an inverted world. Religion is the general theory of this world, its encyclopedic compendium, its logic in popular form. . . . The struggle against religion is, therefore, indirectly, a struggle against that world whose spiritual aroma is religion.
Religious suffering is at the same time an expression of real suffering and a protest against real suffering. Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the sentiment of a heartless world, and the soul of soulless conditions. It is the opium of the people.
The abolition of religion as the illusory happiness of men, is a demand for their real happiness.
Karl Marx, critique of religion, 1843
What group is likely the intended audience of this critique?

A) The proletariat
B) The bourgeoisie
C) The church
D) The philosophes

Question 8

Questions refer to the passage below.
Yet we must know that the ten thousand names derive from the one name, and the one name from one ancestor. Thus our origins are not different. Since our Heavenly Father gave us birth and nourishment, we are of one form though of separate bodies, and we breathe the same air though in different places. This is why we say, "All are brothers within the four seas." Now, basking in the profound mercy of Heaven, we are of one family. . . .
We brothers, our minds having been awakened by our Heavenly Father, joined the camp in the earlier days to support our Sovereign, many bringing parents, wives, uncles, brothers, and whole families. It is a matter of course that we should attend to our parents and look after our wives and children, but when one first creates a new rule, the state must come first and the family last, public interests first and private interests last.
"The Principles of the Heavenly Nature," promulgated by the leadership of the Taiping
Heavenly Kingdom, 1854
The inspiration of which of the following movements is MOST similar to that of the Taiping Rebellion?

A) The Indian Revolt of 1857
B) The Mfecane movement
C) The Fourier phalanx
D) The proletarian revolt

Question 9

Questions refer to the passage below.
[O]ne of the ways of their government is the building of their sovereignty upon three things: the people's persons, their honor, and their possessions; and whomsoever they wish to kill or exile or violate his honor or devour his wealth they do so in pursuit of their lusts, without any right in the Shari'a. One of the ways of their government is their imposing on the people monies not laid down by the Shari'a. One of the ways of their government is their intentionally eating whatever food they wish, whether it is religiously permitted or forbidden, and wearing whatever clothes they wish, whether religiously permitted or forbidden, and drinking what beverages they wish, whether religiously permitted or forbidden, and riding whatever riding beasts they wish, whether religiously permitted or forbidden, and taking what women they wish without marriage contract, and living in decorated palaces, whether religiously permitted or forbidden, and spreading soft carpets as they wish, whether religiously permitted or forbidden.
Usman dan Fodio, critique of the Hausa state, 1806
Which of the following was a long-term result of movements similar to the one founded by Usman dan Fodio?

A) Dan Fodio's movement united with the Zulu to wage war against European invaders.
B) Dan Fodio's movement led to the acceptance of jihad against unbelievers.
C) Dan Fodio's movement forced isolation from world trade to prevent unwanted influences.
D) Dan Fodio's movement encouraged the creation of strong, centralized African states.

Question 10

The leaders of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Islamic revitalization movements sought to reestablish the glory of Islam through which practice?

A) Abolishing slavery in all Muslim lands
B) Making alliances between Islam and other religious traditions
C) Increasing the Islamic presence in world markets
D) Establishing new religiously-based governments in lands already under Muslim control

Question 11

Viewed collectively, the actions of rebels and dissidents in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries reflected which of the following?

A) Their dislike of capitalism and colonialism
B) Their embrace of Enlightenment ideals and European technology
C) The level of bureaucratic organization within their own societies
D) The support they received from outside sources such as foreign missionaries

Question 12

Questions refer to the passage below.
The basis of irreligious criticism is this: man makes religion; religion does not make man. Religion is indeed man's self-consciousness and self-awareness so long as he has not found himself or has lost himself again. But man is not an abstract being, squatting outside the world. Man is the human world, the state, society. This state, this society, produce religion which is an inverted world consciousness, because they are an inverted world. Religion is the general theory of this world, its encyclopedic compendium, its logic in popular form. . . . The struggle against religion is, therefore, indirectly, a struggle against that world whose spiritual aroma is religion.
Religious suffering is at the same time an expression of real suffering and a protest against real suffering. Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the sentiment of a heartless world, and the soul of soulless conditions. It is the opium of the people.
The abolition of religion as the illusory happiness of men, is a demand for their real happiness.
Karl Marx, critique of religion, 1843
What does the author believe about the struggle against religion?

A) The struggle against religion is destined to fail because religion provides hope for those who are suffering.
B) True faith existed before the coming of man, so man cannot struggle against it.
C) The struggle against religion is a struggle against the society that oppresses the masses.
D) Religious man exists outside of society, and therefore cannot be engaged in the dialectic.

Question 13

Questions refer to the passage below.
Section II-Regarding Merchants. It is plain that the infidel and treacherous British government have monopolized the trade of all the fine and valuable merchandise, such as indigo, cloth, and other articles of shipping, leaving only the trade of trifles to the people. . . . When the Badshahi Government is established, all these aforesaid fraudulent practices shall be dispensed with, and the trade of every article, without exception, both by land and by water, shall be open to the merchants of India.
The Azamgarh Proclamation (1857), Bahadur Shah, last Mughal emperor
Which of the following was advocated by the passage above?

A) Extension of monopoly power to the British
B) All trade be open to Indian merchants
C) Restriction of trade in indigo and cotton
D) Conversion of the infidels

Question 14

Questions refer to the passage below.
[O]ne of the ways of their government is the building of their sovereignty upon three things: the people's persons, their honor, and their possessions; and whomsoever they wish to kill or exile or violate his honor or devour his wealth they do so in pursuit of their lusts, without any right in the Shari'a. One of the ways of their government is their imposing on the people monies not laid down by the Shari'a. One of the ways of their government is their intentionally eating whatever food they wish, whether it is religiously permitted or forbidden, and wearing whatever clothes they wish, whether religiously permitted or forbidden, and drinking what beverages they wish, whether religiously permitted or forbidden, and riding whatever riding beasts they wish, whether religiously permitted or forbidden, and taking what women they wish without marriage contract, and living in decorated palaces, whether religiously permitted or forbidden, and spreading soft carpets as they wish, whether religiously permitted or forbidden.
Usman dan Fodio, critique of the Hausa state, 1806
What point is the author trying to make about the rulers of the Hausa?

A) He envied the rulers' wealth and power.
B) He denied any right of the government to tax the people.
C) He condemned the rulers for not remaining celibate.
D) He criticized the rulers for only following their lusts.

Question 15

Questions refer to the passage below.
The basis of irreligious criticism is this: man makes religion; religion does not make man. Religion is indeed man's self-consciousness and self-awareness so long as he has not found himself or has lost himself again. But man is not an abstract being, squatting outside the world. Man is the human world, the state, society. This state, this society, produce religion which is an inverted world consciousness, because they are an inverted world. Religion is the general theory of this world, its encyclopedic compendium, its logic in popular form. . . . The struggle against religion is, therefore, indirectly, a struggle against that world whose spiritual aroma is religion.
Religious suffering is at the same time an expression of real suffering and a protest against real suffering. Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the sentiment of a heartless world, and the soul of soulless conditions. It is the opium of the people.
The abolition of religion as the illusory happiness of men, is a demand for their real happiness.
Karl Marx, critique of religion, 1843
In what way does Marx compare religion to opium?

A) Religion reflects the real suffering of the people.
B) Both seem to provide relief to the suffering of the masses.
C) Both are seen as true panaceas against the oppressive state.
D) Opium is a strong medicine, while religion is the cure for suffering.

Question 16

Questions refer to the passage below.
The basis of irreligious criticism is this: man makes religion; religion does not make man. Religion is indeed man's self-consciousness and self-awareness so long as he has not found himself or has lost himself again. But man is not an abstract being, squatting outside the world. Man is the human world, the state, society. This state, this society, produce religion which is an inverted world consciousness, because they are an inverted world. Religion is the general theory of this world, its encyclopedic compendium, its logic in popular form. . . . The struggle against religion is, therefore, indirectly, a struggle against that world whose spiritual aroma is religion.
Religious suffering is at the same time an expression of real suffering and a protest against real suffering. Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the sentiment of a heartless world, and the soul of soulless conditions. It is the opium of the people.
The abolition of religion as the illusory happiness of men, is a demand for their real happiness.
Karl Marx, critique of religion, 1843
What aspect of Enlightenment thinking is reflected in this passage?

A) Mercantilism
B) Demands for a meritocracy
C) Demands for gender equality
D) Rational empiricism

Question 17

Which of the following groups was most attracted to Wahhabi Islam?

A) People who believed their current version of Islam was too restrictive and needed to compromise with local cultural traditions
B) People who felt threatened by new commercial activities and the increasing pace of intellectual change
C) People who belonged to Sufi sects and devoted themselves to Muslim saints
D) People who supported the power of the Ottoman Empire in the Arabian Peninsula

Question 18

Questions refer to the passage below.
Section II-Regarding Merchants. It is plain that the infidel and treacherous British government have monopolized the trade of all the fine and valuable merchandise, such as indigo, cloth, and other articles of shipping, leaving only the trade of trifles to the people. . . . When the Badshahi Government is established, all these aforesaid fraudulent practices shall be dispensed with, and the trade of every article, without exception, both by land and by water, shall be open to the merchants of India.
The Azamgarh Proclamation (1857), Bahadur Shah, last Mughal emperor
According to the document, which of the following was a long-term cause of the revolt against the British?

A) British control of most aspects of Indian trade
B) Expansion of the Badshahi government
C) Expansion of Indian maritime and overland trade
D) The irreligious British, who required Indians to share their beliefs

Question 19

Wahhabi Islam was a direct threat to the political power of which of the following?

A) The Napoleonic Empire
B) The Ottoman Empire
C) The House of Saud
D) The British Empire

Question 20

Questions refer to the passage below.
Yet we must know that the ten thousand names derive from the one name, and the one name from one ancestor. Thus our origins are not different. Since our Heavenly Father gave us birth and nourishment, we are of one form though of separate bodies, and we breathe the same air though in different places. This is why we say, "All are brothers within the four seas." Now, basking in the profound mercy of Heaven, we are of one family. . . .
We brothers, our minds having been awakened by our Heavenly Father, joined the camp in the earlier days to support our Sovereign, many bringing parents, wives, uncles, brothers, and whole families. It is a matter of course that we should attend to our parents and look after our wives and children, but when one first creates a new rule, the state must come first and the family last, public interests first and private interests last.
"The Principles of the Heavenly Nature," promulgated by the leadership of the Taiping
Heavenly Kingdom, 1854
Which of the follow statements in "The Principles" represents continuity in Chinese cultural thought?

A) All are brothers within the four seas.
B) We brothers, our minds having been awakened by our Heavenly Father, joined the camp in the earlier days to support our Sovereign.
C) It is a matter of course that we should attend to our parents and look after our wives and children.
D) Yet we must know that the ten thousand names derive from the one name, and the one name from one ancestor.

Question 21

The goals of European reactionaries during the Restoration period included which of the following?

A) Secularization of the state
B) Curtailment of royal privileges
C) Rejection of change
D) Reversal of the beginnings of industrialization

Question 22

Which of the following contributed to social and political instability in both China and Africa?

A) Decreasing opium consumption
B) Declining involvement in foreign trade
C) Pressure from a growing population
D) Increased standards of living among the peasantry

Question 23

How did the worldview and strategy of Hong Xiuquan differ from those of reform leaders in the Muslim world?

A) Women played important roles in the Taiping Rebellion.
B) Hong fused foreign and domestic traditions to pursue his aims.
C) Hong mobilized a rural base of support.
D) Hong insisted on a strict code of conduct for his followers.

Question 24

Which of the following groups supported Usman dan Fodio's revolt against the Hausa city-states?

A) Ruling elites
B) Fulani tribespeople
C) Igbo merchants
D) Hausa women

Question 25

The Taiping Rebellion was a nineteenth-century example of what Chinese tradition?

A) Confucian codes of administration
B) Rejection of outside influences as inferior to Chinese ideas
C) Millenarian peasant revolts
D) Violent uprisings by members of ethnic minority groups

Question 26

From which groups did European nationalist movements draw their greatest number of supporters?

A) The middle class and the landless peasants
B) The liberal aristocracy and the commercial middle class
C) The landed aristocracy and financiers
D) The clergy and rural workers

Question 27

In which of the following ways did the Zuku leader, Shaka, resemble Mongol leaders?

A) Both used cavalry and archers as the core of their military forces.
B) Both had the ability to incorporate defeated communities into the state.
C) Both were known for their ability to tolerate challenges from within their state.
D) Both came from peasant roots, rising to positions of authority based on their prowess as warriors.

Question 28

On what idea could disparate groups of radicals agree?

A) Popular sovereignty
B) Return to the status quo
C) Constitutional monarchy
D) Abolishing private property

Question 29

Both Usman dan Fodio and Muhammad Ibn abd al-Wahhab drew on which of the following inspirations for Islamic reform?

A) The rejection of the corrupting power of wealth in the established Islamic empires
B) The similarities between Islam and other Abrahamic religions
C) The life of Muhammad and early Islamic practices
D) The connections that had emerged between Islam and regional religious traditions

Question 30

The impetus of Mohammad Ibn al-Wahhab's Islamic reform movement was a reaction to which of the following?

A) The presence of multiple Islamic empires such as the Mughals and the Ottomans
B) The tendency of some Muslims to experiment with European ideas and technologies
C) Polytheistic beliefs that had taken root among some Muslims
D) Debates among representatives of different religions at the Mughal court

Question 31

Why did small-scale settlements in southern Africa give way to larger states during the early nineteenth century?

A) Larger states were better equipped to compete for limited land and resources.
B) Larger states were more efficient at gathering goods for trade with Europeans, and benefited from European technologies.
C) Larger states were better at utilizing agricultural land, allowing them to relieve population pressure more effectively than smaller settlements.
D) Larger states were able to experiment with new leadership styles, ending their dependence on traditional forms of political order.

Question 32

How did nationalist thinkers define "the nation"?

A) In terms of shared economic interests
B) In terms of adherence to the same religion
C) In terms of a common language, culture, and history
D) In terms of shared family relationships

Question 33

How did the status of Islam in West Africa change after the establishment of the Sokoto caliphate?

A) It changed from a minority religion to the majority religion in the region.
B) It changed from an urban religion to the religion of rural pastoralists.
C) It changed from a polytheistic religion to a monotheistic religion.
D) It changed from a warlike religion to a peaceful religion.

Question 34

What aspect of his reputation did Abd al-Qadir rely upon while organizing resistance to the French in Algeria?

A) His military prowess
B) His anti-European geopolitical vision
C) His religious and scholarly credibility
D) His artful display of wealth

Question 35

Hong Xiuquan believed that he was:

A) an administrative prodigy who could reform Qing governance.
B) the heir to the tradition of Muhammad.
C) a representative leader of the Chinese peasantry.
D) Jesus's younger brother sent to rid the world of evil.

Question 36

Which of the following was a sharp contrast between millenarian revolts such as the Taiping Rebellion and orthodox institutions?

A) Millenarian revolts were often led by scholars.
B) Millenarian movements were inspired by Confucian, not Daoist, ideals.
C) Millenarian movements were supported by militias raised by the gentry.
D) Millenarian revolts often had women in leadership roles.

Question 37

In Restoration-period Europe, which of the following was a goal of liberal thinkers?

A) Returning to prerevolutionary patterns of political and economic authority
B) Supporting individuals' right to speak, think, and act as they chose
C) Exporting European innovations to other parts of the world
D) Continuing to pursue political reforms without attempting economic reforms

Question 38

Which of the following is a similarity between the goals of Hong, the leaders of the Islamic revitalization movements, and Shaka?

A) They all proposed a return to the ways of traditional Islam.
B) They all sought to restore lost harmony and perceived the present world as unjust.
C) They all rejected foreign religious ideas.
D) They all believed that lack of harmony was caused by foreign rule.

Question 39

What was one of the reasons for the collapse of the Taiping Rebellion?

A) It failed to attract strong support from the peasants.
B) It received support from Western powers, which alienated the majority of the Chinese people.
C) It failed to attract strong support from the landed gentry and other elite groups.
D) Its followers were mainly Manchus, alienating the Han Chinese majority.

Question 40

During the early nineteenth century, which of the following led to a crisis in southern Africa?

A) Outbreaks of epidemic disease that depleted the population
B) The introduction of opium by the British
C) Overpopulation that strained the region's resource base
D) Islamic reform movements challenging existing rulers

Question 41

The Shawnee prophet Tenskwatawa was similar to Hong Xiuquan in which of the following ways?

A) Both drew on native as well as Muslim traditions in their preaching.
B) Both led rebellions that were ultimately successful.
C) Both had religious visions and embraced a strict moral code.
D) Both used western astronomy to prove their personal powers.

Question 42

How did the revolutions in Europe during 1848 differ from the revolution that Marx and Engels imagined?

A) The 1848 revolutions were based on the utopian socialism of Fourier.
B) The 1848 revolutions only took place in rural contexts.
C) The 1848 revolutions had participants from various classes.
D) The 1848 revolutions called for the dissolution of nation-states.

Question 43

What was a goal of the Mayans in the Yucatan peninsula when they revolted against the Mexican government in 1847?

A) They wanted complete cultural autonomy.
B) They wanted political independence.
C) They wanted to retain the right to own their land individually.
D) They wanted political equality with other Mexicans.

Question 44

How would life in Fourier's phalanx qualify as a reform of Restoration Europe's economic order?

A) All members would work at diverse tasks, for short periods of time.
B) All members would receive the same pay for their work.
C) All members would learn how to do all of the necessary tasks to keep the phalanx running.
D) All members would do what they could, and take what they needed from the community.

Question 45

Which of the following was the most important device used by Mexicans to lure Mayans into plantation labor?

A) Debt peonage forced fathers and sons to work for low wages on sugar plantations.
B) The imposition of the new caste of "Indians" meant Mayans had few political rights and could be forced into plantation servitude.
C) Mexicans lured Mayans with promises of teaching them new agricultural techniques that would enrich Mayan villages.
D) Mayans were forced to work on plantations to free their wives and children who had been taken hostage by the plantation owners.

Question 46

In what way did nineteenth-century nationalist goals prove destructive in the twentieth century?

A) Nationalist goals led to class warfare.
B) Nationalist goals conflicted with economic modernization.
C) The nationalist goals of different groups proved incompatible with one another.
D) The nationalist goals of the nineteenth century limited twentieth-century cultural and literary experimentation.

Question 47

Which of the following was a common factor in the Shawnee, Maya, and Indian rebellions against colonial control?

A) A rejection of traditional cultural and political resources
B) Nonviolent resistance against colonial power
C) The use of prophecy and charismatic leadership
D) Reliance on Christian traditions taught by missionaries

Question 48

Which of the following was called for in the People's Charter?

A) Creating land charters to protect the property rights of small farmers
B) Creating charters outlining the rights of workers in mines and mills
C) The eight-hour day, weekends off, and safer working conditions in factories
D) Annual parliamentary elections, universal male suffrage, and the secret ballot

Question 49

Why did Charles Fourier consign nasty jobs such as cleaning latrines to adolescents?

A) He believed that in the interest of harmony, everyone had to work.
B) He believed that all work was ennobling, and the young should be taught this at an early age.
C) He believed that adolescents would move on to better jobs after they had proved themselves.
D) He believed that adolescents liked to muck about in filth.

Question 50

In what way did the Mayans who followed Jose Mana Barrera resemble the Chinese who followed Hong in the Taiping Rebellion?

A) Both the Mayans and the Chinese were driven by hunger to surrender to work on plantations.
B) Both the Mayans and the Chinese were led by ruling elites who sympathized with the plight of the peasants.
C) Both the Mayans and the Chinese followed visionaries who formed alternative religions that combined Christian beliefs, symbols, and rituals with traditional beliefs and legends.
D) Both the Mayans and the Chinese were able to create enduring semiautonomous states within the larger nation.

Question 51

Prior to the mid-nineteenth century, how did the Mayan experience of colonial rule differ from that of other indigenous Mexican peoples?

A) A stronger missionary presence meant that more Mayans converted to Christianity.
B) The Mayans escaped forced labor recruitment and social disruption because their territory lacked minerals or fertile land.
C) Conflict between the Spanish and the Portuguese meant that more Mayans were killed in war.
D) The Mayans were less able to participate in trade than other Mexican natives because they lacked port cities.

Question 52

What change did the British East India Company make in its approach to ruling India during the 1840s?

A) It ceded its control of India to the British crown.
B) It annexed more land and stripped native aristocrats of their privileges.
C) It encouraged the Mughal emperor to rule as an absolute monarch.
D) It banned the practice of the Hindu religion in India.

Question 53

What did Marx and Engels believe would be the outcome of the conflict between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat?

A) A victory by the bourgeoisie that would reduce the proletariat to slavery
B) A victory by the bourgeoisie that would result in the reinforcement of capitalism and private property, and things would stay as they were
C) A victory by the proletariat that would lead to the return of an idealized form of feudalism
D) A victory by the proletariat that would result in the destruction of capitalism, the end of private property, and the eventual withering away of the state

Question 54

Which nationalist movement successfully obtained statehood during the first half of the nineteenth century?

A) Greek
B) Polish
C) Italian
D) German

Question 55

What did the groups that led the 1848 revolutions in Europe have in common?

A) They shared a desire for independent nations and to overthrow the existing elites.
B) They shared a belief in the triumph of the proletariat.
C) The groups were all middle class, such as doctors, university professors and students, and lawyers.
D) The groups were all working class, such as artisans, printers, and peasants.

Question 56

How did the outcome of the War of 1812 hasten the ethnic cleansing of Native Americans east of the Mississippi?

A) Both the British and the French slaughtered large numbers of Native Americans in the conflict.
B) The Shawnee migrated to Canada, leaving the lands south of the Great Lakes free of Native American tribes.
C) The British withdrew their support from south of the Great Lakes, leaving the Shawnee at the mercy of land-hungry American settlers.
D) Other tribes west of the Mississippi who had sided with the Americans supported the removal of the eastern tribes.

Question 57

Why did Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels call their theories "scientific" socialism?

A) Because their arguments were based in statistical analysis
B) Because their inspiration came from Newton's grand synthesis of knowledge, the Principia
C) Because their arguments were rooted in a materialist view of history
D) Because all of their statements had been verified through experimentation

Question 58

Which of the following was required of Shawnee culture if they were to be able to cooperate with U.S. government officials?

A) That men rather than women take over farming
B) That they commit to communal life, similar to Fourier's phalanxes
C) That men move to urban areas and take jobs for cash payments
D) That they abandon their native language

Question 59

Why were women especially drawn to Fourier's proposed reforms?

A) Women longed for a way to address the social problems of poverty, prostitution, and the exploitation of workers.
B) Women were captivated by Fourier's charismatic speaking style.
C) Women were pleased to see the unpleasant jobs spread around to all groups instead of being consigned to women.
D) Women longed for a way to return to an idealized country life.

Question 60

Why did American officials fear Tecumseh's message even more than his brother's?

A) Officials feared that Tecumseh's support of the ghost dance would draw away workers for American farms.
B) Officials feared that Tecumseh's large army would be able to attack Washington, D.C. and other eastern cities.
C) Officials feared that Christians would begin to convert to the visionary future preached by Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa.
D) Officials feared that Tecumseh's attempt to create a confederation of Native American tribes could lead to a nation comparable to that of the Aztecs.

Question 61

According to Marx, how is the "epoch of the bourgeoisie" different from other epochs of class antagonism?

A) The relations between classes are less violent in this period.
B) The relations between classes in this period are simplified.
C) Society encounters fewer economic crises in this period.
D) There is less likelihood of revolution during this period.

Question 62

The British avoided the use of technologies like the railroad and telegraph in India because they feared that rebels could turn their tools against them.

Question 63

Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh failed because most American Indians preferred to assimilate into U.S. culture rather than reassert their native identity.

Question 64

After the 1857 Indian Rebellion, Queen Victoria promised a range of policies, including religious toleration, the honoring of treaties, and permitting Indians to serve in government.

Question 65

Depicting her brother as a model Muslim, Nana Asma'u emphasized the importance of avoiding contact with non-Muslims.

Question 66

In what way did the peasants show their divergence from the Indian elite in the Great Rebellion of 1857?

A) Peasants attacked Hindu princes who were seen as capitulating to Mughal rulers.
B) Peasants followed traditional leaders only, not those who had training under the British.
C) Peasants attempted to overthrow the Mughal dynasty because it had betrayed the Islamic faith.
D) Peasants attacked both Indian and British people and places that represented their oppression.

Question 67

Marx and Engels believed that the conflict between proletariat and bourgeoisie would be succeeded by other stages of class conflict.

Question 68

How did the British change their approach to ruling India after 1857?

A) The British began to use railroads, roads, and telegraph lines to link the region together.
B) India came under the British crown's direct control.
C) The British stopped allowing Indians to serve in the British army.
D) The British restored control of cotton manufacturing to India.

Question 69

In the nineteenth century, the Industrial Revolution altered the fabric of society.
Develop an argument that evaluates the reasons for calls for change within industrial societies.
In your response you should do the following:
$\bullet$ Respond to the prompt with a historically defensible thesis or claim that establishes a line of reasoning.
$\bullet$ Describe a broader historical context relevant to the prompt.
$\bullet$ Support an argument in response to the prompt using specific and relevant examples of evidence.
$\bullet$ Use historical reasoning (e.g., comparison, causation, continuity or change) to frame
or structure an argument that addresses the prompt.
$\bullet$ Use evidence to corroborate, qualify, or modify an argument that addresses the prompt.

Question 70

Both Chinese and Native American rebellions were inspired by popular religious movements.

Question 71

Fulani women made important contributions to the military and religious work of Usman dan Fodio's purification movement.

Question 72

Answer all parts of the question that follows.
(A) Identify ONE cause of armed revolt in Africa in the nineteenth century.
(B) Identify ONE additional cause of armed revolt in Africa in the nineteenth century.
(C) Identify and explain ONE way that people in Africa resisted Western pressure during the late nineteenth century.

Question 73

Eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Islamic reform movements were encouraged by proximity to major trade routes and the growth of capitalism.

Question 74

What event sparked the Great Rebellion of 1857?

A) British reprisals against peasants who refused to pay their taxes
B) The British East India Company issuing IOUs to soldiers in lieu of their salaries
C) A rumor that cow and pig fat had been used to grease the cartridges used in soldiers' rifles
D) A rumor that the food provided by the British East India Company violated soldiers' religious beliefs

Question 75

Use the map below to answer all parts of the question that follows.
Native American Revolts in the United States and Mexico (A) Identify ONE way the United States gained territory in the nineteenth century.
(B) Identify ONE additional way the United States gained territory in the nineteenth century.
(C) Explain ONE indigenous response to the expansion of United States territory in the nineteenth century.

Question 76

Which of the following characterized the British counterinsurgency effort in India?

A) The British bribed rebel leaders to stop the uprising.
B) The British responded brutally; villages were destroyed and leaders were tied to cannons and executed.
C) The British expended a great deal of effort to preserve Indian lives and property to avoid alienating the population.
D) As a gesture of goodwill, the British returned the land that they had previously annexed.

Question 77

Both internal and external factors influenced the process of state building.
Develop an argument that compares internal movements that challenged the growth of two imperializing states from 1750 to 1900.
In your response you should do the following:
$\bullet$ Respond to the prompt with a historically defensible thesis or claim that establishes a line of reasoning.
$\bullet$ Describe a broader historical context relevant to the prompt.
$\bullet$ Support an argument in response to the prompt using specific and relevant examples of evidence.
$\bullet$ Use historical reasoning (e.g., comparison, causation, continuity or change) to frame or structure an argument that addresses the prompt.
$\bullet$ Use evidence to corroborate, qualify, or modify an argument that addresses the prompt.

Question 78

Early socialists were primarily concerned with transforming the free-market economy to enhance equality.

Question 79

Use the passage below to answer all parts of the question that follows.
The story of the war of 1858, between the Chinese on the one side and the French and
English on the other, has already been recited. Sufficient reference has been made to the terms of the treaty, to the war indemnity extorted by the allies from the Imperial Government, and to the other circumstances with which the conflict was concluded. It might well appear that the humiliation of the Chinese Governities turned their attention once more to the suppression of the rebellious Tai-Pings, who had for some time been in defiance of Imperial authority. The Government succeeded at this juncture in enlisting the sympathies and services of that remarkable personage, Colonel Charles George Gordon, of the Royal Engineers, destined from the campaign upon which he now entered to be known to the world as Chinese Gordon. . . . Gordon soon succeeded in organizing a formidable army, incorporating with his forces the command of the American Colonel Ward, who had already been engaged against the Tai-Pings. An invasion of the rebellious district was now begun, and Gordon's army was constantly victorious. City after city in the Tai-Ping country was taken, but it was not until 1864 that the insurgents were finally brought to submission.
John Clark Ridpath, American educator and historian, in Cyclopaedia of Universal History, Nineteenth Century, 1890
(A) Identify the "war of 1858" and explain ONE of the "humiliations" the Chinese suffered under the treaty.
(B) Describe the reason that Ridpath gives for the ultimate defeat of the Taiping rebellion.
(C) Explain how the author's historical situation might limit the usefulness of this source.

Question 80

In the Caste War, the Maya were finally defeated because the Mexican war with the United States ended in 1848.