Deck 1: History, Theories, and Methods

Question 1

Children adapt to their environments through assimilation and accommodation, according to Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Researchers rarely concern themselves about ethical considerations when designing an experiment.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Gender is considered an aspect of diversity.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

According to ethologists, fixed action patterns are learned behaviours.

Question 5

According to Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, the chronosystem involves changes over time.

Question 6

Freud believed the superego developed to force the id to follow rules.

Question 7

The scientific method is an unethical means of researching human development.

Question 8

Correlational studies prove causal relationships between variables.

Question 9

Longitudinal research studies the same individuals over time.

Question 10

Erikson's psychosocial theory emphasizes the responsibility of the ego.

Question 11

Punishments such as slapping are considered less effective than types of discipline that provide alternative, acceptable behaviours.

Question 12

A key Vygotskian concept is the zone of proximal development.

Question 13

A control group in an experiment receives the experimental treatment.

Question 14

Stage theories consider development as a discontinuous process.

Question 15

With accommodation, new schemas may be created.

Question 16

Dependent variables are measured results in an experiment.

Question 17

Bandura's social cognitive theory argues that children learn by observing models.

Question 18

Information-processing theory uses the computer as a metaphor for human thinking and memory.

Question 19

John Watson, founder of American behaviourism, believed that children were born with all they needed to know for life.

Question 20

Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory suggests that children passively respond to their environments.

Question 21

All people are born with the same capacities and same opportunities in life, making the study of diversity irrelevant.

Question 22

According to ecological system theory, only genetic factors are worthy of study.

Question 23

Naturalistic observation can be used to study athletes from different sports.

Question 24

Teachers who follow Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory provide children with opportunities to experiment with their environment.

Question 25

Random assignment in an experiment reduces the likelihood that a selection factor determines the outcome.

Question 26

The nature and nurture controversy debates whether development is continuous or a series of stages.

Question 27

Researchers have found no difference between adolescent and adult performance on intellectual tasks.

Question 28

Teachers and parents use scaffolding to help children reach a more advanced level of performance than would be possible without assistance.

Question 29

Classical conditioning involves training an individual to respond to a new stimulus by pairing it with an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 30

Ethology was heavily influenced by the work of Charles Darwin.

Question 31

Negative reinforcement will decrease a desired behaviour when removed.

Question 32

Experiments are used to test hypotheses.

Question 33

A child's peer group can be considered an exosystem.

Question 34

Surveys may be impacted by the interpretation of the person analyzing the results.

Question 35

Case studies involve large numbers of subjects each being studied at once.

Question 36

A conditioned stimulus occurs without prior learning.

Question 37

Freud believed that insufficient or excessive gratification in a stage of development would lead to developmental problems.

Question 38

Alfred Binet developed the first intelligence test to identify which children may fall behind in school.

Question 39

Erikson's theory is completely dissimilar to Freud's.

Question 40

Jean-Jacques Rousseau stated that children were born inherently mischievous.

Question 41

Independent variables are manipulated by the experimenter.

Question 42

According to Freud, becoming "fixated" in a stage of psychosexual development is a result of receiving too little or too much gratification during that stage.

Question 43

What is Mark's conditioned stimulus?

A) saying "gotcha"
B) touching his neck
C) laughing when he hears "gotcha"
D) laughing when his neck is touched

Question 44

What observation caused Piaget to see children as "natural physicists"?

A) Children were at the mercy of their ids.
B) Children liked to experiment with their physical environments.
C) Children learned only through reinforcements and punishments.
D) Children had innate knowledge of their worlds, which was unaffected by experience.

Question 45

Sarah's mother works long hours at the office. As a result, she cannot always attend Sarah's soccer games. Which type of system does her mother's workplace represent for Sarah?

A) an exosystem
B) a mesosystem
C) a microsystem
D) a macrosystem

Question 46

The sociocultural perspective focuses on children's aggressive and sexual impulses.

Question 47

During the Middle Ages, children were expected to reach the "age of reason" at age 7.

Question 48

John Locke's conception of children (i.e., as a tabula rasa) was as passive recipients of actions from the environment.

Question 49

Ethical guidelines dictate that research participants' identities remain confidential.

Question 50

Subjects rarely drop out of long-term longitudinal research.

Question 51

John Locke said children begin life without natural predispositions.

Question 52

Which of the following is an example of an exosystem?

A) a child's school
B) a parent's workplace
C) a neighbourhood park
D) a community parade

Question 53

Tom is a perfectionist who is almost obsessive in his neatness at work and at home. Which stage of psychosocial development would Freud say that Tom had an issue with in childhood?

A) oral stage
B) anal stage
C) phallic stage
D) genital stage

Question 54

"Tabula rasa" means "blank slate."

Question 55

According to behaviourists, once a behaviour has been learned, it cannot be extinguished.

Question 56

Mary is holding her newborn daughter and comments on her gentle temperament. If Freud were in the room, what might he state is the only part of the child's personality that is present?

A) her id
B) her ego
C) her superego
D) her subliminal ego

Question 57

Which of the following is characteristic of punishment?

A) It is usually more effective than reinforcement.
B) It is a good way to teach children how to deal with stress.
C) It does not suggest an alternative to unacceptable behaviour.
D) It is methodically planned and executed

Question 58

The cohort effect is a potential problem in cross-sectional research.

Question 59

According to Freudian psychosexual theory, children develop significant sexual attachments to the same-sex parent during the genital stage.

Question 60

Martha is an 8-year-old girl whose sexual impulses are buried. She spends her time focusing on her schoolwork and developing relationships with same-sex friends. According to Freud, what psychosexual stage is Martha in?

A) the oral stage
B) the phallic stage
C) the latency stage
D) the genital stage
CONDITIONING
Mark laughs whenever his neck is touched. Now his mommy says "gotcha" before touching his neck. Eventually, as soon as his mommy says "gotcha," Mark starts to laugh.

Question 61

A teacher wants to apply Piaget's theory to the classroom setting. Which action is the teacher most likely to take?

A) provide instructional activities aimed at the children's developmental levels
B) foster group discussion first, then assist children in completing problems in their workbooks
C) recognize that children of all ages process information similarly
D) examine children's abilities to repress their aggressive tendencies

Question 62

Dr. Wong has intensely observed and recorded the activities of a pair of conjoined twins for two years. What type of research method does Dr. Wong's work represent?

A) a case study
B) an experiment
C) a correlational design
D) a cross-lagged method

Question 63

Which type of problem is the cohort effect?

A) a particular problem in cross-sectional research
B) a particular problem in cross-sequential research
C) a problem when subjects die off selectively from longitudinal research
D) a problem when subjects know which experimental group they are a member of

Question 64

Three-year-old Sara is trying to make sense of the fact that her mother is telling her that the hairy, four-legged creature in front of her is not a dog. What process would Piaget say she is engaging in as she tries to accommodate this new information?

A) equilibration
B) cognitive development
C) evaluation
D) information processing

Question 65

Who was most interested in how children perceive and mentally represent the world?

A) Freud
B) Skinner
C) Erikson
D) Piaget

Question 66

How has the concept of "family life" changed over time?

A) It has remained constant throughout history.
B) It decreased in size during the Industrial Revolution, allowing only one child per family.
C) It was narrowed to include just the nuclear family during the Industrial Revolution.
D) It has grown to include a broader range of family members, such as cousins, aunts, and uncles.

Question 67

According to Freud, during what stage can boys develop strong attachments to their mothers while girls form strong attachments to their fathers?

A) the oral stage
B) the anal stage
C) the phallic stage
D) the genital stage

Question 68

An educator encourages children in her class to discover their environment and work on projects that stimulate their interests. How does this educator view children?

A) as active
B) as passive
C) as continuous
D) as discontinuous

Question 69

Zack has been wetting the bed. A special pad is placed under him while he is sleeping. If the pad becomes wet, a circuit closes, causing a bell to ring. After several repetitions, Zack learns to wake up before wetting the pad. Over time, Zack stops wetting the bed altogether. What is this behavioural technique an example of?

A) learning perspective
B) cognitive perspective
C) biological perspective
D) psychodynamic perspective

Question 70

According to the textbook, when does extinction of learning occur?

A) when classically conditioned stimuli are discontinued
B) never; once something is learned it is not possible to unlearn
C) with the passage of time, even if reinforcement continues
D) after repetitive performance of operant behaviour without reinforcement

Question 71

What is the function of schemas?

A) They are action patterns.
B) They restrict our understanding of the world.
C) They limit our ability to learn about and to represent our world mentally.
D) They guarantee that information processing will be unique and individualized.

Question 72

Four-year-old Janet took part in a research study on the effects of fruit juice consumption on obesity in children. When the study was published in a research journal, Janet's name appeared in the article. What guideline of ethical research involving children was violated?

A) Parental participation must be obtained.
B) Identities of children must remain confidential.
C) Children and parents must be informed of the purposes of the research.
D) The researchers must receive proper approval for conducting the study.

Question 73

Chris's mother offers him a cookie, but only if he doesn't throw a temper tantrum in the grocery store. Which concept of operant conditioning is Chris's mother applying?

A) extinction
B) positive reinforcement
C) alternative reinforcement
D) conditioned stimulus and conditioned response

Question 74

Children enter the latency stage at 5 or 6 years of age. How long do they stay in this stage of development?

A) They generally stay there until puberty.
B) They stay there until the anal stage at age 8.
C) They usually do not progress to any further stage.
D) They then enter the phallic stage at adolescence.

Question 75

How has the idea that childhood is a special time of life developed over time?

A) This idea declined throughout the 20th century.
B) This idea became evident during the Industrial Revolution.
C) This idea occurred at a time of ease and play for children during the Industrial Revolution.
D) This idea corresponded to the Middle Ages and the importance of children in the family during this time.

Question 76

What is the correct order of Bronfenbrenner's five systems, going from narrowest (closest to the child) to widest (furthest away from the child)?

A) mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem, microsystem
B) exosystem, mesosystem, microsystem, chronosystem, macrosystem
C) microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem
D) macrosystem, exosystem, microsystem, chronosystem, mesosystem

Question 77

According to Freud, what word describes the id?

A) conscious
B) unconscious
C) preconscious
D) subliminal

Question 78

In an attempt to compare instructional strategies in various elementary schools, educational researchers are sampling the reading skills of third graders every six months for five years. What type of research are they applying?

A) naturalistic research
B) longitudinal research
C) cross-sectional research
D) cross-sequential research

Question 79

Which statement is characteristic of Piaget's work?

A) Cognitive developments are stage-based and universal.
B) Development is haphazard, random, and based on experience.
C) Perception is too directly linked to sensation to separate the two.
D) Children learn in different sequences that are based on their environments.

Question 80

Which of the following is a characteristic of the superego?

A) It is present at birth.
B) It is innate and transmitted to the child genetically.
C) It represents the moral standards and values of parents.
D) It develops to help the child find convenient ways of satisfying urges.