Deck 11: Correspondence Relations: Imitation and Rule-Governed Behavior

Question 1

Slaughter and associates' (Oostenbroek et al., 2016) longitudinal study of infants observing adult models at 1, 3, 6, and 9 weeks found that:

A) Infant imitation abilities were fully developed at 1 week
B) infant imitation abilities developed gradually over the course of the study
C) Infants in the study did not reliably imitate the actions of the adult models
D) Infants were able to imitate facial actions, but not hand or finger movements

Answer 1

C

Question 2

In regards to self-generated rule compliance, Bandura believes:

A) Self-efficacy rules influence performance and achievement in life
B) Self-generated rules are the product of contingencies of reinforcement
C) The individual is separate from self-generated rules
D) Self-generated rules allow classical and operant conditioning to occur

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Epstein's experiments on direct and delayed spontaneous imitation supports the idea that:

A) Spontaneous imitation occurs because it has been important to the survival and reproduction of the species
B) Spontaneous imitation occurs because it has been reinforced by the individual's previous actions
C) Spontaneous imitation occurs despite a lack of reinforcement because of the creative nature of the individual
D) Spontaneous imitation cannot be directly observed and has not been substantiated

Answer 3

A

Question 4

A behavior analyst would say that spontaneous imitation:

A) Is based on reinforcement and contingencies for the individual
B) Is the result of environmental pressures on the individual
C) Does not exist
D) Is based on evolution and natural selection

Question 5

Rule-governed behavior involves ________.

A) The effects of advice given by a counselor
B) The effects of instructions on the behavior of the listener
C) Control by contingency-specifying stimuli (verbal stimuli)
D) All of these

Question 6

In regards to imitation:

A) It is not possible to train imitation through reinforcement because the behavior must be spontaneous for it to be imitative
B) It is possible to train imitation through reinforcement
C) It is sometimes possible to train imitation but the organism must have a respondent inclination to imitate
D) It is possible to train imitation as long as behaviors that are not imitative are punished

Question 7

The relationship between saying and doing is formally a ______ relation.

A) Cognitive consistency
B) Synergistic
C) Correspondence
D) Dose response

Question 8

Imitation requires that the learner emits a _____ response that could only occur by observing a ____ emit a similar response.

A) Novel; model
B) Similar; conspecific
C) Significant; peer
D) Operant; organism

Question 9

Rule-following is ______ regulated by _____ of reinforcement.

A) Cognitively; expectancies
B) Socially; expectancies
C) Behavior; contingencies
D) Mentally; contingencies

Question 10

What did Thorndike (1911) conclude from imitation experiments with animals?

A) Animals cannot learn by observation
B) Animals do not show a capacity for intelligence
C) Animals can easily imitate another member of their species
D) Animals show amazing intelligence

Question 11

Epstein's (1984) second experiment concerned _____ and showed that spontaneous imitation in pigeons occurred after ____ had elapsed.

A) Delayed imitation; 24 hours
B) Delayed sampling; 24 hours
C) Deferred equivalence; 48 hours
D) Deferred matching; 48 hours

Question 12

Both humans and pigeons seem to engage in spontaneous imitation. The appearance of similar behavior:

A) Shows identical functions of the behavior
B) Shows that humans and pigeons share much in common
C) Shows that structure and function go together
D) None of these

Question 13

A child attempting to repeat sounds their parents make can be explained by:

A) Parent conditioning that involves the reinforcement the parent gives in the form of attention
B) Respondent conditioning that occurs by the child receiving food and nourishment that strengthens their want to please their parent
C) Social conditioning that involves reinforcement from the parents
D) Social conditioning through the intrinsic reward a child gets by engaging in language

Question 14

In the Meltzoff and Moore (1977) study (Experiment 1) of infant imitation, the researchers:

A) Used 12- to 21-day-old infants
B) Presented four gestures in random order
C) Presented a passive face for 90 seconds
D) All of these

Question 15

Demonstrating spontaneous imitation is _____ because _______.

A) Simple; organisms demonstrate these behaviors at a high rate when faced with a new context
B) Difficult; all behavior can be explained in terms of a purpose
C) Impossible; it is a construct that has not been proven
D) Difficult; the observer's behavior can confound results

Question 16

To show the importance of ______ for Marilla's ______ imitations, Don Baer changed the ____ of reinforcement.

A) Stimulus control; immediate; contingency
B) Stimulus control; spontaneous; quality
C) Reinforcement; immediate; quality
D) Reinforcement; novel; contingency

Question 17

In terms of generalized imitation, which of the following are true?

A) Generalized imitation is part of Bandura's cognitive theory
B) Generalized imitation is based on principles of social cognition
C) Generalized imitation provides an account of imitation after a delay
D) All of these

Question 18

______ is an example of mirror neurons at work.

A) An animal's brain responding to an image of themselves as if it were a similar organism
B) An animal's brain responding to animals that appear similar as if they were all the same
C) An animal's brain visually switching a positive stimulus to a negative stimulus
D) An animal's brain responding to watching another animal perform an action they have also performed

Question 19

Autistic children show a ______ mirror-neuron system (MNS), which can help explain their ______.

A) Dysfunctional; failure to show empathy or age appropriate language skills
B) Heightened; superior ability to imitate the behavior of others
C) Dysfunctional; superior intellectual abilities
D) Heightened; inability to curb their emotional response to the behaviors of others

Question 20

Through research on spontaneous imitation with cats and other animals in puzzle boxes, Thorndike concluded that:

A) Cats and other animals can learn by observation
B) Cats and other animals cannot learn by observation
C) Cats and other animals cannot engage in social learning
D) Cats and other animals can engage in social learning

Question 21

A large part of socialization involves arranging social reinforcement for _______________ between what is _______ and what is done.

A) Self-generated rules; observed
B) Similarity; observed
C) Joint control; felt
D) Correspondence; said

Question 22

Jones (2009) challenged the conclusions of Meltzoff and Moore regarding spontaneous imitation in infants on the grounds that:

A) Infants 0.7 to 71 hours old never imitated mouth opening
B) Tongue protrusions are a species-typical behavior that occur to lots of stimuli
C) Infants 16 to 21 days old failed to imitate tongue protrusions
D) Infants 12 to 21 days old failed to imitate sequential-finger movements

Question 23

Behaviorally, we could define lying as lack of correspondence between:

A) Saying and doing
B) Doing and saying
C) Private events and saying
D) Social norms and doing

Question 24

Du and Greer (2014) found that 2- to 4-year-old children with autism who failed to learn generalized imitation in face-to-face interactions were successful in establishing generalized imitation when:

A) The modeled action was shown on a video
B) A mirror was used to display the modeled action
C) A puppet was used to show the modeled action
D) The modeled action was shown by a 2- to 4-year-old model

Question 25

Repeating a joke to your coworkers that you heard told by a late night host the previous day violates the operant imitation account of imitation in all of the following ways except:

A) The imitative response is novel
B) The reinforcement for the response appears to be missing
C) The context in which the response occurs is different
D) The observed behavior happened hours before the imitative response

Question 26

The "memory function" involved in responding to the request of "Please text me your roommate's number" would be:

A) Texting the phone number
B) Repeating (rehearsing) to yourself "find my roommate's number"
C) Searching through your list of contacts
D) Recalling the last time you called your roommate

Question 27

Bandura's social-cognitive model of observational learning includes all of the following except:

A) Retention (memory) of the observed act
B) Motivation to engage in the observed act
C) Ability to engage in the observed act
D) Previous experience performing the observed act

Question 28

The instruction given by airlines before takeoff regarding the use of the oxygen masks in the case of lost air pressure in the cabin is an example of:

A) A function-altering event
B) Contingency-shaped behavior
C) Joint control by two verbal stimuli
D) Generalized imitative behavior

Question 29

From a behavioral perspective, Bandura's Bobo doll experiment worked because it included the following behavioral processes:

A) Generalized imitation, descriptions of contingencies, and rule-governed behavior
B) Rule-governed behavior, generalized reinforcement, and discrimination
C) Stimulus control, descriptions of contingencies, and punishment
D) Intermittent reinforcement, generalization, social contingencies

Question 30

A situation where two verbal stimuli exert stimulus control over a common verbal topography is referred to as:

A) A function-altering event
B) Joint control
C) Rule-governed behavior
D) An autoclitic

Question 31

Which of the following is true of Bandura's Bobo doll experiment:

A) Whether the model was rewarded or punished did not make a difference on the level of observed aggression
B) Levels of aggression were roughly equal in boys and girls
C) All three groups remembered the modeled aggression at about the same level when given an incentive to do so
D) There was a clear difference in the level of aggression between those who saw the aggression rewarded and those who watched the clip where no consequences were observed for aggression

Question 32

Overall, the results of Galizio's (1979) experiments provide strong support for the view that:

A) Instruction-following supersedes environmental contingencies
B) Instruction-following is a form of rule-governed behavior
C) Instruction-following is a form of modeling
D) Instruction-following is not under the control of selective reinforcement

Question 33

As a response to challenges against the _____ model of imitation, Baer created the _____ approach.

A) Generalized imitation; operant
B) Respondent; operant
C) Operant; generalized imitation
D) Operant; respondent

Question 34

According to Baer and Sherman (1964) generalized imitation is maintained by:

A) Correspondence between what is observed and what is performed
B) Intermittent reinforcement
C) Social contingencies
D) The natural contingencies that maintain the behavior in the model

Question 35

A complex behavior pattern can only be learned by observation if:

A) The model is extremely similar to the observer
B) The component skills have already been established
C) A high level of reinforcement is available
D) The organism is highly motivated to learn the skill

Question 36

For Skinner (1969), rules are:

A) Instances of generalized imitation
B) Components of self-efficacy
C) Verbal descriptions of the operating contingencies
D) Generalized conditioned reinforcers

Question 37

Precurrent behavior is:

A) Behavior that is still being learned
B) The first several responses in a behavioral chain
C) An operant that precedes some other response
D) Behavior that must be learned prior to the acquisition of more complex behavior

Question 38

Recent research on generalized imitation using infants less than 2 years old has, generally, found that:

A) Infants less than 2 years of age are already good at generalized imitation
B) Given some basic training, infants less than 2 years of age can develop generalized imitation
C) Given extensive training, infants less than 2 years of age can develop generalized imitation
D) Even after extensive training, infants less than 2 years of age do not exhibit generalized imitation

Question 39

Mirror neurons have the dual function of:

A) Coding both the action and the consequence of the action
B) Coding both the action and the observing of the action
C) Coding both the observation of the action and the consequence of the action
D) Coding both the consequence and the observed consequence

Question 40

The theoretical value of Baer's work, as illustrated by the case of Marilla, supports the idea that:

A) Complex human behavior may arise from simple behavior principles operating in combination
B) Simple human behavior may arise from respondent behaviors that produce more complex behaviors down the line
C) If a person cannot cognitively process imitation they will not be able to produce the behaviors necessary to replicate
D) Complex imitation involves a series of observation and conscious choices to engage in imitation