Deck 14: Moral Development

Question 1

Elementary school children's hostile aggression is motived by the desire

A)to obtain something concrete.
B)for revenge.
C)to damage another's peer relationships.
D)to harm another person.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Parents' use of abusive punishment is NOT associated with

A)anxiety.
B)anger.
C)motivation to comply with parental demands.
D)assuming that others have hostile intentions.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

A particular allele variant of the serotonin transporter gene SLC6A4 appears to cause children to be

A)especially reactive to their rearing environment.
B)low in fearfulness.
C)particularly high in moral reasoning.
D)aggressive.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The internal regulatory system that increases an individual's ability to conform with socially approved standards of behaviour is referred to as

A)prosocial behaviour.
B)altruism.
C)consciousness.
D)the conscience.

Question 5

Which factor does NOT increase the likelihood of antisocial behaviour?

A)associating with delinquent peers
B)being part of a traditional culture
C)lack of jobs for juveniles
D)living in a single-parent family

Question 6

Choices made in which domain of social judgement are directly related to children's sense of autonomy and identity?

A)moral domain
B)societal domain
C)personal domain
D)environmental domain

Question 7

Which statement about preschool children's prosocial behaviour is TRUE?

A)Preschool children almost never engage in prosocial behaviour without explicit instruction from adults.
B)The prosocial behaviour of preschoolers is unassociated with their later behaviour.
C)Prosocial behaviour in preschoolers is generally associated with decreased altruism in adulthood, as prosocial preschoolers tend to rebel against their parents' expectations in adolescence.
D)Children who spontaneously engage in prosocial behaviour tend to be more concerned with others' needs throughout childhood and adolescence than are their peers.

Question 8

Which scenario is an example of instrumental aggression?

A)Tony pushes Joyce out of the way so that he can get to the swing first.
B)Abe does not allow Justin to play ball with the other children.
C)Amy tells Diana that she wants the paint brush that Diana is using.
D)Natalie pushes Yolanda as she walks by her because Yolanda said something mean about Natalie's sister.

Question 9

Which statement about parental socialization of sympathy and prosocial behaviour is TRUE?

A)Parental warmth and support appear to be sufficient to promote prosocial tendencies.
B)The use of rewards and punishment is moderately effective at fostering altruism.
C)Children who are often encouraged by their parents to engage in helpful activities often fail to internalize prosocial values as they become bored with or even rebel from these practices.
D)The primary environmental influence on children's development of prosocial behaviour is their socialization in the family.

Question 10

Which trait is NOT predictive of antisocial behaviour in adolescence?

A)using aggression to achieve instrumental goals
B)difficult temperament in infancy
C)difficulty paying attention
D)high activity level as preschoolers

Question 11

Casey hears that her friend has forgotten her homework and is afraid that the teacher is going to yell at her. In response, Casey is concerned for her friend and worries about how her friend is going to handle the situation. Casey is experiencing

A)altruism.
B)conscience.
C)empathy.
D)sympathy.

Question 12

Prosocial behaviour

A)decreases with age in childhood and then increases into adulthood.
B)is less common than self-focused discomfort (in response to others' distress) before the age of 18 months.
C)is rarely seen in children under the age of 2, although they often display empathy and sympathy.
D)is less common than aggressive behaviour in response to others' distress.

Question 13

What has been demonstrated by research on young children's ability to appreciate the importance of intentionality in morality?

A)Consistent with Piaget's theory, young children are unable to consider intentionality in their moral reasoning.
B)In contrast to Piaget's theory, young children are able to consider intentionality in their moral reasoning when the consequences of the behaviour are made more salient.
C)In contrast to Piaget's theory, young children are able to consider intentionality in their moral reasoning when the motives behind the behaviour are made more salient.
D)In contrast to Piaget's theory, young children are nearly as capable of considering intentionality in their moral reasoning as are older children.

Question 14

Judgments that pertain to societal rules and conventions through which cultures maintain order are considered to be in the _____ domain, according to the social domain theory.

A)societal
B)moral
C)personal
D)prosocial

Question 15

According to Kohlberg, individuals at the MOST advanced stage of moral reasoning believe that morally right behaviour involves

A)upholding laws.
B)universal principles of justice.
C)obedience to authorities.
D)doing what is expected by people close to the individual.

Question 16

Which variable is NOT a factor in the increased likelihood of antisocial behaviour for children from low socioeconomic status families?

A)increased likelihood of being an unplanned child of an adolescent mother
B)higher levels of controlling parenting
C)increased frequency of stressors, such as illness and legal problems
D)higher likelihood of being in a family headed by a single mother

Question 17

Consider this moral dilemma: "On his way to school, a boy named Jerrie sees another boy fall in the mud and start to cry. The boy says he hurt himself and asks Jerrie to help him up, but Jerrie is worried that if he helps him, he will get himself all muddy. What should Jerrie do?" Which response would be considered the LEAST advanced, according to Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning?

A)"Jerrie should help because the boy is hurt."
B)"Jerrie should not help because his teacher will think he is bad if he gets to school all dirty."
C)"Jerrie should help because he will feel bad if the boy is hurt and he doesn't help him."
D)"Jerrie should not help the boy because he will get dirty, and he doesn't want to get dirty."

Question 18

With respect to the _____ domain of social judgement, even preschoolers believe that they should have control.

A)moral
B)societal
C)personal
D)environmental

Question 19

Which phase is NOT one of Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning?

A)conventional
B)unconventional
C)postconventional
D)preconventional

Question 20

Emotionally driven, antagonistic aggression that is sparked by one's perception that other people's motives are hostile is referred to as _____ aggression.

A)proactive
B)relational
C)instrumental
D)reactive

Question 21

The tendency for individuals of low socioeconomic status in the United States and Brazil to allow children less autonomy than do middle-class individuals may be a factor in which socioeconomic status difference in social judgment?

A)Children from lower-income families are more likely to differentiate sharply between issues of morality and issues of social convention.
B)Children from middle-income families are more likely to believe issues of personal judgment are also issues of morality.
C)Children from lower-income families are less likely to view personal issues as a matter of choice.
D)The tendency is a factor in none of these.

Question 22

Which statement about children's beliefs about the domains of social judgment is TRUE?

A)Children generally believe that moral violations are wrong, even if an authority figure does not see them.
B)Children generally believe that social conventional violations are more wrong than moral violations.
C)Young children generally believe that parents have authority over social conventional and personal judgments.
D)Children generally cannot distinguish among personal, moral, and social conventional judgments until late elementary school.

Question 23

Which statement about the biological influence on aggression is TRUE?

A)Heredity plays a similarly strong role in aggression in childhood and adolescence.
B)It is a myth that testosterone plays a role in aggression.
C)Genetic, neurological, and hormonal characteristics are probably sufficient to produce an aggressive child, regardless of environmental factors.
D)Heredity has a larger influence on some types of aggression than on other types.

Question 24

Which cultural practice is NOT likely to lead to increased prosocial behaviour and/or decreased antisocial behaviour?

A)living with extended families in a traditional culture
B)having responsibility for other family members
C)having fathers who are relatively less involved with their wives and children
D)emphasizing support of others' thoughts and feelings

Question 25

What did Piaget call the FIRST stage of moral development?

A)heteronomous morality
B)preconventional morality
C)autonomous morality
D)conventional morality

Question 26

Which emotion at age 22 months predicts morality at age 54 months?

A)fear
B)guilt
C)sadness
D)joy

Question 27

Jim's parents and Horis's parents both use physical punishment, and both sets of parents tend to be quite controlling. In Jim's culture, but not in Horis's culture, physical punishment tends to be viewed as part of responsible parenting. What is the likely outcome for Jim and Horis in terms of antisocial behaviour?

A)Jim and Horis have an equally increased risk of antisocial behaviour.
B)Neither Jim nor Horis has an increased risk of antisocial behaviour.
C)Only Jim has an increased risk of antisocial behaviour.
D)Horis has a greater risk of antisocial behaviour than Jim.

Question 28

Research by Kochanska has demonstrated that children develop a conscience in different ways according to

A)whether they are girls or boys.
B)their socioeconomic status.
C)whether they are fearful.
D)understanding of others' emotions.

Question 29

According to Piaget, how many stages of development are involved in children's moral reasoning?

A)five
B)three, with transitional periods between the stages
C)two, with a transitional period between the stages
D)two

Question 30

Which statement constitutes conventional moral reasoning?

A)"I shouldn't do that because it is my responsibility to fulfil my duties."
B)"I shouldn't do that because I will get caught and I don't want to be punished."
C)"I shouldn't do that because it is not in the best interest of society."
D)"I shouldn't do that because it won't do me much good."

Question 31

Is aggressive behaviour during elementary school associated with aggression and criminal behaviour at age 30?

A)No, aggressive behaviour during elementary school is not associated with aggression and criminal behaviour at age 30.
B)Yes, aggressive behaviour during elementary school is associated with aggression and criminal behaviour at age 30, but only for males.
C)Yes, aggressive behaviour during elementary school is associated with aggression and criminal behaviour at age 30, but only for females.
D)Yes, aggressive behaviour during elementary school is associated with aggression and criminal behaviour at age 30 for both males and females.

Question 32

Eleven-year-old Shane is angry, is defiant, and loses his temper easily. He can be spiteful and vindictive, he actively defies adults, and he blames others for his misbehaviour. Shane's behaviours are indicative of

A)ADHD.
B)oppositional defiant disorder.
C)conduct disorder.
D)a typical 11-year-old.

Question 33

Which statement is an accurate description of the developmental progression of physical and verbal aggression from 3 years of age through the elementary school years?

A)Physical and verbal aggression both increase in frequency.
B)Physical and verbal aggression both decrease in frequency.
C)Physical aggression increases in frequency, whereas verbal aggression decreases in frequency.
D)Physical aggression decreases in frequency, whereas verbal aggression increases in frequency.

Question 34

Which statement about school-based interventions designed to promote prosocial behaviour is TRUE?

A)They have only been attempted with socioeconomically advantaged children.
B)They involve taking children out of their regular environments to make the empathy training more salient and seem more important.
C)The enhanced sense of community is associated with greater prosocial behaviour and fewer problem behaviours.
D)They have some immediate benefits, but only within the classroom environment in which the intervention took place.

Question 35

The study that involved interviewing individuals who had rescued Jews from the Nazis in Europe during World War II demonstrated that, compared to "bystanders," "rescuers" were more likely to recall their parents having taught them the importance of

A)caring for all human beings.
B)independence.
C)ethical obligations to family, church, and community.
D)economic competence.

Question 36

Differences in which factor are considered to be the source of the different pattern of moral reasoning shown by individuals in non-Western societies?

A)biology
B)socioeconomic status
C)education
D)values

Question 37

Which statement about individuals' level of moral reasoning is true?

A)Individuals with a lower degree of education tend to reason at a higher level than do others.
B)Individuals whose moral reasoning is at lower levels are more likely to help others.
C)Individuals whose moral reasoning is at higher levels are less likely to engage in delinquent activities.
D)Individuals whose moral reasoning is at lower levels are less likely to engage in delinquent activities.

Question 38

Which statement about the influence of biology and parental socialization on children's antisocial behaviour is TRUE?

A)It is simple to statistically separate out the effects of biology and socialization on antisocial behaviour.
B)Nearly all effects of parental socialization could be due to biological similarities between parents and children.
C)Nearly all effects of parental socialization could be due to children's biologically based characteristics, such as difficult temperaments, eliciting harsh discipline.
D)Research demonstrating that parents who are trained to deal with their children effectively have children who show improvements in conduct problems is evidence that parental socialization has a causal influence on children's antisocial behaviour.

Question 39

Which statement describing the influence of antisocial behaviour in the peer group on children and adolescents' levels of antisocial behaviour is MOST accurate?

A)Children with no antisocial tendencies are likely to be influenced by the peer group or by gangs to become aggressive.
B)Children who are antisocial and aggressive are more likely to be involved with antisocial peer groups and gangs, but these peer groups and gangs do not influence them to engage in more antisocial behaviour.
C)Children who are antisocial and aggressive are more likely to be involved with antisocial peer groups and gangs, and these peer groups and gangs increase their likelihood of engaging in more antisocial behaviour.
D)Children with no antisocial tendencies can influence their peer group or gang to become less aggressive.

Question 40

Which theory posits that children's moral judgements and related behaviours can affect the behaviour of their parents in relation to moral development?

A)social domain theory
B)Piaget's theory of moral judgment
C)Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning
D)theory of mind

Question 41

Concern with _____ is characteristic of the LEAST advanced level of prosocial reasoning.

A)others' approval
B)guilt or positive emotions related to the consequences of one's behaviour
C)one's own interests
D)physical needs of others

Question 42

Twin studies conducted to examine the genetic contribution to prosocial behaviour have found that

A)fraternal twins and identical twins are equally similar to each other in levels of prosocial behaviour, and their similarity decreases with age.
B)fraternal twins and identical twins are equally similar to each other in levels of prosocial behaviour, and their similarity increases with age.
C)identical twins are more similar to each other in levels of prosocial behaviour than are fraternal twins, and their similarity decreases with age.
D)identical twins are more similar to each other in levels of prosocial behaviour than are fraternal twins, and their similarity increases with age.

Question 43

The emotional response to another's emotional state or condition that reflects the other person's state or condition is referred to as

A)altruism.
B)conscience.
C)empathy.
D)sympathy.

Question 44

An approach to youth intervention that focuses on developing and nurturing strengths and assets rather than on correcting weaknesses and deficits is called

A)service learning.
B)positive youth development.
C)youth intervention.
D)positive youth intervention.

Question 45

Spencer and Carlos are both quite aggressive in comparison to their peers. Spencer is particularly prone to reactive aggression, and Carlos is particularly prone to proactive aggression. When asked about what they expect to happen when they exhibit aggression

A)Spencer and Carlos will both expect that there will be positive social consequences for their aggression.
B)Spencer and Carlos will both expect that there will be negative social consequences for their aggression.
C)Carlos will be more likely than Spencer to expect positive social consequences for his aggression.
D)Carlos will be less likely than Spencer to expect positive social consequences for his aggression.

Question 46

Children who tend to _____ are particularly likely to enact prosocial behaviour.

A)get overwhelmed by others' distress
B)be unresponsive to others' emotions
C)experience emotion without getting overwhelmed
D)be inhibited

Question 47

Which domain of social knowledge pertains to actions in which individual preferences are the main consideration and there are no right or wrong choices?

A)moral domain
B)societal domain
C)personal domain
D)environmental domain

Question 48

When presented with Piaget's stories designed to assess children's moral reasoning, Piaget would expect 6-year-old Phoebe to say that

A)the child who broke 15 glasses is naughtier than the child who broke 1 glass.
B)the child who broke 1 glass is naughtier than the child who broke 15 glasses.
C)both children are very naughty.
D)neither child is naughty.

Question 49

Which factor is associated with children's internalization of parents' standards and values?

A)harsh discipline
B)parental power
C)rational explanations
D)insecure parent child relationship

Question 50

Which component of social judgment does NOT vary by culture?

A)designation of behaviours as social-conventional, moral, or personal
B)consideration of whether attending to the needs of strangers is a moral obligation
C)distinction between social convention and morality
D)importance accorded to social judgements

Question 51

Which statement about the effect of temperament on the development of conscience is TRUE?

A)Harsh discipline is equally effective at promoting children's internalization of parents' standards for children of all temperamental styles.
B)Gentle discipline is equally effective at promoting children's internalization of parents' standards for children of all temperamental styles.
C)Gentle discipline is effective at promoting children's internalization of parents' standards for temperamentally kind children, but not for temperamentally angry children.
D)Gentle discipline is effective at promoting children's internalization of parents' standards for temperamentally fearful children, but not for temperamentally fearless children.

Question 52

Arnold sees that another child has forgotten his lunch and is crying. Arnold feels like crying. Arnold is MOST likely experiencing

A)altruism.
B)conscience.
C)empathy.
D)sympathy.

Question 53

During Piaget's transitional period, children

A)become more concrete in their thinking.
B)become more susceptible to influences by their peers as to what is right and wrong.
C)begin to value fairness.
D)demonstrate greater respect for adults' impressions of morality.

Question 54

Aggressive children do NOT differ from nonaggressive children with regard to

A)their goals in social situations.
B)their interpretation of others' motives.
C)confidence in their ability to behave in particular ways.
D)their intelligence level.

Question 55

At what age do children begin to become upset when others are distressed?

A)infancy
B)preschool age
C)elementary school age
D)toddlerhood

Question 56

Which of these characteristics is NOT associated with prosocial behaviour?

A)voluntary
B)intended to benefit another person
C)convenient
D)helpful

Question 57

According to Piaget, advances in children's moral reasoning are a result of

A)brain maturation.
B)peer interactions.
C)parental influence.
D)formal education.

Question 58

Which trait is NOT a characteristic of peer interactions that influences children to make the transition from Piaget's stage of moral constraint to the stage of autonomous morality?

A)egalitarian
B)focused on rule-based games
C)cooperative
D)antagonistic

Question 59

When faced with a negative social situation, aggressive children, in comparison with nonaggressive children, are LESS likely to

A)attribute hostile intentions when others' motives are clear.
B)come up with few alternatives for behaviour.
C)feel confident in their ability to perform acts of aggression.
D)have hostile goals.

Question 60

Judgments that pertain to issues of right and wrong are considered to be in the _____ domain, according to the social domain theory.

A)social conventional
B)moral
C)personal
D)prosocial

Question 61

Parents play a large role in helping children understand the _____ domain by teaching children how and why to cooperate with, take the perspective of, and help other children and adults.

A)moral
B)societal
C)personal
D)environmental

Question 62

Which of these is NOT included in the personal domain of social knowledge?

A)how children spend their money
B)how children choose to present themselves to others
C)who children choose to be friends with
D)how children demonstrate manners

Question 63

Which behaviour is NOT considered an example of aggression?

A)hitting
B)verbal insults
C)excluding others
D)helping others

Question 64

The reciprocal role of children's behaviour and parents' discipline in promoting antisocial behaviour is NOT illustrated by which statement?

A)Parents and children may share genetic tendencies towards impulsivity and distractibility, thus increasing the likelihood of a vicious cycle of physical punishment and aggression.
B)Parents who are depressed may be less likely to monitor their children, and parents who are punitive are more likely to have children who are antisocial.
C)Parents whose children throw temper tantrums may be more likely to try to avoid scolding them, reinforcing the children's temper tantrums.
D)Children who are antisocial may elicit harsher parenting, and the harsh parenting may influence children to be more antisocial.

Question 65

Conduct problems that emerge in adolescence are particularly likely to be associated with

A)maternal stress.
B)low maternal education.
C)child neglect.
D)economic disadvantage.

Question 66

Relational aggression is aggression motived by the desire

A)to obtain something concrete.
B)for revenge.
C)to damage another's peer relationships.
D)to harm another person.

Question 67

At age 17, approximately what percentage of female adolescents report having committed at least one violent crime?

A)9%
B)12%
C)29%
D)3%

Question 68

Which of these is NOT one of the roots of prosocial behaviour?

A)generally performed in exchange for social approval
B)inspired by empathy
C)ability to take the perspective of others
D)inspired by sympathy

Question 69

Based on most of the existing research that has examined Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning, which assertion is a true statement about the effect of cultural values on moral reasoning?

A)The stages of moral reasoning are universal, and individuals in all cultures progress through the stages at similar rates and eventually mature to the same level.
B)Individuals in different cultures progress through the stages of moral reasoning at different rates, but individuals in all cultures eventually mature to the same level.
C)The pattern of changes in moral reasoning in childhood appear to be similar across a variety of cultures, but individuals in all cultures do not always reach the same level.
D)Moral reasoning varies to a great extent across cultures, including the pattern of developmental changes in early childhood.

Question 70

Which statement about cultural differences in the effect of physical and abusive punishment on children's likelihood of becoming aggressive is TRUE?

A)Both physical and abusive punishment lead to aggression equally in all cultures.
B)Whereas physical punishment leads to aggression equally in all cultures, the strength of the association for abusive punishment varies somewhat among cultures.
C)Whereas abusive punishment leads to aggression in all cultures, the strength of the association for physical punishment varies somewhat among cultures.
D)Neither physical nor abusive punishment leads to aggression in any culture.

Question 71

The feeling of concern for another in response to the other's emotional state or condition is referred to as

A)altruism.
B)conscience.
C)empathy.
D)sympathy.

Question 72

Which statement by a parent is MOST likely to teach children the value of being prosocial?

A)"If we help that boy, he will be less sad."
B)"We should help that boy because it is a good thing to do."
C)"We are nice people, so we should help that boy."
D)"It will make us feel good to help that boy."

Question 73

Research using which type of procedure has demonstrated preschoolers' use of intentionality to evaluate others' behaviour?

A)asking for judgments using moral dilemmas
B)evaluating differences in the morality of characters described in different scenarios
C)observing differences in children's willingness to help others who accidentally or purposely hurt another person
D)performing meta-analytic review of previous research on the topic

Question 74

A child in which of Piaget's stages of moral development does NOT take intentions into account when determining whether a behaviour is moral or immoral?

A)autonomous morality
B)heteronomous morality of constraint
C)transitional period
D)conventional level

Question 75

Are there cultural differences in the effect of physical and abusive punishment on children's likelihood of becoming aggressive?

A)No, both physical and abusive punishment lead to aggression equally in all cultures.
B)Yes, physical punishment leads to aggression equally in all cultures, whereas abusive punishment does not.
C)Yes, abusive punishment leads to aggression in all cultures, whereas physical punishment does not.
D)No, neither physical nor abusive punishment leads to aggression in any culture.

Question 76

Which statement about the development of prosocial behaviours is TRUE?

A)Toddlers tend to comfort a distressed adult only when prompted by their parents.
B)The distinction between another's emotional distress and one's own develops by the age of 4.
C)Toddlers frequently show expressions of sympathy when comforting others.
D)Young children regularly act in prosocial ways.

Question 77

Piaget's stage of the morality of constraint is generally characteristic of children in which stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

A)formal operational
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)postoperational

Question 78

Parental conflict is associated with children's antisocial and aggressive behaviour because parents who have high marital conflict tend to

A)be less skilled at parenting than are other parents.
B)model aggressive behaviours.
C)be more hostile toward their children than are other parents.
D)exhibit all of these characteristics.

Question 79

Individual differences in _____ have been shown to be associated with prosocial behaviour.

A)oxytocin
B)serotonin
C)dopamine
D)norepinephrine

Question 80

Excluding an individual from a play group is an example of _____ aggression.

A)physical
B)relational
C)instrumental
D)direct