Deck 45: Control of Animal Processes: Neural Control

Question 1

What organic macromolecules allow myelinated sheaths to act as electrical insulators?

A) proteins
B) lipids
C) carbohydrates
D) nucleic acids

Answer 1

B

Question 2

What happens to a neuron's membrane when its membrane potential becomes less negative?

A) It becomes depolarized.
B) It becomes hyperpolarized.
C) It becomes hypopolarized.
D) It becomes repolarized.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following can be found in higher concentrations on the outside of a neuron's plasma membrane relative to the inside?

A) Ca²⁺
B) Na⁺
C) K⁺
D) anions

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Figure 45-1
In the chemical synapse in Figure 45-1which structure represents the axon of the presynaptic neuron?

A) structure E
B) structure D
C) structure C
D) structure A

Question 5

Which of the following assist and nourish cells that transmit electrical signals?

A) glial cells
B) effector cells
C) receptors
D) neurons

Question 6

Which structures are used by electrical synapses during signal transmission?

A) vesicles
B) neurotransmitters
C) Ca²⁺
D) gap junctions

Question 7

Figure 45-1
In the chemical synapse in Figure 45-1, which structure represents the synaptic cleft?

A) structure B
B) structure C
C) structure D
D) structure E

Question 8

Which cells are located in the brain and spinal cord of vertebrates?

A) afferent neurons
B) efferent neurons
C) motor neurons
D) interneurons

Question 9

Which of the following refers to an abrupt and transient change in membrane potential?

A) resting potential
B) refractory potential
C) action potential
D) threshold potential

Question 10

Which neurons are typically located in the peripheral nervous system?

A) spinal cord nerve cells
B) interneurons
C) brain nerve cells
D) motor neurons

Question 11

Which of the following conduct(s) electrical signals away from the cell body of a neuron?

A) the dendrites
B) an axon terminal
C) an axon
D) the nucleus

Question 12

Which part of the firefly's body flashes?

A) wings
B) legs
C) head
D) abdomen

Question 13

When does a female firefly stop flashing?

A) after mating
B) before mating
C) during mating
D) during feeding

Question 14

Which of the following is a component of neural signalling mechanisms?

A) integration
B) reaction
C) rejection
D) action

Question 15

Figure 45-1
Refer Figure 45-1. When comparing electrical synapses and chemical synapses, what structures are found only in electrical synapses?

A) synaptic clefts
B) gap junctions
C) neurotransmitters
D) postsynaptic plasma cell receptors

Question 16

Which of these terms refers to the component of a neural signalling pathway in which messages are sorted and interpreted?

A) integration
B) reception
C) response
D) action

Question 17

What is the typical resting potential of an isolated neuron?

A) -100 mV
B) -90 mV
C) -70 mV
D) -60 mV

Question 18

In humans, which neurons are composed of the greatest number of cells?

A) motor neurons
B) efferent neurons
C) interneurons
D) afferent neurons

Question 19

Which term refers to the spaces between adjacent Schwann cells?

A) nodes of Ranvier
B) axon terminals
C) active gaps
D) intercalated discs

Question 20

Which sequence places the components of a neural signalling pathway in the correct order, from beginning to end?

A) reception, integration, transmission, response
B) integration, transmission, reception, response
C) response, reception, transmission, integration
D) transmission, integration, reception, response

Question 21

According to the text, what happens to the magnitude of an action potential as it is propagated down an excitable membrane and why?

A) It increases because it is a threshold principle.
B) It increases because it is an all-or-nothing principle.
C) It remains constant because it is an all-or-nothing principle.
D) It remains constant because it is a threshold principle.

Question 22

How is the intensity of an electrical impulse reflected?

A) in the magnitude of action potentials
B) in the frequency of action potentials
C) in the duration of action potentials
D) in the intensity of action potentials

Question 23

Figure 45-2
In the action potential diagram in Figure 45-2, at what point are Na⁺ inactivation gates opening and K⁺ activation gates closing?

A) point E
B) point D
C) point B
D) point A

Question 24

Which of these series places the listed events of chemical synapse transmission in the correct order?

A) action potential reaches axon terminal of presynaptic neuron
B) action potential reaches axon terminal of presynaptic neuron
C) action potential reaches axon terminal of presynaptic neuron
D) action potential reaches axon terminal of presynaptic neuron

Question 25

What happens to the neuron's membrane when its membrane potential goes below its resting value?

A) It becomes repolarized.
B) It becomes hyperpolarized.
C) It becomes hypopolarized.
D) It becomes depolarized.

Question 26

Vesicles containing neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft when levels of which of these ions rise within the axon terminal?

A) Ca²⁺
B) Na⁺
C) H⁺
D) Cl^-

Question 27

An action potential is propagated down an unmyelinated neuron plasma membrane because the action potential stimulates certain voltage-gated channels adjacent to it. Which channels are they?

A) Cl^- channels
B) Ca²⁺ channels
C) Mg⁺ channels
D) Na⁺ channels

Question 28

Why does depolarization of the neuron plasma membrane occur?

A) due to the diffusion of K⁺ into the cell
B) due to the diffusion of K⁺ out of the cell
C) due to the diffusion of Na⁺ out of the cell
D) due to the diffusion of Na⁺ into the cell

Question 29

Which of these pairs of ions are involved in changing membrane potential?

A) magnesium and potassium
B) sodium and magnesium
C) sodium and potassium
D) magnesium and chloride

Question 30

For which of these axons might you expect action potential propagation to be the fastest?

A) a myelinated axon with a large diameter
B) an unmyelinated axon with a small diameter
C) a myelinated axon with a small diameter
D) a myelinated axon of any diameter

Question 31

Figure 45-2
In the action potential diagram in Figure 45-2, at what point are many Na⁺ activation gates open and K⁺ activation gates closed?

A) point A
B) point B
C) point C
D) point E

Question 32

Which of the following is a reasonable estimation of the duration of an action potential?

A) approximately 5 microseconds
B) approximately 5 milliseconds
C) approximately 5 centiseconds
D) approximately 5 seconds

Question 33

Which of the following happens as the action potential reaches its peak?

A) The inactivation gates of Na⁺ channels close.
B) The activation gates of Na⁺ channels close.
C) The inactivation gates of Na⁺ channels open.
D) Na⁺/K⁺ active transport pumps are activated.

Question 34

Which of the following occurs when threshold potential is reached?

A) The activation gates of Na⁺ channels open.
B) The inactivation gates of Na⁺ channels open.
C) The activation gates of Na⁺ channels close.
D) Na⁺/K⁺ active transport pumps are activated.

Question 35

During an action potential, what level can the membrane potential reach?

A) as high as +70 mV
B) as high as +60 mV
C) as high as +50 mV
D) as high as +30 mV

Question 36

According to the text, why is the refractory period of a neuron's plasma membrane important?

A) because it initiates an action potential
B) because it ensures that an impulse will travel in a one-way direction
C) because it ensures that the threshold potential will be reached
D) because it establishes the resting potential

Question 37

Which of the following remove(s) Ca²⁺ from the inside of an axon terminal of a chemical synapse after an electrical impulse has passed?

A) ion channels
B) simple diffusion through the plasma membrane
C) active transport pumps
D) exocytosis

Question 38

What would be disrupted if the K⁺ channels of an excitable plasma membrane were blocked by the action of a drug?

A) depolarization
B) repolarization
C) hyperpolarization
D) hypopolarization

Question 39

Which of these terms refers to the minimum level of depolarization required to initiate an action potential in an excitable cell?

A) membrane potential
B) refractory potential
C) electrical potential
D) threshold potential

Question 40

Which of these structures aid in saltatory conduction?

A) non-myelinated axons
B) synapses
C) myelinated axons
D) dendrites

Question 41

Which of the following can neuropeptide neurotransmitters do?

A) act as pain reducers and initiate euphoria
B) act as a postsynaptic membrane inhibitor
C) act as a direct neurotransmitter between neurons and muscle cells
D) directly open K⁺ channels to inhibit neurons

Question 42

Which of these animals has the most-advanced cephalization?

A) arthropod
B) echinoderm
C) chordate
D) flatworm

Question 43

Which of these animals has the least-advanced nerve cord?

A) human
B) flatworm
C) arthropod
D) octopus

Question 44

Which of the following is the route through which sensory information is transmitted to the CNS?

A) by the efferent neurons of the autonomic nervous system
B) by the somatic neurons of the peripheral nervous system
C) by the somatic neurons of the sympathetic division
D) by the afferent neurons of the peripheral nervous system

Question 45

Which of the following will be caused in the postsynaptic membrane by the binding of a neurotransmitter to ligand-gated Na⁺ channels?

A) hyperpolarization
B) depolarization
C) repolarization
D) apolarization

Question 46

What is cephalization in animals most associated with?

A) bilateral symmetry
B) ganglia
C) nerves
D) nerve nets

Question 47

In animals with a brain, what are the two major divisions of the nervous system?

A) cranial and spinal nerves
B) central and peripheral nervous systems
C) nerves from the brain and the peripheral systems
D) autonomic and peripheral systems

Question 48

Which of these actions will be caused in the postsynaptic membrane by the binding of a neurotransmitter to ligand-gated K⁺ channels?

A) apolarization
B) depolarization
C) repolarization
D) hyperpolarization

Question 49

Which action will be caused in the postsynaptic membrane by the binding of a neurotransmitter to ligand-gated Cl^- channels?

A) depolarization
B) repolarization
C) hyperpolarization
D) apolarization

Question 50

What type of neuron directly stimulates a muscle or gland?

A) efferent neuron
B) interneuron
C) afferent neuron
D) sensory neuron

Question 51

In vertebrates, what does the CNS consist of?

A) the brain and grey matter
B) the brain and the spinal cord
C) the brain and reflexes
D) the spinal cord and grey matter

Question 52

Which of the following can the neurotransmitter acetylcholine do in vertebrates?

A) act as a hormone when released into the circulation
B) make it more difficult for some presynaptic membranes to reach threshold
C) act as a direct neurotransmitter between neurons and muscle cells
D) act as an enzyme when released into circulation

Question 53

What will a hollow neural tube develop into?

A) spinal nerves
B) the brain
C) motor nerves
D) the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain

Question 54

Which of these neuron locations have the greatest density of voltage-gated Na⁺ channels, thus resulting in the lowest threshold potential along a neuron?

A) axon terminals
B) cell bodies
C) axon hillocks
D) dendrites

Question 55

Invertebrates such as the flatworm have groups of neurons with a common function. What is the name of these nerve clusters?

A) the spine
B) the brain
C) nerve cords
D) ganglia

Question 56

Which of the following involves Na⁺?

A) resting membrane potential
B) repolarization
C) hyperpolarization
D) depolarization

Question 57

Which of the following is a possible result of EPSP and IPSP activity?

A) formation of an unusually strong action potential
B) formation of an unusually strong presynaptic potential
C) temporal summation in a postsynaptic neuron
D) temporal summation in a presynaptic neuron

Question 58

At which of these neuron locations does summation occur?

A) dendrites
B) axon hillock
C) axon terminals
D) cell body

Question 59

Which of the following is common to all vertebrates?

A) a small brain
B) large ganglia
C) a midbrain
D) a convoluted cerebrum

Question 60

Which of the following refers to a graded, subthreshold change in the postsynaptic membrane potential that moves toward threshold?

A) depolarization
B) IPSP
C) hyperpolarization
D) EPSP

Question 61

What is the combined function of the malleus, incus, and stapes?

A) to convert the mechanical vibration of the tympanic membrane into a pressure wave in the cochlear duct
B) to amplify the vibrations of the eardrum
C) to convert the oval window's vibrations into vibrations of the tympanic membrane
D) to equalize the pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane

Question 62

Which sentence presents characteristics of the sympathetic and the parasympathetic systems respectively?

A) One controls external stimuli and the other controls internal stimuli.
B) One generally predominates during physical activity and the other predominates during nonphysical activity.
C) Both release norepinephrine.
D) One is under voluntary control and the other is under involuntary control.

Question 63

Which of the following is a characteristic of the autonomic nervous system?

A) It includes both afferent and efferent nerve fibres.
B) It is a functional division of the central nervous system.
C) It controls body movements that are under unconscious control.
D) It is composed of parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions.

Question 64

Where is fluid found in a healthy human ear?

A) in the vestibular canal and tympanic canal only
B) in the middle ear and the inner ear
C) in the vestibular canal, tympanic canal, and middle ear
D) in the outer ear canal, middle ear, and cochlea

Question 65

Which structures are used by many aquatic invertebrates to perceive changes in their body's position and orientation?

A) otoliths
B) statocysts
C) stereocilia
D) saccules

Question 66

Figure 45-3
In Figure 45-3, which number identifies the structure that initiates action potentials?

A) 12
B) 13
C) 14
D) 15

Question 67

Which of these structures comprise stretch receptors?

A) Golgi tendon organs
B) proprioceptors of tendons
C) muscle spindles
D) bony labyrinths

Question 68

Figure 45-3
In Figure 45-3, which numbers identify the structures that are made of bone?

A) 1, 2, 3
B) 3, 4, 5
C) 6, 7, 8
D) 9, 10, 11

Question 69

What does an invertebrate statocyst contain that surrounds movable elements so that changes in body position move the latter and thus trigger an action potential?

A) efferent neurons, which surround statoliths
B) statoliths, which surround sensory hair cells
C) otoliths, which surround sensory hair cells
D) sensory hair cells, which surround statoliths

Question 70

Figure 45-3
In Figure 45-3, which number identifies the organ that detects vibrations?

A) 17
B) 18
C) 19
D) 20

Question 71

Which structure, if lost, would render a fish unable to school?

A) the lateral line
B) the statocyst
C) the eyes
D) the vestibular apparatus

Question 72

Figure 45-3
In Figure 45-3, which number identifies the structure that detects spinning motions?

A) 3
B) 7
C) 8
D) 10

Question 73

Where is the tympanic membrane in humans?

A) between the middle ear and the inner ear
B) adjacent to the stapes
C) in the outer ear, adjacent to the pinna
D) between the ear canal and the middle ear's cavity

Question 74

Which of the following comprise a fish's lateral line, which allows it to detect vibrations and water currents?

A) stereocilia
B) statoliths
C) statocysts
D) neuromasts

Question 75

Figure 45-3
In Figure 45-3, which number identifies the tympanic membrane?

A) 3
B) 5
C) 8
D) 10

Question 76

Figure 45-4
In Figure 45-4, which number identifies the sensory hair cells?

A) 18
B) 20
C) 21
D) 22

Question 77

How can organisms perceive different intensities of a stimulus?

A) by an increase in intensity and frequency of action potentials generated, as well as an increase in the number of cells generating action potentials
B) by an increase in the frequency of action potentials generated by an afferent neuron
C) by an increase in intensity of the action potentials generated by an afferent neuron
D) by an increase in the frequency of action potentials generated, as well as the numbers of afferent neurons generating action potentials, but not the intensity of action potentials

Question 78

Which of the following is a feature of sensory adaptation?

A) It increases one's sensitivity to constant stimuli.
B) It is associated primarily with pain receptors.
C) It functions the same way in all types of sensory receptors.
D) It increases one's sensitivity to changes in environmental stimuli.

Question 79

How does an insect such as a moth or cricket detect sound?

A) through specialized tympanic membranes located near the head
B) through a series of mechanoreceptors arranged in a lateral line
C) through general mechanoreceptors on its skin
D) through a thinned region of the exoskeleton

Question 80

How does an earthworm detect sound?

A) through general mechanoreceptors on its skin
B) through a thinned region of the exoskeleton
C) through specialized tympanic membranes located near the head
D) through a series of mechanoreceptors arranged in a lateral line