Question 1

How does an earthworm detect sound?

Accepted Answer

A)  through general mechanoreceptors on its skin 
B)  through a thinned region of the exoskeleton 
C)  through specialized tympanic membranes located near the head 
D)  through a series of mechanoreceptors arranged in a lateral line 
A)  through general mechanoreceptors on its skin 
B)  through a thinned region of the exoskeleton 
C)  through specialized tympanic membranes located near the head 
D)  through a series of mechanoreceptors arranged in a lateral line A

Question 2

Comprehension of spoken and written language depends on Wernicke's area.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 3

In terms of changes in membrane potential, compare and contrast action potentials and graded potentials.

Accepted Answer

Action potentials are all-or-none phenomena that form when a membrane potential of an excitable cell reaches threshold potential. Graded potentials are additive subthreshold changes in the membrane potential of an excitable cell. The net effect of graded potentials may cause a membrane potential to move closer to, or further away from, threshold potential.

Question 4

Match each term with its description.
-EPSP

Accepted Answer

A) electrical potential difference across a plasma membrane 
B) subthreshold change in membrane potential toward the threshold potential of a neuron 
C) membrane potential of an excitable membrane when it is not being stimulated 
D) subthreshold change in membrane potential away from the threshold potential of a neuron 
E) abrupt, transient change in membrane potential, consisting of membrane depolarization followed by repolarization
F)minimum membrane potential required to form an action potential
G)any subthreshold change in membrane potential whose effects are additive 
A) electrical potential difference across a plasma membrane 
B) subthreshold change in membrane potential toward the threshold potential of a neuron 
C) membrane potential of an excitable membrane when it is not being stimulated 
D) subthreshold change in membrane potential away from the threshold potential of a neuron 
E) abrupt, transient change in membrane potential, consisting of membrane depolarization followed by repolarization
F)minimum membrane potential required to form an action potential
G)any subthreshold change in membrane potential whose effects are additive

Question 5

Explain how the resting membrane potential and resting ion distributions are established in a neuron.

Accepted Answer

A resting membrane potential of -70 mV i

Question 6

Which of these statements describes taste buds?

Accepted Answer

A)  structures that are each able to respond to sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and savoury stimuli 
B)  collections of papilla that each respond to different stimuli 
C)  small capsules of cells, each with a pore at the top through which sensory hairs project and interact with environmental molecules 
D)  modified sensilla 
A)  structures that are each able to respond to sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and savoury stimuli 
B)  collections of papilla that each respond to different stimuli 
C)  small capsules of cells, each with a pore at the top through which sensory hairs project and interact with environmental molecules 
D)  modified sensilla

Question 7

Define long-term potentiation.

Accepted Answer

It is a series of events invol

Question 8

Match each term with its definition.
-magnetoreceptors

Accepted Answer

A) single units of a compound eye 
B) allow animals to detect and use Earth's magnetic field for navigation 
C) structure that creates pressure waves in the cochlea as it vibrates 
D) reduction in the frequency of action potentials generated by afferent neurons even though the stimulus has not changed 
E) commonly known as the eardrum
F)specialized receptors that detect electrical fields
G)viscous liquid filling the human eye cavity between the retina and lens
H)responsible for terrestrial vertebrates' ability to perceive motion and position of the head
I)process of converting a stimulus into a change in the membrane potential
J)cells in the human eye that connect bipolar cells and ganglion cells
K)dendrites of afferent neurons, or specialized cells that synapse with afferent neurons, that can gather information about the environment
L)calcium carbonate crystals that bend stereocilia as a result of movement of the head
M)a duct that eliminates pressure differentials that can occur between the outer and middle ear
N)process by which the contrast between dark and light is increased in visual processing in the mammalian eye
O)family of photopigments consisting of opsins combined with retinal
P)photopigment found in vertebrate and invertebrate eyes alike
Q)clear liquid between the cornea and the lens of a human eye
R)cells in the human eye that connect different photoreceptor cells to each other
S)where a portion of each optic nerve crosses to the opposite side of the brain
T)detect stimuli used for balance and the perception of body position
U)small region in the retina where cones are concentrated
V)specialized muscle cells surrounded by afferent neuron dendrites; detect the degree of stretching that a muscle is undergoing
W)the site in the thalamus where most optic axons make synapses with interneurons leading to the visual cortex
X)hollow sensory bristles in insects 
A) single units of a compound eye 
B) allow animals to detect and use Earth's magnetic field for navigation 
C) structure that creates pressure waves in the cochlea as it vibrates 
D) reduction in the frequency of action potentials generated by afferent neurons even though the stimulus has not changed 
E) commonly known as the eardrum
F)specialized receptors that detect electrical fields
G)viscous liquid filling the human eye cavity between the retina and lens
H)responsible for terrestrial vertebrates' ability to perceive motion and position of the head
I)process of converting a stimulus into a change in the membrane potential
J)cells in the human eye that connect bipolar cells and ganglion cells
K)dendrites of afferent neurons, or specialized cells that synapse with afferent neurons, that can gather information about the environment
L)calcium carbonate crystals that bend stereocilia as a result of movement of the head
M)a duct that eliminates pressure differentials that can occur between the outer and middle ear
N)process by which the contrast between dark and light is increased in visual processing in the mammalian eye
O)family of photopigments consisting of opsins combined with retinal
P)photopigment found in vertebrate and invertebrate eyes alike
Q)clear liquid between the cornea and the lens of a human eye
R)cells in the human eye that connect different photoreceptor cells to each other
S)where a portion of each optic nerve crosses to the opposite side of the brain
T)detect stimuli used for balance and the perception of body position
U)small region in the retina where cones are concentrated
V)specialized muscle cells surrounded by afferent neuron dendrites; detect the degree of stretching that a muscle is undergoing
W)the site in the thalamus where most optic axons make synapses with interneurons leading to the visual cortex
X)hollow sensory bristles in insects

Question 9

Suppose that one of your friends is an excellent pianist. Which of these statements could describe your friend?

Accepted Answer

A)  His left hemisphere is well-developed for music. 
B)  His reticular formation is well-developed. 
C)  His right hemisphere is well-developed for music. 
D)  His right hemisphere is well-developed for control over the right side of the body. 
A)  His left hemisphere is well-developed for music. 
B)  His reticular formation is well-developed. 
C)  His right hemisphere is well-developed for music. 
D)  His right hemisphere is well-developed for control over the right side of the body.

Question 10

When does a female firefly stop flashing?

Accepted Answer

A)  after mating 
B)  before mating 
C)  during mating 
D)  during feeding 
A)  after mating 
B)  before mating 
C)  during mating 
D)  during feeding

Question 11

Match each situation to the most appropriate term.
-causes a neuron membrane potential to become more negative, allowing it to approach its resting potential

Accepted Answer

A) depolarization 
B) repolarization 
C) hyperpolarization 
A) depolarization 
B) repolarization 
C) hyperpolarization

Question 12

Invertebrates such as the flatworm have groups of neurons with a common function. What is the name of these nerve clusters?

Accepted Answer

A)  the spine 
B)  the brain 
C)  nerve cords 
D)  ganglia 
A)  the spine 
B)  the brain 
C)  nerve cords 
D)  ganglia

Question 13

Which structures are used by many aquatic invertebrates to perceive changes in their body's position and orientation?

Accepted Answer

A)  otoliths 
B)  statocysts 
C)  stereocilia 
D)  saccules 
A)  otoliths 
B)  statocysts 
C)  stereocilia 
D)  saccules

Question 14

Identify each lettered part of the human eye shown.  
-pupil

Accepted Answer

The answer of Identify each lettered part of the human...

Question 15

Identify each lettered part of the vestibular apparatus shown.  
-saccule

Accepted Answer

The answer of Identify each lettered part of the vestibular...

Question 16

Action potentials may vary in magnitude along a particular excitable membrane.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

Identify each lettered part of the vestibular apparatus shown.  
-afferent neurons

Accepted Answer

The answer of Identify each lettered part of the vestibular...

Question 18

Suppose that a boxer received a hard blow to the side of his head during a fight, and as a result he was unable to recognize and interpret words. Which specific area of the brain must have been damaged during the fight?

Accepted Answer

A)  corpus callosum 
B)  the cortex of the cerebellum 
C)  Wernicke's area 
D)  Broca's area 
A)  corpus callosum 
B)  the cortex of the cerebellum 
C)  Wernicke's area 
D)  Broca's area

Question 19

Where is fluid found in a healthy human ear?

Accepted Answer

A)  in the vestibular canal and tympanic canal only 
B)  in the middle ear and the inner ear 
C)  in the vestibular canal, tympanic canal, and middle ear 
D)  in the outer ear canal, middle ear, and cochlea 
A)  in the vestibular canal and tympanic canal only 
B)  in the middle ear and the inner ear 
C)  in the vestibular canal, tympanic canal, and middle ear 
D)  in the outer ear canal, middle ear, and cochlea

Question 20

According to the text, why is the refractory period of a neuron's plasma membrane important?

Accepted Answer

A)  because it initiates an action potential 
B)  because it ensures that an impulse will travel in a one-way direction 
C)  because it ensures that the threshold potential will be reached 
D)  because it establishes the resting potential 
A)  because it initiates an action potential 
B)  because it ensures that an impulse will travel in a one-way direction 
C)  because it ensures that the threshold potential will be reached 
D)  because it establishes the resting potential

Exam 45: Control of Animal Processes: Neural Control

How does an earthworm detect sound?

Comprehension of spoken and written language depends on Wernicke's area.

In terms of changes in membrane potential, compare and contrast action potentials and graded potentials.

Match each term with its description. -EPSP

Explain how the resting membrane potential and resting ion distributions are established in a neuron.

Which of these statements describes taste buds?

Define long-term potentiation.

Match each term with its definition. -magnetoreceptors

Suppose that one of your friends is an excellent pianist. Which of these statements could describe your friend?

When does a female firefly stop flashing?

Match each situation to the most appropriate term. -causes a neuron membrane potential to become more negative, allowing it to approach its resting potential

Invertebrates such as the flatworm have groups of neurons with a common function. What is the name of these nerve clusters?

Which structures are used by many aquatic invertebrates to perceive changes in their body's position and orientation?

Identify each lettered part of the human eye shown. -pupil

Identify each lettered part of the vestibular apparatus shown. -saccule

Action potentials may vary in magnitude along a particular excitable membrane.

Identify each lettered part of the vestibular apparatus shown. -afferent neurons

Suppose that a boxer received a hard blow to the side of his head during a fight, and as a result he was unable to recognize and interpret words. Which specific area of the brain must have been damaged during the fight?

Where is fluid found in a healthy human ear?

According to the text, why is the refractory period of a neuron's plasma membrane important?

Light and Life

The Cell: an Overview

Energy and Enzymes

Cell Membranes and Signaling

Cellular Respiration

Photosynthesis

Cell Cycles

Genetic Recombination

The Chromosomal Basis of Mendelian Inheritance

Genetic Linkage, Sex-Linkage, and Other Non-Mendelian Inheritance Mechanisms

DNA Structure, Replication, and Repair

Gene Structure Expression, and Mutation

Regulation of Gene Expression

Dna Technologies

Genomes

Evolution: the Development of the Theory

Microevolution: Changes Within Populations

Speciation and Macroevolution

Systematics and Phylogenetics: Revealing the Tree of Life

Humans and Evolution

Defining Life and Its Origins

Viruses, Viroids, and Prions: Infectious Biological Particles

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Fungi

Plants

Animals

Conservation of Biodiversity

Population Ecology

Species Interactions and Community Ecology

Ecosystems

Animal Behaviour

Organization of the Plant Body

Transport in Plants

Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants

Plant Nutrition

Plant Signals and Responses to the Environment

Introduction to Animal Organization and Physiology

Animal Nutrition

Gas Exchange: the Respiratory System

Internal Transport: the Circulatory System

Regulation of the Internal Environment: Water, Solutes, and Temperature

Control of Animal Processes: Endocrine Control

Animal Reproduction

Muscles, Skeletons, and Body Movements

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