Deck 3: The Search for Causes

Question 1

________ refer(s)to the relatively stable characteristic patterns of thoughts,feelings,and behaviors that make a person unique,and that influence that person's behavior.

A)Social norms
B)Behavioral conditioning
C)Personality
D)Psychological profiling

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Distinct portions of a cell's DNA that carry coded instructions for making everything the body needs are known as

A)chromosomes.
B)genes.
C)somatotypes.
D)biochemical imbalances.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of Merton's categories would a law-abiding citizen most likely fall into?

A)Ritualist
B)Conformist
C)Innovator
D)Retreatist

Answer 3

B

Question 4

________ is the process in which a person openly rejects something he or she wants but cannot obtain or achieve.

A)Reaction formation
B)Relative deprivation
C)Anomie
D)Technique of neutralization

Question 5

________ is a sociological approach that emphasizes demographics and geographics and explains criminality as a product of society's impact on the individual.

A)The Classical School
B)The Chicago School
C)The Positivist School
D)Postmodernism

Question 6

Which of the following scholars is considered to be a Classical School criminologist?

A)Cesare Lombroso
B)Travis Hirschi
C)Edwin Sutherland
D)Cesare Beccaria

Question 7

Theory testing usually involves the development of a(n)________ based on what the theory predicts.

A)trait
B)atavist
C)hypothesis
D)anomie

Question 8

According to somatotyping,________ have the greatest likelihood of becoming criminal offenders.

A)ectomorphic individuals
B)mesomorphic individuals
C)endomorphic individuals
D)individuals with clear characteristics of all three types

Question 9

What is the central defining characteristic of a psychopath?

A)Hallucinations
B)Neuroticism
C)Impulsiveness
D)Lack of empathy

Question 10

________ is an eighteenth-century approach to crime causation and criminal responsibility that emphasizes free will and reasonable punishments.

A)The Classical School
B)Biosocial Criminology
C)Positivism
D)The Psychological School

Question 11

Which of Eysenck's personality dimensions was most likely to be closely correlated with criminality?

A)Psychoticism
B)Introversion/extraversion
C)Psychopathology
D)Neuroticism/emotional stability

Question 12

A violation of social norms defining appropriate or proper behavior under a particular set of circumstances is known as

A)deviance.
B)anomie.
C)phrenology.
D)crime.

Question 13

Which approach to explaining crime addresses the gender ratio problem?

A)Psychological perspectives
B)The Classical School
C)Sociological theories
D)Biosocial theories

Question 14

A psychological principle that holds that the frequency of any behavior can be increased or decreased through reward,punishment,and association with other stimuli is

A)heritability.
B)behavioral conditioning.
C)profiling.
D)psychoanalysis.

Question 15

________ refers to a condition of normlessness that is said to exist when a group is faced with social change,uneven development of culture,maladaptiveness,disharmony,conflict,and lack of consensus.

A)Anomie
B)Postmodernism
C)Containment
D)Social disorganization

Question 16

________ is a theory of human behavior,based on the writings of Sigmund Freud,that sees personality as a complex composite of interacting mental entities.

A)Anomie
B)Social development theory
C)Psychopathology
D)Psychoanalysis.

Question 17

Which abnormal chromosomal structure is associated with the concept of a "supermale"?

A)XY
B)XXY
C)XXX
D)XYY

Question 18

________ theories emphasize the role of learning in crime causation.

A)Social process
B)Biosocial
C)Conflict
D)Emergent

Question 19

A ________ is a set of interrelated propositions that attempt to describe,explain,predict,and ultimately control some class of events.

A)hypothesis
B)conflict perspective
C)trait
D)theory

Question 20

What is atavism?

A)A term used to identify a specific type of aggressive behavior
B)A term used to denote the concentric zones characterized by disorder and transition
C)A condition characterized by features thought to be common in earlier stages of human evolution
D)A term used to describe the physical constitution or bodily characteristics of offenders

Question 21

According to Merton,innovators are most likely to be criminals.

Question 22

According to routine activities theory,the presence of a capable guardian is a necessary element for a crime to occur.

Question 23

Endomorphs are most likely to engage in delinquent or criminal behavior.

Question 24

According to labeling theory,criminality is a quality that is inherent in an action or in a person.

Question 25

All deviant behavior is a violation of the criminal law.

Question 26

________ theory focuses on the strength of the bond people share with individuals and institutions around them.

A)Social learning
B)Labeling
C)Social control
D)Social structure

Question 27

________ criminology suggests that social control agencies and citizens should work together to alleviate social problems and human suffering and thus reduce crime.

A)Biosocial
B)Peacemaking
C)Emergent
D)Radical

Question 28

According to the Program of Research on the Causes and Correlates of Delinquency,very young subjects (as young as three years of age)are most likely to be found on the ________ pathway to delinquency.

A)authority conflict
B)multiple disruption
C)covert
D)overt

Question 29

Broken windows theory is a perspective on crime causation that holds that the physical deterioration of an area leads to higher crime rates and an increased concern for personal safety among residents.

Question 30

Which conflict theory is mainly deconstructionist?

A)Feminist criminology
B)Postmodern criminology
C)Left realism
D)Convict criminology

Question 31

Early feminist criminology argued that the differences in crime rates between men and women were due primarily to

A)biology.
B)the criminal justice system.
C)socialization.
D)deconstructionism.

Question 32

According to the Classical School of Criminology,the two key determining factors of human behavior are right and wrong.

Question 33

A psychopath is someone who is out of touch with reality in some fundamental way.

Question 34

________ criminology argues that the distribution of wealth and power in society is the primary cause of criminal behavior.

A)Positivist
B)Radical
C)Classical
D)Biosocial

Question 35

Increased levels of testosterone may be linked to increased aggressiveness in men.

Question 36

An offender neutralizes his guilt over the robbery of a convenience store by claiming that the victim routinely cheated customers and deserved to be targeted.This is an example of which technique of neutralization?

A)Denial of the victim
B)Denial of responsibility
C)Appeal to higher loyalties
D)Denial of injury

Question 37

Cesare Lombroso's theory of atavism implies that some people are born criminals.

Question 38

Labeling theory specifically attempts to explain the origin of crime and deviance.

Question 39

Sociological theories that blame the social environment for crime argue that the way to prevent crime is through social action.

Question 40

Dangerousness is an ascribed quality.

Question 41

Postmodern criminology is the newest perspective in criminology and was developed in the 21st century.

Question 42

According to the theory of psychoanalysis,a psychopath lacks a fully developed ________.

Question 43

Peacemaking criminology emphasizes involving victims as well as offenders in criminal justice.

Question 44

The conflict perspective suggests that the fundamental nature of group conflict centers on the exercise of political power.

Question 45

Feminist criminology is considered to be a deconstructionist theory.

Question 46

Radical criminology argues that the creation of a capitalist society is the only solution to the problem of crime.

Question 47

________ theory suggests that crime is learned according to the same principles that guide the learning of law-abiding behavior.

Question 48

Inner ________ such as a positive self-image and a tolerance for frustration help prevent individuals from committing crimes and engaging in deviant behavior.

Question 49

Adolescent-limited offenders continue to reoffend through life.

Question 50

The attempt to categorize,understand,and predict the behavior of certain types of offenders
based on behavioral clues they provide is known as ________.

Question 51

According to Jeremy Bentham's concept of ________,individuals will avoid committing crime if the punishment for the crime outweighs the benefits of committing it.

Question 52

Modern feminist criminology focuses on the link between victimization and criminality in women offenders.

Question 53

A(n)________ is tested by how well it describes and predicts reality.

Question 54

Shaw and McKay's concentric zone research found that crime was highest in Zone 2,which they termed the zone of ________.

Question 55

A(n)________ is an explanation that accounts for a set of facts and that can be tested by further investigation.

Question 56

Lombroso's theory of ________ suggests that criminals are throwbacks to earlier stages of human evolution.

Question 57

A person who has been diagnosed with ________ probably exhibits disordered or disjoined thinking and makes logical associations that are not typical of those made by other people.

Question 58

The ________ School of criminology stresses the application of scientific techniques to the study of crime and criminals.

Question 59

According to Wolfgang and Ferracuti,crimes such as murder are more likely to be partially excused when they occur within a subculture of ________.

Question 60

Biosocial researchers argue that genes ________ human behavior rather than determining it.

Question 61

Match the theory with its approach.

A)Biosocial
B)Sociological
C)Social Process
D)Emergent
E)Conflict
F)Biological
G)Psychological
H)Classical/Neoclassical
Gender role problem

Question 62

Match the sociological or social process theory with its definition.

A)Crime can be mapped according to its social characteristics
B)Everyone is subject to inducements to crime but factors such as social roles,conscience,and a positive self-image help prevent individuals from engaging in crime and deviance
C)Posits the existence of group values that support criminal behavior
D)Crime is the product of socialization and is acquired by criminals according to the same principles that guide the learning of law-abiding behavior in conformists
E)Offenders use various techniques to rationalize their criminal behavior and shed feelings of guilt
F)Continued crime results from negative social reaction those defined as offenders
G)The bond between individuals and society is the primary operative mechanism keeping individuals from engaging in crime
H)Crime occurs when there is a disjunction between socially acceptable goals and means in society
Neutralization

Question 63

According to the Program of Research on the Causes and Correlates of Delinquency,bullying as a first step to delinquency occurs on the ________ pathway.

Question 64

Match the sociological or social process theory with its definition.

A)Crime can be mapped according to its social characteristics
B)Everyone is subject to inducements to crime but factors such as social roles,conscience,and a positive self-image help prevent individuals from engaging in crime and deviance
C)Posits the existence of group values that support criminal behavior
D)Crime is the product of socialization and is acquired by criminals according to the same principles that guide the learning of law-abiding behavior in conformists
E)Offenders use various techniques to rationalize their criminal behavior and shed feelings of guilt
F)Continued crime results from negative social reaction those defined as offenders
G)The bond between individuals and society is the primary operative mechanism keeping individuals from engaging in crime
H)Crime occurs when there is a disjunction between socially acceptable goals and means in society
Anomie theory

Question 65

Match the theory with its approach.

A)Biosocial
B)Sociological
C)Social Process
D)Emergent
E)Conflict
F)Biological
G)Psychological
H)Classical/Neoclassical
Atavism

Question 66

Postmodern criminology is ________ because it challenges and debunks existing perspectives.

Question 67

Match the sociological or social process theory with its definition.

A)Crime can be mapped according to its social characteristics
B)Everyone is subject to inducements to crime but factors such as social roles,conscience,and a positive self-image help prevent individuals from engaging in crime and deviance
C)Posits the existence of group values that support criminal behavior
D)Crime is the product of socialization and is acquired by criminals according to the same principles that guide the learning of law-abiding behavior in conformists
E)Offenders use various techniques to rationalize their criminal behavior and shed feelings of guilt
F)Continued crime results from negative social reaction those defined as offenders
G)The bond between individuals and society is the primary operative mechanism keeping individuals from engaging in crime
H)Crime occurs when there is a disjunction between socially acceptable goals and means in society
Social ecology theory

Question 68

Match the theory with its approach.

A)Biosocial
B)Sociological
C)Social Process
D)Emergent
E)Conflict
F)Biological
G)Psychological
H)Classical/Neoclassical
Feminist

Question 69

Match the sociological or social process theory with its definition.

A)Crime can be mapped according to its social characteristics
B)Everyone is subject to inducements to crime but factors such as social roles,conscience,and a positive self-image help prevent individuals from engaging in crime and deviance
C)Posits the existence of group values that support criminal behavior
D)Crime is the product of socialization and is acquired by criminals according to the same principles that guide the learning of law-abiding behavior in conformists
E)Offenders use various techniques to rationalize their criminal behavior and shed feelings of guilt
F)Continued crime results from negative social reaction those defined as offenders
G)The bond between individuals and society is the primary operative mechanism keeping individuals from engaging in crime
H)Crime occurs when there is a disjunction between socially acceptable goals and means in society
Social control theory

Question 70

Match the theory with its approach.

A)Biosocial
B)Sociological
C)Social Process
D)Emergent
E)Conflict
F)Biological
G)Psychological
H)Classical/Neoclassical
Peacemaking

Question 71

Match the theory with its approach.

A)Biosocial
B)Sociological
C)Social Process
D)Emergent
E)Conflict
F)Biological
G)Psychological
H)Classical/Neoclassical
Psychoanalysis

Question 72

Match the theory with its approach.

A)Biosocial
B)Sociological
C)Social Process
D)Emergent
E)Conflict
F)Biological
G)Psychological
H)Classical/Neoclassical
Routine activities theory

Question 73

Match the sociological or social process theory with its definition.

A)Crime can be mapped according to its social characteristics
B)Everyone is subject to inducements to crime but factors such as social roles,conscience,and a positive self-image help prevent individuals from engaging in crime and deviance
C)Posits the existence of group values that support criminal behavior
D)Crime is the product of socialization and is acquired by criminals according to the same principles that guide the learning of law-abiding behavior in conformists
E)Offenders use various techniques to rationalize their criminal behavior and shed feelings of guilt
F)Continued crime results from negative social reaction those defined as offenders
G)The bond between individuals and society is the primary operative mechanism keeping individuals from engaging in crime
H)Crime occurs when there is a disjunction between socially acceptable goals and means in society
Containment theory

Question 74

Match Merton's categories to the type of criminality.

A)Political crime
B)Drug use and vagrancy
C)Law-abiding behavior
D)Property and white-collar crime
E)Repetitive and mundane lifestyle
Conformist

Question 75

The main focus of radical criminology was the evils of a(n)________ economic structure.

Question 76

Match the sociological or social process theory with its definition.

A)Crime can be mapped according to its social characteristics
B)Everyone is subject to inducements to crime but factors such as social roles,conscience,and a positive self-image help prevent individuals from engaging in crime and deviance
C)Posits the existence of group values that support criminal behavior
D)Crime is the product of socialization and is acquired by criminals according to the same principles that guide the learning of law-abiding behavior in conformists
E)Offenders use various techniques to rationalize their criminal behavior and shed feelings of guilt
F)Continued crime results from negative social reaction those defined as offenders
G)The bond between individuals and society is the primary operative mechanism keeping individuals from engaging in crime
H)Crime occurs when there is a disjunction between socially acceptable goals and means in society
Labeling theory

Question 77

Match the theory with its approach.

A)Biosocial
B)Sociological
C)Social Process
D)Emergent
E)Conflict
F)Biological
G)Psychological
H)Classical/Neoclassical
Neutralization

Question 78

Match the theory with its approach.

A)Biosocial
B)Sociological
C)Social Process
D)Emergent
E)Conflict
F)Biological
G)Psychological
H)Classical/Neoclassical
Focal concerns

Question 79

Match the sociological or social process theory with its definition.

A)Crime can be mapped according to its social characteristics
B)Everyone is subject to inducements to crime but factors such as social roles,conscience,and a positive self-image help prevent individuals from engaging in crime and deviance
C)Posits the existence of group values that support criminal behavior
D)Crime is the product of socialization and is acquired by criminals according to the same principles that guide the learning of law-abiding behavior in conformists
E)Offenders use various techniques to rationalize their criminal behavior and shed feelings of guilt
F)Continued crime results from negative social reaction those defined as offenders
G)The bond between individuals and society is the primary operative mechanism keeping individuals from engaging in crime
H)Crime occurs when there is a disjunction between socially acceptable goals and means in society
Differential association

Question 80

Match the sociological or social process theory with its definition.

A)Crime can be mapped according to its social characteristics
B)Everyone is subject to inducements to crime but factors such as social roles,conscience,and a positive self-image help prevent individuals from engaging in crime and deviance
C)Posits the existence of group values that support criminal behavior
D)Crime is the product of socialization and is acquired by criminals according to the same principles that guide the learning of law-abiding behavior in conformists
E)Offenders use various techniques to rationalize their criminal behavior and shed feelings of guilt
F)Continued crime results from negative social reaction those defined as offenders
G)The bond between individuals and society is the primary operative mechanism keeping individuals from engaging in crime
H)Crime occurs when there is a disjunction between socially acceptable goals and means in society
Subcultural theory