Deck 8: Storm Over the Andes: Indigenous Rights and the Corporatist Military Alternative

Question 1

Indigenous migration from highland communities to cities created a new class of

A) provincianos who publicly assimilated into criollo culture but privately preserved indigenous traditions.
B) mestizos who scorned rural life styles ridiculed their racial origins.
C) low-wage workers who labored in dangerous sweatshops owned by foreign corporations.
D) upwardly mobile professionals who operated small businesses.

Answer 1

provincianos who publicly assimilated into criollo culture but privately preserved indigenous traditions.

Question 2

The Bolivian land reform of 1952

A) usually parceled out the former latifundio into very small farms.
B) established a system of cooperative and state farms.
C) gave massive aid in credit and technical assistance to the new peasant proprietors.
D) allowed expropriated landowners to retain 25 percent of their land.

Answer 2

usually parceled out the former latifundio into very small farms.

Question 3

Central to the Ecuadorian reform program of Jaime Roldós in 1979 was

A) construction of a major road to Ecuador's Amazonian region.
B) the recovery of Amazonian territory lost to Peru.
C) the use of Ecuador's oil earnings to further land reform and industrialization.
D) closer, more cooperative ties with the United States.

Answer 3

the use of Ecuador's oil earnings to further land reform and industrialization.

Question 4

During the Leguía dictatorship, the women's movement split along class lines with

A) Magda Portal and other radicals demanding the vote for literate women.
B) aristocratic women supporting enfranchisement of literate women.
C) aristocratic women and women of color joining forces against working class women.
D) middle-class women insisting on political rights and broader social reforms.

Question 5

Although unintended, one result of the 1968 Revolution's nationalist ideology was

A) a consolidation of political power in working class trade union organizations.
B) popular political mobilization and artistic explorations of indigenous and African roots.
C) increasing public political support for the policies of neoliberalism.
D) a decline in the power of highland community indigenous identities.

Question 6

Raúl Haya de la Torre

A) taught that imperialism was the first stage of capitalism in Peru.
B) rejected the notion that great men make history.
C) denied a leading role to the middle class in the Peruvian Revolution.
D) never made compromises with Peru's right-wing parties.

Question 7

Under U.S. pressure, the revolutionary government of Bolivia's Paz Estenssoro agreed to

A) restore a U.S.-trained army to offset the strength of worker and peasant militias.
B) compensate former owners for expropriated mines.
C) hold fair and honest elections monitored by international observers.
D) ban the Communist party and communist-led unions.

Question 8

Which of the following was not a characteristic feature of indigenous Andean theater?

A) music and dance
B) puppets
C) masks
D) mime

Question 9

Which of the following was not part of the 1974 Plan Inca that feminists like Virginia Vargas pressured the military to adopt?

A) Protective legislation for women workers to limit their hours and abolish night work.
B) Civil and political equality for women.
C) Affirmative action in public employment.
D) Rural education programs.

Question 10

The Leguía regime

A) regarded foreign loans as the cornerstone of its economic policies.
B) sponsored a sweeping land-reform program in the Andes.
C) used a large portion of the state's revenues to raise the living standards of the masses.
D) promoted import substitution through industrialization.

Question 11

The Barzolas were a Bolivian

A) middle-class movement that supported peaceful, non-violent resistance to dictatorship.
B) political organization of highland indigenous communities who defended ancestral lands.
C) female secret police, named for a woman miner killed in the Cataví massacre.
D) trade union organization that demanded higher wages and better working conditions.

Question 12

The caciques apoderados was an early 20^th century social movement composed of

A) middle-class women who brandished weapons to intimidate government officials.
B) armed indigenous people who defended communal lands against expanding haciendas.
C) militant mineworkers who demanded higher wages and safer working conditions.
D) communist revolutionaries who collectivized private lands in the hands of the state.

Question 13

Peru's criollo elite traditionally had preserved its cultural authority and political power by

A) promoting the ideal of mestizaje, a mixed-race society.
B) institutionalizing a race-based hierarchy that discriminated against indigenous people.
C) celebrating the indigenous traditions of the Inca Empire.
D) mobilizing a large, modern, well-equipped military force to ensure order.

Question 14

A major structural flaw of the Peruvian Revolution was that it

A) gave insufficient incentives for investment to the national capitalists.
B) favored the peasantry over the urban working and middle classes.
C) represented a revolution from above, with little input from below.
D) relied on corrupt military technocrats who lacked managerial know-how.

Question 15

Magda Portal, a pioneer in the women's rights struggle and a founder of APRA, insisted that

A) social justice for the working class was a precondition for women's liberation.
B) women deserved political and civil equality with men.
C) the working class must provide leadership in Peru's revolutionary struggle.
D) women could not be entrusted with the vote because of their dependence on men.

Question 16

The military coup of 1968 was precipitated by

A) Belaúnde's failure to solve the agrarian problem.
B) Belaúnde's failure to repress the growing guerrilla movement in the sierra.
C) the Pact of Talara with the International Petroleum Company.
D) revelations of corruption in the Belaúnde administration.

Question 17

A serious weakness of the military's land reform was

A) its failure to benefit the peasant villagers (comuneros).
B) its failure to expropriate the big coastal haciendas.
C) its acceptance of the family-sized farm as its ideal.
D) its willingness to give uneducated peasants responsibility for operating cooperatives.

Question 18

Manuel González Prada

A) taught that elimination of the hacienda system was key to solving indigenous problems.
B) taught that education was the solution for the indigenous problem.
C) accepted the view that indigenous peoples were inherently inferior.
D) advised the natives to shun violence as a means of redemption.

Question 19

The Rumi Maqui movement was an early 20^th century

A) indigenous campaign to promote assimilation into creole society.
B) millenarian insurrection that sought the restoration of the fabled Inca Empire.
C) working class effort to raise wages and improve working conditions.
D) rebellion by middle-class women who demanded civil and political equality.

Question 20

José Carlos Mariátegui

A) attempted to wed Indianism to the scientific socialism of Marx and Engels.
B) believed that the regeneration of Peru must come from Andean indigenous peoples.
C) rejected the idea that urban proletarians were the vanguard of coming socialist revolution.
D) believed that the Peruvian Revolution had to echo the Russian Revolution.

Question 21

As the reformist Velasco dictatorship crumbled, chicha artists

A) became less politically engaged and, instead, stressed ballads about unrequited love.
B) rushed to defend a military regime that had celebrated indigenous cultural traditions.
C) abandoned their interest in indigenous cultural traditions and celebrated modernity.
D) provided cultural space to organize popular resistance and promote a return to democracy.

Question 22

Andean efforts to promote national development were distinguished by the roles played by

A) indigenous people and military officers.
B) creole elites and foreigners.
C) large landowners and industrialists.
D) Marxists and Catholics.

Question 23

During the 1970s and 1980s, chicha songs typically

A) explored the everyday lives of poor, hard-working urban provincianos.
B) celebrated the cultural traditions of the Andean highlands.
C) reinforced modern cultural values imported from the United States.
D) memorialized heroic historic indigenous rebellions against criollo culture.

Question 24

In the 1970s, government plays incorporated elements of indigenous Andean theater to

A) entertain urban elites who scorned indigenous culture and mocked their life styles.
B) convince indigenous peoples that they should obey the large landlords.
C) educate indigenous people about the 1969 land reform and their right to fight for their land.
D) secure the political support of provincianos for the 1968 revolution.

Question 25

A major failure of the Ecuadorian land reform in the 1970s was its stress on

A) mechanization and concentration of land ownership rather than redistribution.
B) creating microfundios to promote peasant subsistence production.
C) development of state farms that offered peasants no incentives to produce.
D) distribution of land to indigenous communities uninterested in commercial production.

Question 26

The Sendero Luminoso drew much of its ideology from

A) Haya de la Torre.
B) Marx and Engels.
C) Mao Tse-tung.
D) the theology of liberation.

Question 27

Peruvian President García's major departure from orthodox policies in the 1980s was

A) a progressive estate and income tax designed to tap the wealth of the Peruvian elite.
B) a limitation of payments on Peru's foreign debt to 10 percent of Peru's export earnings.
C) a sharp reduction in military spending.
D) a program of nationalization of Peru's textile industry.

Question 28

Ecuador's 1972 military revolution was led by

A) José María Velasco Ibarra.
B) Jaime Roldós.
C) Lucio Gutiérrez.
D) Guillermo Rodríguez Lara.

Question 29

Which of the following did not influence the development of chicha music?

A) Cumbia rhythms whose origins lay in Afro-Colombian cultural traditions.
B) Syncopated jazz rhythms imported from the United States.
C) Folk melodies indigenous to the Andean highlands.
D) U.S. and British rock n' roll.

Question 30

Bolivia's twentieth-century development was undermined by the

A) disastrous defeat in the Chaco War.
B) series of military dictatorships that followed World War II.
C) loss of its Pacific seaport in the War of the Triple Alliance.
D) refusal of its indigenous majority to work for national unity.