Deck 14: Competing and Cooperating With Peers

Question 1

Any social activity two or more individuals engage in and include what the individuals are doing and how they are doing it are

A)triggers.
B)relationships.
C)friendships.
D)interactions.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

When young toddlers interact, they often

A)play cooperatively.
B)copy one another's behaviors.
C)play make-believe games.
D)give small gifts to one another

Answer 2

B

Question 3

When older toddlers interact with toys, they usually

A)share toys.
B)have possessive conflicts over toys.
C)have interest in only their own toys.
D)give their toys to other toddlers.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

What form of social interaction increases most substantially during adolescence?

A)sharing
B)competing
C)comforting
D)gossip

Question 5

A reciprocal relationship, in that two children seek each other out and have positive feelings toward one another is

A)not voluntary.
B)an interaction.
C)socialization.
D)a friendship.

Question 6

Which of the following is a precursor to gossiping?

A)lying
B)fighting
C)tattling
D)jealousy

Question 7

In which stage of children's friendships does friendship involve that friends are nice to be with and share activities and things, and friendships are both easily made and easily terminated?

A)Stage 1
B)Stage 2
C)Stage 3
D)Stage 4

Question 8

Based on peer nominations, which of the following types of children are mentioned frequently but receive comparable numbers of positive and negative nominations?

A)rejected children
B)children of average status
C)controversial children
D)neglected children

Question 9

Based on peer nominations, which of the following types of children receive many negative nominations and few positive ones, and are disliked by many members of their peer group?

A)rejected children
B)children of average status
C)controversial children
D)neglected children

Question 10

Based on peer nominations, which of the following types of children have an average number of both positive and negative nominations?

A)rejected children
B)children of average status
C)controversial children
D)neglected children

Question 11

All of the following characterize girls' friendships more than boys' friendships except

A)there is greater intimacy.
B)there is greater self-disclosure.
C)they tend to occur in smaller groups.
D)they express their intimacy through shared activity.

Question 12

Infants rarely interact with one another, but when they do have an opportunity, they will often

A)smile and explore one another's faces.
B)watch each other with suspicion.
C)try to take toys from one another.
D)point out things to one another.

Question 13

Which of the following refers to the likeability of a person?

A)social status
B)number of interactions
C)popularity
D)socialization level

Question 14

Which of the following is not an aspect that gossip tends to foster in adolescence?

A)friendships
B)family harmony
C)group solidarity
D)social reputations

Question 15

Which of the following is loosely organized around a shared activity or reputation?

A)a crowd
B)a clique
C)a peer group
D)a hierarchy

Question 16

In which stage of children's friendships do friendship involve empathy, understanding, and self-disclosure, and friends share unconditional positive regard and intimate communication?

A)Stage 1
B)Stage 2
C)Stage 3
D)Stage 4

Question 17

Compared with their interactions with parents, about how much time do adolescents spend with peers?

A)about the same amount of time
B)about twice as less time
C)about twice as much time
D)about three times as much time

Question 18

According to Shaffer, a peer group is a confederation that includes all of the following except that it

A)develops a hierarchical organization, or dominance hierarchy.
B)interacts on an irregular basis.c defines a sense of belonging.
C)shares implicit or explicit norms for the behavior of group.

Question 19

In which stage of children's friendships do friendships follow agreed-upon rules, such as reciprocity, loyalty, and commitment, and friends have shared interests and attitudes?

A)Stage 1
B)Stage 2
C)Stage 3
D)Stage 4

Question 20

All of the following have been shown to be characteristics of popular children except

A)they don't necessarily follow accepted rules
B)they are considerate and helpful
C)they have high levels of social competence
D)they have high athletic and academic competence

Question 21

How likely are children of all ages to conform to peer pressure for antisocial behavior compared with more positive behavior?

A)about as likely
B)less likely
C)more likely
D)not at all likely

Question 22

Dodge proposed that low-status children misinterpret the social intentions of others and are lacking in the following areas of social competence except

A)searching for possible social responses.
B)wanting to fit in with their peers.
C)evaluating social situations.
D)enacting social behaviors.

Question 23

All of the following are true about rough-and-tumble play except

A)boys engage in it more than girls do.
B)children tend to stay together in the group afterwards, rather than dispersing.
C)it is unique to American children.
D)high levels of prenatal testosterone for both girls and boys positively correlate with higher levels of male-typical play activities during childhood.

Question 24

The tendency of individuals to cooperate with those with whom they will interact in the future is called

A)moral relativism.
B)reciprocal altruism.
C)in-group favoritism.
D)the inclusive-fitness theory.

Question 25

The level of empathy that Hoffman proposed in which children become increasingly aware of how others feel and that other people's perspectives and feelings may be different from their own is

A)global empathy.
B)egocentric empathy.
C)veridical empathic distress.
D)empathy for another's life conditions.

Question 26

The earliest form of in-group favoritism and out-group discrimination is for

A)ethnicity.
B)religion.
C)gender.
D)the school attended.

Question 27

Research has shown that, when interacting with other children, preschoolers who are disliked compared to preschoolers who are liked, display all of the following behaviors except

A)they are less responsive to children they do not know.
B)they are more likely to make irrelevant comments to children they do not know.
C)communicate less effectively with children they know.
D)have less interest in conversations of children they know.

Question 28

Which of the following tendencies is not characteristic of most young boys' comfort in interacting with members of their own gender as opposed to girls?

A)Boys tend to organize themselves in large playgroups.
B)Boys engage in more vigorous rough-and-tumble play than girls.
C)Boys focus their interactions more on movable toys.
D)Boys engage more in dramatic play.

Question 29

The idea that people's social behaviors will vary according to the degree of genetic relatedness among interactants is called

A)moral relativism.
B)reciprocal altruism.
C)in-group favoritism.
D)the inclusive-fitness theory.

Question 30

Children who were classified as which of the following in elementary school are particularly likely to have school and behavioral problems in high school?

A)popular
B)rejected
C)neglected
D)average

Question 31

Girls' symbolic play often emphasizes

A)relationships.
B)fantasy
C)power.
D)dominance.

Question 32

What is the best way to take two initially hostile groups and create in them feelings of in-group belongingness?

A)bring the groups together for some noncompetitive activities
B)bring the groups together for some competitive activities
C)increase the solidarity within each group
D)have them work toward a common goal

Question 33

Same-race bias

A)has not been shown for young children.
B)decreases with age.
C)increases with age.
D)exists only for Whites.

Question 34

Conformity to peer pressure is highest

A)in early childhood.
B)in late childhood.
C)in early adolescence.
D)in late adolescence.

Question 35

Dominance hierarchies do all of the following except

A)reduce antagonism within the group.
B)distribute scarce resources.
C)foster competition among group members.
D)focus division of labor.

Question 36

The level of empathy that Hoffman proposed in which children begin to feel empathic for groups of people, not just individuals, is

A)global empathy.
B)egocentric empathy.
C)veridical empathic distress.
D)empathy for another's life conditions.

Question 37

Sherif's Robbers Cave study illustrate all of the following evolutionary adaptations proposed in Harris's group selection theory except

A)social affiliation and within-group favoritism.
B)status-seeking behaviors and establishment of social hierarchies.
C)in-group infighting that threatened the group's cohesion.
D)between-group hostilities.

Question 38

Dominance hierarchies-pecking orders of social influence-get their name from

A)social primates.
B)cattle.
C)dolphins.
D)social birds.

Question 39

In one study, third- and fourth-grade children who had primarily opposite-sex friends were

A)less-well-adjusted socially than children with only same-sex friends.
B)better adjusted socially than children with only same-sex friends.
C)less-well-adjusted socially than children with no friends.
D)about as well adjusted socially than children with only same-sex friends.

Question 40

Rates of aggression are positively correlated with which of the following for preschool children?

A)popularity
B)dislike
C)rejection
D)fear

Question 41

Girls of all ages engage in which of the following to a greater extent than boys?

A)physical aggression
B)verbal aggression
C)instrumental aggression
D)indirect aggression

Question 42

Perpetrators of homicide are most likely to be

A)Black males.
B)White males.
C)Black females.
D)White females.

Question 43

Behavior aimed at acquiring some concrete goal or object is

A)physical aggression.
B)hostile aggression.
C)instrumental aggression.
D)indirect aggression.

Question 44

Provocative victims of bullying tend to

A)be aggressive.
B)be physically weak.
C)be shy.
D)be envied.

Question 45

Throughout childhood, overall levels of aggression

A)increase for both girls and boys.
B)decrease for both girls and boys.
C)increase for boys and decrease for girls.
D)decrease for girls and increase for boys.

Question 46

Childhood aggression is generally frowned upon by most parents in modern societies for all of the following reasons except

A)it is not viewed as being adaptive.
B)the police and the legal system have taken over the responsibilities of protection.
C)they do not think it is important for children to stand up for themselves.
D)official agencies are supposed to act on children's behalf.

Question 47

It appears that explicitly rewarding children for sharing leads them later on to

A)share more often.
B)share less often.
C)share about as often as they did before.
D)expect everyone to share with them.

Question 48

Children identified the least likely reason why they would bully another child as being

A)for fun.
B)to get money or other things from the child.
C)because the other child annoyed him or her.
D)because other children were doing it.

Question 49

Which of the following behaviors are toddlers least likely to engage in?

A)helping
B)sharing
C)comforting
D)playing alone

Question 50

At what age do children provide assistance to someone else and can determine, at some level, situations in which help is needed and when it is not?

A)18 months
B)2 years
C)3 years
D)4 years

Question 51

An attack on a person in a circuitous way, through social manipulation, is

A)physical aggression.
B)verbal aggression.
C)instrumental aggression.
D)indirect aggression.

Question 52

At about what age do children begin to show empathy for a person's larger life conditions, not just specific conditions?

A)2 years
B)6 years
C)11 years
D)15 years

Question 53

Which of the following is an example of direct antisocial behavior?

A)aggression
B)lying
C)cheating
D)flattering

Question 54

Victims of bullies tend to be associated with all of the following except

A)children whose attachment style to their mothers is avoidant.
B)children whose attachment style to their mothers is ambiguous.
C)children whose attachment style to their mothers is secure.
D)children whose attachment style to their mothers is anxious/resistant.

Question 55

Tests have shown that toddlers are more likely to share with another child if

A)the first child has many toys.
B)the two children have played together before.
C)the second child has no toys.
D)the second child had shared before with the first child.

Question 56

Research of Rhee and Wildan has shown that approximately what percentage of individual differences in levels of aggression can be accounted for by genetic effects?

A)16%
B)41%
C)63%
D)80%

Question 57

Victims of homicide are most likely to be

A)Black males.
B)White males.
C)Black females.
D)White females.

Question 58

About what percentage of children report that they are repeatedly targeted by bullies?

A)5%
B)10%
C)25%
D)50%

Question 59

Children identified the most likely reason why they would bully another child as being

A)for fun.
B)to get money or other things from the child.
C)because the other child annoyed him or her.
D)because other children were doing it.

Question 60

Programs that have been implemented to reduce bullying include all of the following except

A)a warm, positive involvement from adults both in school and at home.
B)monitoring of students' activities in and out of school.
C)firm limits on unacceptable behavior.
D)using physical punishment when rules are broken.

Question 61

Aggressive behavior has been linked to which of the following?

A)future-oriented goals
B)social-relational goals
C)present-oriented goals
D)past-oriented goals

Question 62

Which of the following has not been shown to be true of children who watch aggressive television?

A)Children who watch more aggressive television at home are, on average, more aggressive than children who watch less aggressive television at home.
B)The effects of aggressive television on children are uniform.
C)Viewing aggressive TV shows has no noticeable effect on children who are not aggressive.
D)Preschool boys but not girls who watch violent made-for-children television programs display more antisocial behavior 5 years later than children who did not watch such television programs.

Question 63

Which of the following is not true of research on the relationship between playing violent video games and children's aggression?

A)There has not been enough research to report conclusive findings.
B)What research has been done shows that the relationship is higher than watching aggressive television programs.
C)What research has been done finds a positive relationship between the two.
D)What research has been done finds no relationship between the two.

Question 64

Children who are ______ as infants are apt to show more anger/frustration and aggression later in life

A)more introverted
B)more extraverted
C)more sensitive
D)more lethargic

Question 65

Which f the following did Dodge find regarding aggressive children compared with nonaggressive children?

A)They are more likely to recall relevant social cues from a videotape.
B)They are more attentive to potentially aggressive cues.
C)They are less likely to interpret an ambiguous situation as having an aggressive intent.
D)They show similar patterns of social information processing.

Question 66

Research of Rhee and Wildman has shown that approximately what percentage of individual differences in levels of aggression can be accounted for by shared environmental influences?

A)16%
B)41%
C)63%
D)80%

Question 67

Which of the following is related to sets of beliefs or values and to how people behave in relation to those beliefs, specifically as these beliefs relate to our relationships and interactions with other people and social rules and conventions?

A)ethics
B)politics
C)morality
D)conscience

Question 68

Aggressiveness in children has been found to be associated with all of the following types of parents except

A)abusive parents.
B)parents who set clear limits.
C)permissive parents.
D)parents who are ineffective and suddenly explode with anger and assault their child.

Question 69

In which stage of Piaget's theory of moral development are children are generally unaware of rules as being cooperative agreements?

A)the stage of moral realism
B)the stage of moral relativism
C)the premoral stage
D)the stage of moral absolutism

Question 70

Olweus found that the best predictor of children's aggression was which of the following?

A)genetics
B)temperament
C)mothers' negativism and permissiveness
D)fathers' neglect and lack of warmth

Question 71

The very idea of morality only makes sense if people have

A)family members.
B)friends.
C)beliefs.
D)intentions.

Question 72

What is the best way for parents do to reduce levels of aggression in their children?

A)Seek counseling early for children.
B)Treat children more as equals instead of trying to control them.
C)Ask teachers to help regulate their children's behavior.
D)Take control of their own lives.

Question 73

Which of the following do children average spend the most time doing?

A)watching television
B)playing video games
C)playing outside
D)watching movies

Question 74

Once a dominance hierarchy is established, there is

A)less aggression among members of the group.
B)more aggression among members of the group.
C)less use of gestures and expressions to signal dominance or submission.
D)less structure among members of the group

Question 75

Research has shown that the amount of aggressive television boys watched at 8 years of age clearly predicted criminal behavior

A)immediately after viewing.
B)at age 12.
C)at age 16.
D)at age 30.

Question 76

Caspi et al. reported a positive relationship between levels of the enzyme monoamine oxidase A and antisocial behavior, but only for

A)girls who are reared in abusive homes.
B)girls who are reared in orphanages.
C)boys who are reared in abusive homes.
D)boys who are reared in orphanages.

Question 77

Which of the following views capital punishments as morally appropriate?

A)the United States
B)the United Nations
C)the European Community
D)Canada and Mexico

Question 78

Which of the following has not been found to be associated with aggressive children?

A)Many of them are less popular than less-aggressive peers.
B)Many of them are involved in social networks and often listed by their peers as best friends.
C)They are more likely to be rejected than their less-aggressive peers.
D)Many of them are popular.

Question 79

What defines the developmental stage of moral development?

A)the particular answer a person gives to any moral dilemma
B)the sophistication of how people reason about the decisions they make
C)a universal set of moral values or behaviors
D)the culture in which a person lives

Question 80

Aggression has been linked to high levels of

A)dopamine.
B)cortisol
C)progesterone.
D)testosterone.