Deck 3: Biological Foundations of Behavior

Question 1

The _____ is the network of nerves that connects the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body.

A)respiratory system
B)peripheral nervous system
C)immune system
D)central nervous system

Answer 1

peripheral nervous system

Question 2

In the context of characteristics of the nervous system,adaptability specifically refers to the brain's ability to:

A)regulate complex systems.
B)combine data from multiple sources.
C)help adjust to changes in one's environment.
D)conduct electrical impulses.

Answer 2

help adjust to changes in one's environment.

Question 3

In the context of nervous system pathways,nerves that carry information about the external environment to the brain and spinal cord are known as _____ nerves.

A)efferent
B)afferent
C)motor
D)mirror

Answer 3

afferent

Question 4

Roy,the conductor of an orchestra,guides and coordinates other musicians during stage performances.Which of the following characteristics of the nervous system predominantly commands Roy's behavior while conducting the orchestra?

A)Resting potential
B)Integration
C)Polarization
D)Plasticity

Question 5

Catherine is confronted by a man with a gun as she walks home from work one night.In this scenario,Catherine's _____ nervous system will be most likely to help her escape from the situation quickly.

A)parasympathetic
B)central
C)sympathetic
D)somatic

Question 6

Maya burns her fingers while cooking dinner.Which of the following divisions of the nervous system will be primarily responsible for the pain she feels?

A)The central nervous system
B)The autonomic nervous system
C)The somatic nervous system
D)The parasympathetic nervous system

Question 7

Stand-up comedians who improvise constantly while on stage are demonstrating their ability to change according to the environment.Which of the following characteristics of the nervous system is most likely playing a predominant role in their adaptability?

A)Resting potential
B)Reuptake
C)Polarization
D)Plasticity

Question 8

In the context of nervous system pathways,nerves that carry information out of the brain and spinal cord to other areas of the body are known as _____ nerves.

A)efferent
B)afferent
C)sensory
D)mirror

Question 9

The body's electrochemical communication circuitry is known as the _____ system.

A)endocrine
B)nervous
C)circulatory
D)respiratory

Question 10

In the context of pathways in the nervous system,efferent nerves carry information:

A)out of the endocrine system to other areas of the body.
B)to the heart and lungs from the muscles and glands.
C)out of the brain and spinal cord to other areas of the body.
D)to the brain and spinal cord via sensory receptors.

Question 11

In the context of characteristics of the nervous system,the brain's special physical capacity for change is referred to as its _____.

A)complexity
B)integrative capacity
C)plasticity
D)structural capacity

Question 12

Lionel is preparing for his first job interview.The night before the interview,he is restless and anxious;his palms sweat and his heart beats faster than usual.In this scenario,Lionel's physiological responses can be best attributed to his _____ nervous system.

A)central
B)somatic
C)parasympathetic
D)sympathetic

Question 13

In the context of divisions of the nervous system,the autonomic nervous system consists of the _____.

A)brain and spinal cord
B)somatic nervous system
C)peripheral nervous system and central nervous system
D)parasympathetic nervous system and sympathetic nervous system

Question 14

In the context of pathways in the nervous system,afferent nerves carry information:

A)out of the brain and spinal cord to other areas of the body.
B)to the brain and spinal cord via sensory receptors.
C)out of the endocrine system to muscles and glands in the body.
D)to the heart and lungs from the muscles and glands.

Question 15

In the context of divisions of the nervous system,the central nervous system consists of the _____.

A)brain and spinal cord
B)somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system
C)heart and lungs
D)parasympathetic nervous system and sympathetic nervous system

Question 16

In the context of the divisions of the nervous system,the brain is categorized within the _____ nervous system.

A)peripheral
B)parasympathetic
C)central
D)sympathetic

Question 17

Lolita,a nine-year-old girl,met with an accident that led to a head injury.However,a few months later,she was able to recover from this injury.Which of the following characteristics of the nervous system most likely played a predominant role in her recovery?

A)Synapse
B)Integrity
C)Plasticity
D)Complexity

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the human nervous system?

A)Simplicity
B)Adaptability
C)Electrochemical transmission
D)Integration

Question 19

Ashley,a secretary at Plato Inc.,is typing on her computer,talking on the phone,and handing some papers to her colleague simultaneously.Which of the following characteristics of the nervous system is best illustrated in this scenario?

A)Complexity
B)Resting potential
C)Polarization
D)Plasticity

Question 20

Nancy is in her building elevator going down to the lobby when the elevator stops suddenly between floors,and the doors won't open.Nancy's heart starts pounding,and her palms start sweating.In this scenario,Nancy's physiological responses can be best attributed to her _____ nervous system.

A)central
B)somatic
C)parasympathetic
D)sympathetic

Question 21

Julie hears some news about a bus accident on television.She believes her son was on the same bus and is overcome by anxiety which is primarily caused by her _____ nervous system.When her son phones and informs her that he was not on the bus,Julie is relieved and begins to relax.This response is primarily caused by her _____ nervous system.

A)somatic; autonomic
B)central; somatic
C)sympathetic; parasympathetic
D)parasympathetic; central

Question 22

Which of the following is true about the autonomic nervous system?

A)It is made up of the brain and spinal cord.
B)It monitors processes such as breathing and digestion.
C)It conveys information from the skin and muscles to the central nervous system.
D)It consists of sensory nerves.

Question 23

In the context of specialized cell structure,the nucleus of a neuron is located in the _____.

A)axon hillock
B)dendrites
C)cell body
D)synapse

Question 24

Nine-year-old Anna learns ballet by watching her mother and imitating her mother's movements.In the context of neurons,which of the following types of cells is most directly responsible for Anna's method of learning?

A)Mirror neurons
B)Glial cells
C)Schwann cells
D)Astrocytes

Question 25

The cell body of a neuron contains the _____,which directs the manufacture of substances that the neuron needs for growth and maintenance.

A)dendrites
B)nucleus
C)axon
D)synapse

Question 26

In the context of the nervous system,by far,the majority of information processing in the brain is done by _____.

A)neurons
B)glial cells
C)astrocytes
D)satellite cells

Question 27

If a person needs to run away from a dangerous situation,the _____ nervous system sends blood to the person's extremities to prepare him or her for taking off.

A)central
B)somatic
C)sympathetic
D)parasympathetic

Question 28

In the context of the divisions of the nervous system,the somatic nervous system consists of sensory nerves,whose function is to _____.

A)mobilize the body for action in a dangerous situation
B)calm the body to inhibit a particular action
C)take messages to the body's internal organs from the brain
D)convey information from the skin and muscles to the central nervous system

Question 29

Harry is driving on the interstate highway for the first time since he obtained his license.He is nervous and wants to get off the interstate but cannot do so;his heart and pulse are racing.In this scenario,Harry's physiological responses can be best attributed to his _____ nervous system.

A)sympathetic
B)parasympathetic
C)somatic
D)central

Question 30

_____ are activated in human and nonhuman primates both when they perform an action and when they watch someone else perform that same activity.

A)Mirror neurons
B)Glial cells
C)Motor neurons
D)Afferent nerves

Question 31

In the context of the nervous system,_____ are specifically responsible for keeping neurons running smoothly.

A)glial cells
B)motor nerves
C)axons
D)capillaries

Question 32

After taking her English final,Natalie attempts to relax in her chair by meditating.She is attempting to reduce her heart and respiration rates,as well as her muscular tension.In this scenario,her physiological relaxation can be best attributed to the functioning of her _____ nervous system.

A)somatic
B)central
C)parasympathetic
D)sympathetic

Question 33

Which part of the nervous system will be most active when Martin,a backpacker,acts quickly in response to a wild animal approaching him?

A)Sympathetic nervous system
B)Central nervous system
C)Somatic nervous system
D)Parasympathetic nervous system

Question 34

In the context of the nervous system,which of the following is NOT true of glial cells?

A)They are responsible for the majority of information processing in the brain.
B)They are responsible for providing support in the nervous system.
C)They are responsible for providing nutritional benefits to neurons.
D)They keep neurons running smoothly.

Question 35

In the context of the divisions of the nervous system,such processes as heart rate,breathing,and digestion are monitored by the _____.

A)somatic nervous system
B)circulatory system
C)lymphatic system
D)autonomic nervous system

Question 36

Which of the following characteristics makes mirror neurons so fascinating?

A)Mirror neurons do not respond to sensory information or motor information.
B)Mirror neurons provide nutritional benefits in the nervous system.
C)Mirror neurons appear to respond to both kinds of information, doing and seeing.
D)Mirror neurons do not have synapses and they do not release neurotransmitters.

Question 37

Which division of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for physiological symptoms such as increased heart rate and butterflies in the stomach?

A)Somatic nervous system
B)Parasympathetic nervous system
C)Sympathetic nervous system
D)Central nervous system

Question 38

Elizabeth feels her heart racing while she waits for her turn at a job interview.These physiological symptoms are most likely produced by her _____ nervous system.

A)central
B)somatic
C)parasympathetic
D)sympathetic

Question 39

Which division of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for carrying messages to and from the body's internal organs and monitoring processes such as breathing,heart rate,and digestion?

A)Somatic nervous system
B)Autonomic nervous system
C)Limbic system
D)Circulatory system

Question 40

In the context of neurons,glial cells in the nervous system:

A)provide support and nutritional benefits to neurons.
B)single-handedly manage information processing.
C)respond to motor and sensory information.
D)carry information away from the cell body toward other cells.

Question 41

In the context of the neural impulse,the cell membrane of a neuron permits some substances to pass through it but not others.This is because the membrane is _____.

A)negatively charged
B)semipermeable
C)polarized
D)resting

Question 42

In the context of specialized cell structure,the primary function of dendrites is to _____.

A)keep the cell alive
B)insulate axons
C)secrete hormones
D)receive information

Question 43

Walter has a degenerative condition known as multiple sclerosis (MS).In the context of specialized cell structure,his disease is most likely caused by the:

A)replacement of scar tissue by the myelin sheath.
B)hardening of the myelin sheath.
C)duplication of mirror neurons.
D)conversion of glial cells to neurons.

Question 44

In the context of specialized cell structure,which of the following components of a nerve cell hardens in patients with multiple sclerosis?

A)Cell body
B)Dendrites
C)Nucleus
D)Myelin sheath

Question 45

In the context of specialized cell structure,the _____ is the part of the neuron that carries information away from the cell body toward other cells.

A)axon
B)dendrites
C)glial cell
D)nucleus

Question 46

In the context of specialized cell structure,which of the following scenarios acts as the closest analogy to the function of the myelin sheath in the brain?

A)Becky is riding her skateboard down the hill.
B)Juan is rolling down the windows in his car to create resistance.
C)Amber is waxing her surfboard so that it will move easily through water.
D)Gerald is adding another coat of paint to the outer walls of his house.

Question 47

In the context of the neural impulse,the action potential in a neuron abides by the _____ principle.

A)depolarizing
B)all-or-nothing
C)permeability
D)nature-nurture

Question 48

Which of the following best describes the process of transmitting information within a neuron in the context of specialized cell structure?

A)Cell body ? dendrite ? axon
B)Dendrite ? cell body ? axon
C)Axon ? dendrite ? nucleus
D)Nucleus ? dendrite ? axon

Question 49

A neurobiologist explains to his students that the human nervous system is analogous to electrical circuits in homes.If the circuit wires are not insulated,they are likely to cause a short circuit.In this scenario,the insulation on the wires can be likened to the _____ in the neural system.

A)terminal button
B)dendrites
C)cell body
D)myelin sheath

Question 50

Which of the following is true about the myelin sheath in a nerve cell?

A)It is responsible for making axons poor conductors of electricity.
B)It facilitates the transmission of nerve impulses.
C)It is usually found only around the dendrite of most neurons.
D)It directs the manufacture of substances that the neuron needs for growth and maintenance.

Question 51

In the context of specialized cell structure,the myelin sheath is a layer of cells containing _____.

A)fat
B)scar tissue
C)glia
D)treelike fibers

Question 52

Jen and Jack are seated in the same row in an airplane but across the aisle from each other.If the information they exchange across the aisle represents the neural impulse between neurons,and Jen and Jack represent the neurons,the aisle most likely represents the _____.

A)nodes of Ranvier
B)axon hillock
C)synapse
D)interneurons

Question 53

In the context of the neural impulse,which of the following is the status of the charges on each side of the cell membrane during the stage of resting potential?

A)A negative charge on the outside of the cell membrane and a positive charge on the inside
B)A negative charge on the inside of the cell membrane and a positive charge on the outside
C)A negative charge on both the outside and the inside of the cell membrane
D)A positive charge on both the outside and the inside of the cell membrane

Question 54

Normally,when a neuron is not transmitting information and a slight negative charge is present on the inside of the cell membrane,it is said to be _____.

A)depolarized
B)resting
C)active
D)highly charged

Question 55

In the context of the neural impulse,another term that describes "firing" of neurons is the _____ potential.

A)resting
B)action
C)graded
D)polarized

Question 56

According to the all-or-nothing principle,which of the following would happen if the size of the electrical charge in a neural impulse was twice the size needed for the electrical impulse?

A)The neuron would go back to its resting potential.
B)The intensity of the impulse would not be affected.
C)The intensity of the impulse would be twice as strong.
D)The action potential would have an inhibitory effect on the next neuron.

Question 57

Which of the following is a function of the cell body in a nerve cell?

A)It encases and insulates most axons.
B)It carries information away from the axon toward other cells.
C)It speeds up the transmission of nerve impulses.
D)It directs the manufacture of substances required for growth and maintenance of neurons.

Question 58

Which of the following is a function of the axon in a nerve cell in the context of specialized cell structure?

A)It manufactures substances required for growth and maintenance.
B)It is responsible for converting acting potential to resting potential.
C)It carries information away from the cell body toward other cells.
D)It receives information and orients it toward the neuron's cell body.

Question 59

In the context of the neural impulse,which of the following is true about the depolarization of neuron membranes?

A)It is characterized by more negatively charged ions on the inside of the cell and more positively charged ions on the outside.
B)It decreases the charge difference between the fluids inside and outside of the neuron.
C)It is the brief wave of positive electrical charge that sweeps down the axon.
D)It is the phase that allows sodium ions to move out of the neuron.

Question 60

In the context of the neural impulse,the outer membrane of a neuron is semipermeable,which indicates that _____.

A)only sodium ions can cross the membrane
B)the fluid outside the membrane has no electrical charge
C)fluids and ions can sometimes flow into and out of it
D)depolarization of the membranes cannot occur

Question 61

Parkinson disease is specifically associated with low levels of the neurotransmitter _____.

A)serotonin
B)dopamine
C)acetylcholine
D)oxytocin

Question 62

In the context of neurotransmitters,which of the following best describes the effect of norepinephrine stimulation?

A)It plays a role in the human tendency to feel pleasure during orgasm.
B)It plays a role in forming emotional bonds with romantic partners.
C)It inhibits the heart muscle, intestines, and urogenital tract.
D)It helps to control the level of alertness.

Question 63

Which of the following is an example of an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the nervous system?

A)Glutamate
B)Acetylcholine (ACh)
C)Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)
D)Endorphin

Question 64

Depression is associated with low levels of the neurotransmitter _____.

A)acetylcholine
B)gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)
C)dopamine
D)norepinephrine

Question 65

A neurotransmitter that plays a role in Alzheimer disease is _____.

A)acetylcholine
B)GABA
C)dopamine
D)serotonin

Question 66

Melinda suffers from migraine headaches and seizures.In the context of neurotransmitter functioning,which of the following most likely plays a significant role in her symptoms?

A)Too little norepinephrine
B)Too much glutamate
C)Too much acetylcholine
D)Too little dopamine

Question 67

In the context of the neuron structure,the tiny space between two neurons is called the _____.

A)node of Ranvier
B)cell body
C)synapse
D)interneuron

Question 68

In the context of the neuron structure,neurotransmitters are stored in the _____.

A)dendrites
B)cell bodies
C)terminal buttons
D)nuclei

Question 69

Which of the following is true of the neurotransmitter dopamine?

A)It is deficient in patients with Alzheimer disease.
B)It is deficient in patients with anxiety disorders.
C)It is in excess in patients with Parkinson disease.
D)It is in excess in patients with schizophrenia.

Question 70

Martin's father is experiencing memory loss related to Alzheimer disease.In the context of neurotransmitters,this is most likely due to the insufficient production of _____ in his brain.

A)serotonin
B)gamma aminobutyric acid
C)acetylcholine
D)dopamine

Question 71

Which of the following is true of the neurotransmitter gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)?

A)It is an inhibitory neurotransmitter.
B)It is primarily responsible for muscle action, learning, and memory.
C)It is primarily responsible for controlling voluntary movement.
D)It is an excitatory neurotransmitter.

Question 72

After delivering its message,some of the neurotransmitter is used up in the production of energy,and some of it is reabsorbed by the axon that released it to await the next neural impulse.In the context of synaptic transmission,this reabsorption is called _____.

A)reuptake
B)revision
C)inhibition
D)depolarization

Question 73

The neurotransmitter that is specifically involved in muscle action,learning,and memory is _____.

A)serotonin
B)gamma aminobutyric acid
C)acetylcholine
D)dopamine

Question 74

Chemical substances that are stored in very tiny sacs within the terminal buttons and are involved in transmitting information across a synaptic gap to the next neuron are known as _____.

A)synaptic vesicles
B)glial cells
C)neurotransmitters
D)ions

Question 75

The neurotransmitter gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)is found _____.

A)throughout the central nervous system
B)throughout the peripheral nervous system
C)in the least number of brain synapses
D)in the autonomic nervous system only

Question 76

Dorothy has been suffering from epileptic seizures for the past four years.In the context of neurotransmitter functioning,her seizures can be best attributed to the _____.

A)deficiency of acetylcholine
B)deficiency of oxytocin
C)overstimulation caused by glutamate
D)overstimulation caused by endorphins

Question 77

Kenny has been diagnosed with Parkinson disease and has been prescribed medication to manage some of his symptoms.The medication elevates the levels of dopamine in his system.If the levels of dopamine in his system become excessive,Kenny might start to exhibit symptoms associated with _____.

A)depression
B)multiple sclerosis
C)Alzheimer disease
D)schizophrenia

Question 78

In the nervous system,which of the following is true of neurons and the neurotransmitters they secrete?

A)Most neurons secrete many neurotransmitters at the same time.
B)At any given time, a neuron is receiving a mixture of messages from the neurotransmitters.
C)Neurotransmitters in neurons cannot be both excitatory and inhibitory.
D)Neurotransmitters are located in the nuclei of the neurons.

Question 79

In the context of neurotransmitters,individuals with Alzheimer's disease,a degenerative brain disorder that gradually destroys memory,most likely have a(n)_____.

A)acetylcholine deficiency
B)serotonin deficiency
C)excess of norepinephrine
D)excess of dopamine

Question 80

Which of the following is true of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine?

A)It is produced in excess in Alzheimer disease.
B)It is responsible for the degenerative disorder called multiple sclerosis (MS).
C)It is found only in the peripheral nervous system.
D)It is involved in muscle action, learning, and memory.