Deck 7: The Vitamins: A Functional Approach

Question 1

Vitamin A toxicity is most likely to occur from:

A) consuming too many dark green and deep orange vegetables.
B) eating liver more than once a week.
C) consuming high-dosage vitamin A supplements.
D) drinking too much milk.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The vitamin D deficiency disease in adults is called:

A) rickets.
B) keratomalacia.
C) hyperkeratosis.
D) osteomalacia.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The effects of a deficiency of vitamin D are most readily observed in the:

A) nervous system.
B) skeletal system.
C) muscular system.
D) epithelial tissue.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which vitamin is synthesized in the intestine by bacteria?

A) Vitamin A
B) Vitamin C
C) Vitamin D
D) Vitamin K
E) Niacin

Question 5

Riboflavin is destroyed by:

A) heat.
B) acid.
C) ultraviolet light.
D) alkali.

Question 6

A general function of vitamin C is its action as an:

A) antioxidant.
B) antiviral agent.
C) anti-cancer agent.
D) anti-anxiety agent.

Question 7

Which of the following foods are good sources of vitamin A?
1) enriched bread 5. sweet potatoes
2) legumes 6. Idaho potatoes
3) carrots 7. liver
4) pears 8. spinach

A) 1, 3, 4, 6
B) 1, 3, 5, 7
C) 2, 4, 6, 8
D) 3, 5, 7, 8
E) 1, 6, 7, 8

Question 8

The main function of vitamin E in the body is to act as a(an):

A) antioxidant.
B) peroxide.
C) free radical.
D) coenzyme.
E) enzyme.

Question 9

The vitamin needed for regulation of calcium metabolism is:

A) vitamin A.
B) vitamin C.
C) vitamin E.
D) vitamin D.

Question 10

The most reliable source of vitamin D in the diet is:

A) meat.
B) fruits and vegetables.
C) fortified milk.
D) enriched breads and cereals.

Question 11

Thiamin is involved in:

A) formation of red blood cells.
B) blood coagulation.
C) collagen formation.
D) energy release from energy nutrients.
E) formation of mucopolysaccharides.

Question 12

The vitamin most intensively involved in protein metabolism is:

A) riboflavin.
B) vitamin B₆.
C) biotin.
D) vitamin A.
E) vitamin E.

Question 13

Which herb is mismatched with its purported use?

A) Black cohash - reduces symptoms of menopause
B) Ginger - settles an upset stomach
C) Psyllium - improves memory
D) Feverfew - reduces severity of migraines

Question 14

When the diet contains an adequate amount of protein, the body can synthesize niacin from the amino acid:

A) lysine.
B) tryptophan.
C) phenylalanine.
D) valine.
E) tyrosine.

Question 15

When consumed in adequate amounts before and early in pregnancy, folate may prevent cases of:

A) neural tube defects in newborns.
B) rickets in infants.
C) scurvy.
D) morning sickness.

Question 16

The replacement of red blood cells depends most heavily on:

A) thiamin.
B) riboflavin.
C) niacin.
D) folate.
E) vitamin B₆.

Question 17

When a water-soluble vitamin is consumed in excess of body needs, the excess is usually:

A) not absorbed.
B) excreted in the urine.
C) stored in the liver, bone, and adipose tissue.
D) excreted in the breath.

Question 18

It is established that vitamin C functions:

A) as a coenzyme in the formation of red blood cells.
B) in collagen formation.
C) with calcium in blood coagulation.
D) in release of energy from nutrients.

Question 19

B vitamins:

A) are fat soluble.
B) become part of coenzymes.
C) are stored in adipose tissue.
D) are absorbed into lymph.

Question 20

The main function of vitamin D is:

A) maintaining stability of cell membranes.
B) antioxidant protection.
C) synthesis of cholesterol.
D) bone mineralization.

Question 21

What would you recommend to someone who wants to make sure her intake is close to the RDA for all vitamins?

A) Eat a lot of fruits and vegetables.
B) Eat a variety of all foods groups daily.
C) Eat a lot of chicken and meat.
D) Eat legumes 3 times per week.

Question 22

According to the Dietary Supplement Health Education Act (DSHEA), which of the following can appear on an herbal product's label?

A) "This product will support bone health."
B) "This product will treat migraine headaches."
C) "This product will prevent heart disease."
D) "This product will cure a cold."
E) None of the above statements is permitted on a supplement's label.

Question 23

Excesses of the fat-soluble vitamins are:

A) stored in the liver and in body fat.
B) excreted in feces.
C) excreted in urine.
D) stored in the pancreas.

Question 24

The only food group(s) providing ample amounts of vitamin C for the diet is/are the:

A) milk group.
B) protein foods group.
C) vegetable and fruit groups.
D) grains group.

Question 25

Which of the following substances should you look for when buying a vitamin and mineral supplement?

A) PABA
B) Hesperidin
C) Inositol
D) Bee pollen
E) None of the above

Question 26

Which of the following vitamins has been shown to reduce LDL-cholesterol and raise HDL-cholesterol when taken in doses 10 to 15 times the RDA?

A) Vitamin A
B) Vitamin K
C) Thiamin
D) Niacin

Question 27

Which of the following are the fat-soluble vitamins?

A) A, D, C, K
B) Thiamin, niacin, A, C
C) A, D, E, K
D) Pantothenic acid, B₆, A, K

Question 28

Vitamin K is best described as:

A) being responsible for energy metabolism.
B) promoting healthy epithelial tissue.
C) being involved with blood clotting.
D) enhancing calcium utilization.

Question 29

Milk is sold in protective cardboard or opaque plastic containers rather than in transparent glass bottles to minimize the loss of _____.

A) vitamin B₁₂
B) riboflavin
C) niacin
D) vitamin D

Question 30

All these factors are associated with an increased risk of breast cancer except :

A) low intake of calories.
B) low intake of fruits.
C) high intake of alcohol.
D) low intake of phytochemicals.

Question 31

The thiamin deficiency disease is known as:

A) scurvy.
B) pellagra.
C) beriberi.
D) thiaminosis.

Question 32

Why are pharmaceutical companies less willing to fund research on plants for medicinal purposes than on man-made medicines?

A) Because there isn't enough land to cultivate the plants in sufficient quantities.
B) Because past research has not lead to any useful medicines.
C) The statement is untrue and there is a lot of research going on.
D) Because the plants cannot be patented to allow exclusivity for any profits.

Question 33

All of the following are symptoms of pellagra except :

A) dermatitis.
B) dementia.
C) diarrhea.
D) diabetes.

Question 34

A deficiency of which vitamin may elevate a person's risk for colon cancer and a woman's risk for cervical cancer?

A) B₆
B) B₁₂
C) Thiamin
D) Folate

Question 35

Preformed vitamin A:

A) is another name for carotene.
B) can be found in both animal and plant foods.
C) is found in non-fortified skim milk.
D) is made with the help of the skin, liver, and kidney.
E) is found in large amounts in the liver of animals and human beings.

Question 36

Which of the following people probably does not need a vitamin and mineral supplement?

A) Melanie, a 22 year old who is lactose intolerant and lives in Boston.
B) Debbie, who has been a vegan since college.
C) John, who is recovering from heart surgery.
D) Mike, who works as a roofer in Florida.

Question 37

Vitamin K deficiency is most often observed in:

A) newborns.
B) children.
C) teenagers.
D) adults.
E) the elderly.

Question 38

All of the following are characteristics of vitamins except :

A) they are organic.
B) they promote growth and reproduction and maintain health.
C) they contain 0 calories per gram.
D) they must be taken in supplement form to ensure adequacy.

Question 39

By the early 1800s, sailors in the British navy had been dubbed "limeys" because they were required to drink lemon or lime juice daily to prevent:

A) pellagra.
B) beriberi.
C) rickets.
D) scurvy.

Question 40

Vegetarians are at risk of developing a vitamin B₁₂ deficiency because:

A) their bodies cannot absorb the vitamin.
B) their diet causes increased excretion of the vitamin.
C) only animal foods contain sufficient amounts of the vitamin.
D) their diet increases the rate of use of the vitamin by their bodies.

Question 41

Studies lend weight to the theory that colon cancer is associated with a diet

A) high in zinc from grains.
B) high in animal protein.
C) high in vegetable fiber.
D) low in alcohol consumption.

Question 42

Phytochemicals have several different modes of action. Those with _____ protect cells from damage.

A) antioxidant properties
B) anti-estrogen properties
C) anticancer properties
D) anti-progesterone properties

Question 43

Isoflavones are phytochemicals found in _____.

A) soy products
B) citrus fruits
C) pumpkin
D) tomatoes

Question 44

All of the following are thought to contribute to a higher risk for cancer except :

A) high fruit and vegetable intake.
B) high fat intake.
C) excessive alcohol intake.
D) low calcium intake.

Question 45

Which of the following is recommended to minimize the loss of vitamins that can occur as a result of improper food handling?

A) Peel and wash fruit when you get home from the market.
B) Cook vegetables in a microwave oven in as little water as possible.
C) Store bananas, tomatoes, and potatoes in your refrigerator.
D) Eat frozen vegetables within a year of purchase.
E) All of the above are recommended.

Question 46

Which of the following is not among current dietary recommendations for lowering a person's risk of certain cancers?

A) A high-protein diet
B) A high-calcium diet
C) A low-fat diet
D) A diet rich in cruciferous vegetables
E) A diet adequate in vitamin C

Question 47

A vitamin D deficiency in children is called:

A) pellagra.
B) osteomalacia.
C) rickets.
D) scurvy.

Question 48

Which vitamins work with folate and vitamin B₁₂ to maintain blood health?

A) Vitamins C and D
B) Vitamins B₆ and K
C) Niacin and riboflavin
D) Vitamins D and E

Question 49

Vitamin E is

A) found mostly in fruits.
B) a precursor to vitamin C.
C) a remedy for nighttime leg cramps.
D) found mostly in vegetable oils.

Question 50

Which of the following would not be considered a "superstar fruit or vegetable"?

A) Iceberg lettuce
B) Kiwi
C) Brussels sprouts
D) Blueberries

Question 51

Lycopene, found in _____, may help reduce the risk of _____.

A) bananas; high blood pressure
B) summer squash; macular degeneration
C) tomatoes; prostate cancer
D) cruciferous vegetables; breast cancer
E) citrus fruits; skin cancer

Question 52

Which vitamin works with vitamin C to squelch free radicals before they injure the body?

A) Vitamin D
B) Vitamin B₆
C) Vitamin E
D) Niacin

Question 53

Which of the following is not true about phytochemicals?

A) Some may stimulate the immune response.
B) Some may inhibit enzymes that activate carcinogens.
C) Some may protect against inflammation.
D) They are found in small amounts in all organic foods.
E) They have less protective power when ingested as concentrated extracts, such as in pills.

Question 54

In order to reduce the incidence of neural tube defects, the FDA has mandated that folic acid be added to:

A) grain products.
B) milk and dairy foods.
C) frozen and canned vegetables.
D) ground beef.

Question 55

Which of the following people most likely needs extra vitamin C?

A) Jan, a 20-year-old vegan
B) Barbara, a 12 year old who only eats chicken nuggets and fries
C) Joe, a 53-year-old man who drinks a glass of wine per day
D) Yolanda, a 15 year old who refuses to drink milk

Question 56

The inability of the stomach to produce enough acid can lead to _____.

A) atrophic gastritis
B) diarrhea
C) beriberi
D) heart disease

Question 57

All of the following are good sources of beta-carotene except :

A) cantaloupe.
B) carrots.
C) iceberg lettuce.
D) broccoli.

Question 58

Night blindness can be caused by a deficiency of which vitamin?

A) Vitamin K
B) Vitamin A
C) Vitamin D
D) Biotin

Question 59

Individuals who lack intrinsic factor are at high risk for a deficiency of:

A) vitamin A.
B) vitamin D.
C) vitamin B₆.
D) vitamin B₁₂.

Question 60

Newborns are given a dose of which vitamin to prevent the possibility of a life-threatening hemorrhage in the case of injury?

A) A
B) K
C) D
D) C

Question 61

The American Institute for Cancer Research has recommended all of the following for cancer prevention except :

A) If you drink alcoholic beverages, limit consumption.
B) Eat more of a variety of fruits and vegetables each day.
C) Choose refined grains daily.
D) Limit consumption of red meats.

Question 62

Vitamin A is water soluble and found in the non-fat part of the milk.

Question 63

Vignette Donna is a 22-year-old college student on the tennis team. She prides herself on staying in shape but often eats empty-calorie meals when she is in a rush. She knows that some family members have had different kinds of cancer and is curious to find out what steps, if any, she can take to prevent this from happening to her. She visits a reputable site on the Internet and gleans a lot of useful suggestions that she plans on implementing. Let's see if she has learned as much as you already know by answering these questions. Donna read that cruciferous vegetables may reduce the incidence of cancer at several sites. Which is not a cruciferous vegetable?

A) Broccoli
B) Green beans
C) Cauliflower
D) Cabbage

Question 64

Timothy is an overweight business systems analyst who jogs for 45 minutes nearly every morning, drinks only black coffee and water, and is fond of broccoli and tofu. What should he do to reduce his cancer risk?

A) Limit his consumption of broccoli and tofu
B) Reduce his calorie intake to achieve a healthy weight
C) Switch to decaffeinated coffee or herbal tea
D) Include weight training and stretches in his fitness routine

Question 65

Vignette Donna is a 22-year-old college student on the tennis team. She prides herself on staying in shape but often eats empty-calorie meals when she is in a rush. She knows that some family members have had different kinds of cancer and is curious to find out what steps, if any, she can take to prevent this from happening to her. She visits a reputable site on the Internet and gleans a lot of useful suggestions that she plans on implementing. Let's see if she has learned as much as you already know by answering these questions. Donna's risk of skin cancer can be minimized by consuming foods high in beta-carotene such as _____.

A) cucumbers
B) apples
C) cantaloupe
D) bananas
E) all of the above

Question 66

The human body is unable to synthesize most vitamins.

Question 67

What are "free radicals"?

A) Chemicals in some animal foods thought to promote certain cancers.
B) Dietary supplements that reduce the risk of skin cancer.
C) Toxic compounds created in the body that may contribute to certain chronic diseases.
D) Compounds abundant in the Mediterranean diet that reduce the risk of heart disease.

Question 68

A characteristic of the fat-soluble vitamins is that excesses are stored in the liver and fatty tissues.

Question 69

Choline is:

A) found only in animal foods.
B) a vitamin-like substance for which no DRI has been established.
C) a conditionally essential nutrient.
D) needed for release of energy from fats and carbohydrates.

Question 70

Vignette Donna is a 22-year-old college student on the tennis team. She prides herself on staying in shape but often eats empty-calorie meals when she is in a rush. She knows that some family members have had different kinds of cancer and is curious to find out what steps, if any, she can take to prevent this from happening to her. She visits a reputable site on the Internet and gleans a lot of useful suggestions that she plans on implementing. Let's see if she has learned as much as you already know by answering these questions. The National Cancer Institute estimates that only about 14% of all cancers are associated with

A) genetics and related risk factors.
B) lifestyle factors.
C) environmental factors.
D) dietary factors.

Question 71

Vignette Donna is a 22-year-old college student on the tennis team. She prides herself on staying in shape but often eats empty-calorie meals when she is in a rush. She knows that some family members have had different kinds of cancer and is curious to find out what steps, if any, she can take to prevent this from happening to her. She visits a reputable site on the Internet and gleans a lot of useful suggestions that she plans on implementing. Let's see if she has learned as much as you already know by answering these questions. Donna loves hot dogs and Sunday dinners at her mother's house with a traditional cured ham. Which type of cancer is she putting herself at an especially high risk of developing?

A) Colon
B) Esophagus
C) Liver
D) Stomach

Question 72

The carotenoids are a family of phytochemicals that include all of the following except

A) beta-carotene.
B) lutein.
C) zeaxanthin.
D) anthocyanin.

Question 73

Why is it not necessary to pay special attention to dietary biotin or pantothenic acid?

A) They are widespread in foods
B) They are not essential nutrients
C) They each have only a single function in the body
D) They are stored in large quantities within the liver

Question 74

A diet low in fat-soluble vitamins will result in a more rapid onset of deficiency symptoms than one low in water-soluble vitamins.

Question 75

Overexposure to the sun can cause vitamin D toxicity.

Question 76

High blood levels of homocysteine:

A) correlate with diets high in fruits and vegetables.
B) have no known relationship to chronic disease risk.
C) can reduce the blood's ability to clot and increase bleeding risk.
D) tend to be associated with low blood levels of vitamin B₁₂, vitamin B₆, and folate.

Question 77

Some of the vitamins serve as sources of energy.

Question 78

Vitamin supplements can help reduce stress, decrease fatigue, and increase energy.

Question 79

Vignette Donna is a 22-year-old college student on the tennis team. She prides herself on staying in shape but often eats empty-calorie meals when she is in a rush. She knows that some family members have had different kinds of cancer and is curious to find out what steps, if any, she can take to prevent this from happening to her. She visits a reputable site on the Internet and gleans a lot of useful suggestions that she plans on implementing. Let's see if she has learned as much as you already know by answering these questions. At her sister's summer barbeque, Donna looks over the meats on the table to decide which to choose based on the method of preparation to possibly reduce her cancer risk. Which would be her best choice?

A) Stewed turkey
B) Grilled chicken
C) Smoked turkey
D) Fried chicken
E) Cured ham

Question 80

Which of the following is classified as being a cancer initiator?

A) Ultraviolet light
B) Cigarettes
C) Excess alcohol
D) Lack of physical activity
E) a and b