Deck 4: Socialization

Question 1

Jake, a fifteen-year-old, has been brought up by authoritarian parents. This makes him less likely to fall prey to peer pressure to use drugs or alcohol.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Some scientists describe healthy infants' brains as "small computers" because they can get damaged if not maintained well.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

According to Mead, the me forms as children engage in role taking.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The lifelong process through which people learn culture and become functioning members of society is called _____.

A) internalization
B) socialization
C) resocialization
D) evolution
E) externalization

Question 5

Children's toys should be more gender typed to discourage gender stereotyping.

Question 6

Alcohol abuse is considered a genetic factor that shapes a child's behavior.

Question 7

In the second resocialization step, the staff in total institutions tries to build a new identity that conforms to the institution's expectations.

Question 8

During childhood and adolescence, parents and teachers, particularly, reinforce norms and values through rewards and punishments.

Question 9

The concept of the looking-glass self was proposed by Charles Horton Cooley.

Question 10

Childhood mistreatment can blunt biological development.

Question 11

Functionalism tells people how socialization works on a micro level.

Question 12

Ivy's sex reassignment attempt created major complications in her life and proved to be a disaster. This example supports the argument that nurture shapes behavior.

Question 13

Asian immigrants are more likely to live in extended families than any other group.

Question 14

Becky dislikes her math teacher because she is extremely strict. In spite of that, the math teacher can be Becky's role model.

Question 15

Since he was a year old, Adrian was carefully coached by his parents so that he grew up to be a well-mannered, confident, and generous person. His parents believed in leading by example. Adrian carried the values he learnt at home wherever he went-to school, to college, and to his workplace. He imparted these values to his children and grandchildren. The process that Adrian went through is known as _____.

A) socialization
B) resocialization
C) social stratification
D) self-fulfilling prophecy
E) social mobility

Question 16

Kate is seven years old. According to Mead, she is most likely in the play stage of development and role taking.

Question 17

Biologists are of the opinion that human development is fairly changeable.

Question 18

A peer group consists of people who are similar in age, social status, and interests.

Question 19

The school's primary purpose is to instruct children and enhance their cognitive development.

Question 20

Internalization is the process of self-evaluation and informed decision making.

Question 21

The unsuccessful sex reassignment of David Reimer supports the argument that:

A) genetics influences human behavior.
B) social isolation can have dramatic and lasting effects.
C) humans are influenced by their environment.
D) the first few years of life are crucial to development.
E) emotional attachment is more crucial than food.

Question 22

_____ occurs when people receive direct or indirect rewards or punishments for particular behaviors.

A) Imitation
B) Role conflict
C) Reinforcement
D) Evaluation
E) Justification

Question 23

According to symbolic interaction theories, _____ lack a sense of self, an awareness of their social identity.

A) elderly people
B) adults
C) teenagers
D) newborn infants
E) adolescents

Question 24

Which of the following scenarios supports the argument that nurture shapes behavior?

A) Evelyn, like all the women in her family, outlived her husband. She was also diagnosed with diabetes at a young age.
B) Audrey underwent sex reassignment surgery when she was fifteen. She, however, never got accustomed to her new gender.
C) Logan and his twin sister were raised by positive, affirming parents. Logan, however, suffered from attention deficit disorder, which is more common among men, while his sister did not.
D) Grace and David have been married for ten years. Grace developed an eating disorder, whereas David became short tempered and irritable.
E) Benjie's father, an alcoholic, suffered from liver damage. He advised his son from a young age to avoid such destructive habits, and Benjie grew up to have a healthy lifestyle.

Question 25

Caitlin behaves and interacts with her siblings very differently compared to the way she behaves and interacts with her friends. She is less mindful of offending her brothers and sisters and is not conscious of her appearance when she is with them. Which of the key functions of socialization does this situation illustrate?

A) Socialization establishes people's social identity.
B) Socialization teaches people to follow the rules.
C) Socialization transmits culture to the next generation.
D) Socialization teaches people role taking.
E) Socialization distinguishes between nature and nurture.

Question 26

Who among the following is typically a child's most powerful role model?

A) A parent
B) A friend
C) A grandparent
D) A celebrity
E) A neighbor

Question 27

Ryan thinks he is not as clever as the other children in his class because his teacher does not appreciate him as much as she does others. Ryan is troubled by his _____.

A) looking-glass self
B) super ego
C) socialization skills
D) internalization
E) impression management

Question 28

Cross-cultural variations in male violence support the role of _____.

A) nature in shaping behavior
B) genetics in shaping behavior
C) biology in shaping behavior
D) heredity in shaping behavior
E) nurture in shaping behavior

Question 29

Alice scored straight As in her class tests. As a reward for her hard work, her parents took her to her favorite amusement park for an entire day. This action of Alice's parents is an example of _____.

A) cognitivism
B) internalization
C) functional impulsivity
D) resocialization
E) reinforcement

Question 30

Which of the following is a key function of socialization?

A) Teaching people to live solitary lives
B) Teaching people to rebel against society
C) Encouraging people to act against cultural norms
D) Controlling people's actions and behavior through nature rather than nurture
E) Transmitting culture to the next generation

Question 31

Owen was appreciated immensely by his manager for efficiently handling a complicated project. This appreciation made Owen confident and enthused, and he put in more effort into all his future projects. According to Charles Horton Cooley, which phase of the development of the looking-glass self is Owen going through?

A) Anticipation
B) Interpretation
C) Perception
D) Achievement
E) Response

Question 32

Lily was separated from her mother at the age of one and locked up in the barn outside her house. Nobody spoke to her or went to meet her. From time to time, she was beaten up. Many years later, she was discovered by the police. She was found to have no understanding of language and behaved more like an animal than a human being. Which of the following is most likely the cause for Lily's situation?

A) Reinforcement
B) Internalization
C) Social isolation
D) Resocialization
E) Unsuccessful sex reassignment

Question 33

Aaron was four years old when he saw his elder brother Charlie throw a firecracker into a fire. There was a loud explosion, and Charlie's face got burnt. Therefore, Aaron learnt from a young age never to play with fire. This scenario is an example of _____.

A) reward
B) positive reinforcement
C) indirect reinforcement
D) role taking
E) critical evaluation

Question 34

_____ are an influential approach and explain socialization on a micro level.

A) Conflict theories
B) Idealist strategies
C) Structural functionalism theories
D) Symbolic interaction theories
E) Materialist strategies

Question 35

Unlike social scientists, biologists focus on the role of _____ in human development.

A) heredity
B) socialization
C) learning
D) assimilation
E) environment

Question 36

_____ is the process of learning cultural behaviors and expectations so deeply that people accept them without question.

A) Assimilation
B) Acculturalization
C) Integration
D) Conceptualization
E) Internalization

Question 37

_____ maintain that people learn new attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors through interaction with other people, especially during childhood.

A) Conflict strategies
B) Social learning theories
C) Structural functionalism theories
D) Symbolic interaction theories
E) Socialist strategies

Question 38

Which of the following statements supports the argument that nature shapes behavior?

A) Human development is fairly changeable.
B) Human development is innate.
C) Human development is largely due to environment.
D) Abuse and mistreatment can blunt a child's development.
E) A pregnant mother's habits can have a lasting effect on a child's life.

Question 39

Emily constantly suffered from severe headaches and blurred vision. At the age of fourteen, she was diagnosed with migraine. Her neurologist explained to her that women were more likely than men to suffer from such headaches. In the context of the nature-nurture debate, Emily's neurologist is most likely to support the theory that:

A) sex reassignment should be encouraged.
B) adult behavior influences children.
C) men have lower immunity than women.
D) biology shapes behavior.
E) cross-cultural variations in behavior exist.

Question 40

Frank is 17 years old and wants a car for his birthday. However, he understands that he cannot get a driver's license for another year and that it would be illegal to drive without one. Therefore, he decides to wait for a year. Which of the key functions of socialization does this scenario illustrate?

A) Socialization establishes people's social identity.
B) Socialization controls people's behavior.
C) Socialization teaches people role taking.
D) Socialization transmits culture to the next generation.
E) Socialization distinguishes between nature and nurture.

Question 41

Which of the following statements is true of peers as socialization agents?

A) A peer group is the first and most influential socialization agent.
B) A peer group is the most important factor that helps in keeping a family close.
C) A peer group consists of people who differ in age, social status, and interests.
D) All peer or friend influence is positive.
E) Peer influence usually increases as young children get older.

Question 42

In the context of the functions of play, which of the following most likely provides children with constructive ways to channel their energy and intelligence?

A) Television programs
B) Sports and hobbies
C) Video games
D) Social networking sites
E) Homework and assignments

Question 43

According to Mead's theory of the development of the self and role taking, which of the following statements is a characteristic of the preparatory stage?

A) Children move beyond imitation and act out imagined roles.
B) Children engage in behavior that they rarely associate with words or symbols.
C) Children learn social norms by emulating significant others.
D) Children acquire the ability to understand different connections between roles.
E) Children understand and take the role of the generalized other.

Question 44

In the context of Mead's theory of the development of the self and role taking, children begin to learn role taking by emulating significant others during the _____ stage.

A) preparatory
B) last
C) game
D) first
E) play

Question 45

_____ refer to public rituals that mark the transition from one social position to another.

A) Internalized behaviors
B) Continuum of sanctions
C) Anticipatory socialization processes
D) Symbolic interactions
E) Rites of passage

Question 46

Sarah is fourteen years old and is very conscious of her looks and other people's opinion of her. With reference to Cooley's concept, who among the following is most likely to help Sarah develop a positive looking-glass self during this age?

A) Role models
B) Teachers
C) Grandparents
D) Parents
E) Peers

Question 47

According to George Herbert Mead, the most critical social interaction occurs _____.

A) among peers
B) in the society
C) in the family
D) among strangers
E) among friends

Question 48

The term _____ refers to the norms, values, and expectations of society as a whole that affect a person's behavior.

A) socialization agent
B) significant other
C) role model
D) primary caregiver
E) generalized other

Question 49

Many women, especially white women, who are unhappy with their bodies, are most likely to turn to _____.

A) suicide
B) weight-loss programs
C) cosmetic surgery
D) yoga
E) weight training

Question 50

_____ is a period of both extreme helplessness and enormous physical and cognitive growth.

A) Adulthood
B) The teenage years
C) Adolescence
D) Toddlerhood
E) The old age period

Question 51

_____ diminishes teens' and young adults' ability to develop decision-making and problem-solving skills.

A) Laissez-faire parenting
B) Permissive parenting
C) Indulgent parenting
D) Helicopter parenting
E) Uninvolved parenting

Question 52

Who among the following can be termed helicopter parents?

A) Ian's parents are overanxious about his college admission and have made him apply to ten different universities.
B) Vincent's parents do not restrict him from smoking; they give him an extra allowance to buy cigarettes.
C) Sydney's parents were hardly aware of their daughter's whereabouts; they were too busy with work to be bothered.
D) Brooke invited her parents to her piano recital, but they chose to attend their neighbor's birthday party instead.
E) Vivian's parents show extra concern for her grades during parent-teacher conferences although they do not really care.

Question 53

_____ is learning how to perform a role that a person will occupy.

A) Social learning
B) Symbolic interaction
C) Resocialization
D) Anticipatory socialization
E) Modeling

Question 54

Adam's parents allow him two sleepovers a month at his friend's place on the condition that he puts in an extra hour of study every day. In terms of parenting styles, Adam's parents exhibit _____.

A) uninvolved parenting
B) permissive parenting
C) authoritative parenting
D) indulgent parenting
E) authoritarian parenting

Question 55

The parts of the brain responsible for controlling impulses, avoiding risky behavior, and planning ahead are:

A) latent throughout one's life.
B) disrupted due to raging hormones.
C) the hallmarks of childish behavior.
D) among the last to mature.
E) innate characteristics of every child.

Question 56

Which of the following statements is true of U.S. children?

A) Most of them do not attend school as education is not given much importance.
B) They make up a large segment of the U.S. labor force.
C) Most of them enjoy happy and healthy lives, but many do not.
D) A high percentage of them die of diseases before the age of five.
E) Most of them stay with their parents until the age of 30.

Question 57

In _____, parents focus on their own needs, spend little time interacting with the children, and know little about their interests or whereabouts.

A) uninvolved parenting
B) permissive parenting
C) authoritative parenting
D) indulgent parenting
E) authoritarian parenting

Question 58

Blake and his two sisters grew up in a multigenerational household. This means that they:

A) lived in the same house in which their ancestors had lived.
B) were brought up in a very strict, authoritarian environment.
C) were cared for by only one parent.
D) lived with their parents and grandparents.
E) would move out of their parents' house after marriage.

Question 59

According to Mead, the _____ is creative, imaginative, impulsive, spontaneous, self-centered, and sometimes unpredictable.

A) looking-glass self
B) I
C) me
D) super ego
E) ego

Question 60

Who among the following exhibits a dominant I part of the self as described by Mead?

A) Lizzy asks her elder sister if she can borrow her dress for a party.
B) Daniel wants to play video games at his friend's house, but he knows he should wait for his turn.
C) Bella wants to eat a box of candies for lunch, but she decides not to because her mother would be angry.
D) Samuel insists that he wants to ride to school on a pony instead of a bicycle.
E) Lucy finishes her assignment before going out to play, because she knows her teacher would be angry otherwise.

Question 61

Explain the socialization process of teenagers.

Question 62

Briefly discuss the positive and negative influences of peer groups.

Question 63

Emilia was a careless, pampered adult. Her life took a complete turn after she became a mother. Responsibility came naturally to her, and she began to enjoy taking care of her baby round the clock. The dramatic change in Emilia's behavior is an example of _____.

A) internalization
B) rehabilitation
C) authoritarian parenting
D) uninvolved parenting
E) voluntary resocialization

Question 64

The Petersons are realtors and hardly get time to take care of their two children, Ryder and Lauren. Hence, the children are brought up by their grandparents, who also live with them. After a few years, both children graduate and get well-paying jobs in different cities. In this scenario, which of the following defines the term empty nest as used in the 1960s and 1970s?

A) The stage in which the parents are left alone after their children have moved out
B) The duration during which the children are at school, the parents are at work, and the grandparents are alone at home
C) The duration during which the children are left with the grandparents, while the parents are at work
D) The stage in which the grandparents have passed away and the children are left in the care of their parents
E) The duration during which the parents are at work, the children are at school, and the grandparents have passed away

Question 65

_____ is the process of unlearning old ways of doing things and adopting new attitudes, values, norms, and behavior.

A) Resocialization
B) Internalization
C) Incapacitation
D) Impression management
E) Anticipatory socialization

Question 66

Define impression management, and explain the three types of expressive resources associated with it.

Question 67

Describe the four key functions of socialization.

Question 68

The first step of resocialization in total institutions is:

A) being subjected to degradation ceremonies.
B) performing physical labor.
C) military training.
D) religious teaching.
E) anger management.

Question 69

Explain how children learn to socialize in the infancy and toddlerhood stage.

Question 70

Explain the concept of reinforcement with examples.

Question 71

Angela returned to her parents' home when she lost her job and could no longer afford to pay rent or buy food. She was deep in debt and needed her parents' support to find another job in a difficult economy. Angela belongs to a group of young adults termed _____.

A) empty nesters
B) boomerang children
C) slingshot children
D) helicopter daughters
E) feral children

Question 72

_____ are settings where people are isolated from the rest of society, stripped of their former identities, and required to conform to new rules and behavior.

A) Day care centers
B) Total institutions
C) Social institutions
D) Health care centers
E) Educational institutions

Question 73

Briefly discuss the teachers' impact on children's development.

Question 74

Two of the most important roles in adulthood are work and _____.

A) mentoring
B) parenthood
C) socializing
D) leadership
E) travelling

Question 75

Explain the four types of parenting styles.

Question 76

Explain how play influences a child's development.

Question 77

Tom was a pessimist. His attitude cost him his friends and his peace of mind. After years of self-inflicted stress, Tom decided that he would become optimistic and see the brighter side of things. Tom has decided to undergo the process of _____.

A) internalization
B) resocialization
C) rehabilitation
D) institutionalization
E) victimization

Question 78

Explain the three phases of development of Charles Horton Cooley's looking-glass self.

Question 79

Describe the two key points that support the argument that nature shapes behavior.

Question 80

Explain the concept of involuntary resocialization.