Deck 8: Extinction and Stimulus Control

Question 1

The _____ refers to the nonreinforcement of a previously reinforced response.

A) process of extinction
B) procedure of extinction
C) process of punishment
D) procedure of punishment

Answer 1

B

Question 2

A rat that is trained to press a lever to receive food pellets is most likely to get aggressive during a(n) _____.

A) FR schedule of reinforcement
B) VR schedule of reinforcement
C) extinction procedure
D) CRF schedule of reinforcement

Answer 2

C

Question 3

A temporary increase in the frequency and intensity of responding when extinction is first implemented is called an _____.

A) extinction procedure
B) extinction resurgence
C) extinction burst
D) extinction relapse

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Jean's father occasionally allows her to skip classes. When he stops this practice, Jean starts acting unwell just like she used to when she was younger and wanted to skip classes. In this scenario, Jean's behavior illustrates _____.

A) response induction
B) frustration
C) resurgence
D) spontaneous recovery

Question 5

Curtis finds that his usually bubbly girlfriend is quite uncommunicative one morning. In the context of the side effects of extinction, which of the following behavior patterns is Curtis most likely to display?

A) A decrease in the variability of what he says to his girlfriend
B) An increase in his attempts to communicate with his girlfriend
C) Both a and b are correct.
D) Neither a nor b is correct.

Question 6

Which of the following is a side effect of extinction?

A) An increase in the variability of a behavior
B) A display of emotional behavior
C) Resurgence
D) All of these are correct.

Question 7

When Teresa started ignoring her daughter Lisa's tantrums, the tantrums began to decrease until they occurred at about half the rate that they previously did. In other words, Lisa's tantrums have been

A) extinguished.
B) partially extinguished.
C) reinforced.
D) partially reinforced.

Question 8

Frustration is often a side effect of _____.

A) extinction
B) noncontingent reinforcement
C) generalization training
D) positive reinforcement

Question 9

Kaya, a seven-year-old, notices that her parents no longer pay heed to her demand for more toys. She then starts crying just like she used to when she was younger and wanted toys. In this scenario, Kaya's behavior illustrates _____.

A) spontaneous recovery
B) an extinction burst
C) resurgence
D) dishabituation

Question 10

The reappearance during extinction of other behaviors that had once been effective in obtaining reinforcement is known as _____.

A) spontaneous recovery
B) resurgence
C) response induction
D) extinction induction

Question 11

Kathy used to pay attention to her son, Fred, whenever he threw a tantrum. She then realized that her attention was reinforcing Fred's tantrums and decided to start ignoring them. Kathy's action illustrates _____.

A) negative punishment
B) negative reinforcement
C) an extinction process
D) an extinction procedure

Question 12

An initial increase in the frequency of key pecking by pigeons when extinction is first implemented is called an _____.

A) extinction procedure
B) extinction rehabituation
C) extinction resurgence
D) extinction burst

Question 13

Displays of emotional behavior, aggression, and resurgence are side effects of _____.

A) intermittent reinforcement
B) punishment
C) extinction
D) errorless discrimination

Question 14

An important aspect of applying an extinction procedure is

A) ensuring that the consequence being withheld is the reinforcer that is maintaining a behavior.
B) gradually enhancing the reinforcer that is maintaining a behavior.
C) combining it with a positive punishment procedure.
D) combining it with a negative reinforcement procedure.

Question 15

Karen is upset with her husband Rick and stops responding to the jokes he makes over dinner. In the context of the side effects of extinction, Rick is most likely to

A) give up telling jokes immediately.
B) start telling different types of jokes.
C) become agitated.
D) Both b and c are correct.

Question 16

The term _____ refers to the nonreinforcement of a previously reinforced response, the result of which is a decrease in the strength of that response.

A) positive punishment
B) negative reinforcement
C) extinction
D) aversion

Question 17

The side effects of extinction can include a(n)

A) display of emotional behavior.
B) extinction burst.
C) increase in the variability of a behavior.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 18

A decrease in the rate of wheel running because it is no longer reinforced is an example of a(n)

A) extinction procedure.
B) punishment procedure.
C) extinction process.
D) punishment process.

Question 19

Which of the following statements is true of resurgence?

A) It tends to increase with successive sessions of extinction.
B) It resembles the psychoanalytic concept of regression.
C) It results in the reinforcement of an adaptive behavior in a subject.
D) It replaces a target behavior with an adaptive behavior.

Question 20

Jamie's dog, Taffy, begs for food and gets it at the dinner table every night. Jamie decides to discourage this behavior and refuses to give Taffy food when she begs. After a week, Jamie notices that Taffy's begging has decreased but has not stopped entirely. At this point, the behavior of begging has been

A) extinguished.
B) partially extinguished.
C) punished.
D) unsuccessfully punished.

Question 21

The magnitude of a reinforcer is _____ related to resistance to extinction.

A) directly
B) inversely
C) not
D) Both a and b are correct.

Question 22

Zakir's mother occasionally gives in to his demands for extra money. After she stops this practice altogether, Zakir continues demanding extra money for the next three weeks. In this scenario, Zakir's behavior illustrates the influence of _____ on resistance to extinction.

A) the schedule of reinforcement
B) the degree of deprivation
C) the previous experience with extinction
D) the magnitude of the reinforcer

Question 23

The degree to which an organism is deprived of a reinforcer is _____ related to resistance to extinction.

A) directly
B) inversely
C) not
D) unpredictably

Question 24

A long history of reinforcement tends to

A) increase resistance to extinction.
B) decrease resistance to extinction.
C) have no effect on resistance to extinction.
D) first increase and then decrease resistance to extinction.

Question 25

According to the _____ effect, behavior that has been maintained on an intermittent schedule of reinforcement will extinguish more slowly than behavior that has been maintained on a continuous schedule.

A) partial reinforcement
B) peak shift
C) overshadowing
D) negative reinforcement

Question 26

Sally likes Jon and readily agrees whenever he asks her out. She likes Sim less than she likes Jon and accepts a date with him occasionally. When she falls in love with Edgar, she informs both Jon and Sim that she will no longer go out with them. Jon quickly stops asking her out, but Sim persists for several months. Sim's behavior illustrates _____.

A) the partial reinforcement effect
B) the peak shift effect
C) an extinction burst
D) spontaneous recovery

Question 27

Who among the following individuals will find it most difficult to quit gambling?

A) Jacques, who wins approximately once in a month
B) Alan, who wins approximately once in a week
C) Chris, who wins approximately twice a day
D) James, who wins approximately twice a week

Question 28

Among the following schedules, resistance to extinction will likely be the strongest following reinforcement on a(n) _____ schedule.

A) FR 5
B) VR 5
C) FR 100
D) VR 100

Question 29

When someone dies, the people for whom that individual was a major source of reinforcement are essentially experiencing _____.

A) habituation
B) extinction
C) classical conditioning
D) intermittent reinforcement

Question 30

Becoming depressed following a break-up in a relationship most likely demonstrates the side effect of _____.

A) spontaneous recovery
B) dishabituation
C) extinction
D) habituation

Question 31

Alex has recently lost his job. Without the salary, he finds it difficult to meet his expenses. Which of the following is a side effect of extinction that Alex is most likely to exhibit?

A) A negative contrast effect
B) A poor stimulus control
C) Depression
D) Aversion

Question 32

When Mandy does not get the candy she usually gets when she goes shopping with her mother, she will likely

A) start crying.
B) become aggressive.
C) become depressed.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 33

The most important factor influencing resistance to extinction is the _____ of reinforcement.

A) time-sensitivity
B) schedule
C) magnitude
D) delay

Question 34

Extinction sometimes results in _____, which is a common symptom of _____.

A) a high level of activity; manic-depressive disorder
B) a low level of activity; depression
C) ritualistic behavior patterns; obsessive-compulsive disorder
D) pain behavior; psychosomatic disorders

Question 35

Dean feels depressed after his soccer coach passes away. From a behavioral perspective, Dean's behavior illustrates the side effect of _____.

A) aversion
B) incubation
C) sensitization
D) extinction

Question 36

On a lever pressing task, a large-magnitude reinforcer will _____ subsequent resistance to extinction.

A) not affect
B) temporarily eliminate
C) permanently eliminate
D) either increase or decrease

Question 37

Among the following schedules, resistance to extinction will likely be the strongest following reinforcement on a(n) _____ schedule.

A) FR 5
B) FR 20
C) FR 100
D) CRF

Question 38

For several years, a pigeon has been receiving food each time it perches on your balcony in the morning. Another pigeon has recently started receiving food in this manner. If you stop feeding these pigeons, which of the following is likely to take place?

A) The first pigeon will most likely persist in obtaining food for a longer time than the second pigeon.
B) The first pigeon will most likely give up obtaining food more quickly than the second pigeon.
C) Both pigeons will most likely respond in irregular patterns.
D) Both pigeons will most likely show equal persistence.

Question 39

The extent to which responding persists after an extinction procedure has been implemented is known as _____.

A) extinction relapse
B) response adaptation
C) response persistence
D) resistance to extinction

Question 40

Furomoto (1971) found that resistance to extinction for key pecking in pigeons

A) reached its maximum after about five reinforcements.
B) reached its maximum after about 1,000 reinforcements.
C) continued to increase as the number of reinforcements increased.
D) began to decrease as the number of reinforcements increased.

Question 41

Why are extinction procedures for the elimination of bedtime tantrums difficult to implement?

A) Children get permanently traumatized over the course of the procedure.
B) Parents find the procedure too distressing.
C) Young children do not respond to extinction procedures.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 42

A very hungry dog will most likely show _____ resistance to extinction than a less hungry dog.

A) more
B) less
C) the same
D) Both a and b are correct.

Question 43

Skinner suggested that spontaneous recovery may be a function of

A) CSs associated with the start of a session.
B) S^Ds associated with the end of a session.
C) CSs associated with the end of a session.
D) S^Ds associated with the start of a session.

Question 44

When Janice stopped paying attention to her daughter's tantrums, they stopped by the end of the day. However, they reappeared the next morning, as well as on subsequent mornings. It is most likely that each time the tantrums appeared, they were _____ than before.

A) stronger
B) weaker
C) less predictable
D) more variable

Question 45

I ignore my dog when it barks, and I feed it when it stays calm. This is an example of a _____ procedure.

A) DRH
B) DRP
C) DRO
D) DRL

Question 46

Spontaneous recovery is associated with the process of

A) classical conditioning
B) operant conditioning
C) regression
D) Both a and b are correct.

Question 47

Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of a(n)

A) extinguished response to a novel stimulus.
B) extinguished response following a rest period after extinction.
C) a novel behavior pattern during extinction.
D) emotional outburst during extinction.

Question 48

Mohammed starts acting grumpy whenever he feels that his friend Jacob does not pay enough attention to him. In order to discourage such behavior, Jacob talks to Mohammed only when Mohammed is in a pleasant mood. In this scenario, Jacob is applying a _____ procedure.

A) DRO
B) DRH
C) DRL
D) DRP

Question 49

The frequency of spontaneous recovery tends to _____ across successive sessions of extinction.

A) increase
B) decrease
C) remain stable
D) fluctuate irregularly

Question 50

Which of the following is a useful practice for eliminating bedtime tantrums in young children?

A) Waiting for a predetermined period of time before responding
B) Comforting the child for only 15 seconds or less and then leaving
C) Both a and b are correct.
D) Neither a nor b is correct.

Question 51

The reappearance of an extinguished response following a rest period after extinction is called _____.

A) spontaneous recovery
B) disinhibition
C) sensitization
D) dishabituation

Question 52

Rickert and Johnson (1988) have shown that ignoring bedtime tantrums of young children

A) is ineffective.
B) has severe negative effects on children's feelings of safety and self-esteem.
C) Both a and b are correct.
D) Neither a nor b is correct.

Question 53

I ignore Trevor whenever he complains about his fellow workers, and I pay attention to him when he appreciates them. This is an example of a _____ procedure.

A) DRP
B) DRL
C) DRH
D) DRO

Question 54

Repeated sessions of extinction (alternated with periods of reinforcement) will

A) increase resistance to extinction.
B) decrease resistance to extinction.
C) have no effect on resistance to extinction.
D) Both a and b are correct.

Question 55

When Jane stopped paying attention to her daughter's tantrums, they stopped by the end of the day. However, according to the concept of _____, there is a possibility that her daughter might throw tantrums again the next morning.

A) disinhibition
B) dishabituation
C) spontaneous recovery
D) stimulus discrimination

Question 56

Resistance to extinction can be _____ by providing _____.

A) reduced; an occasional reinforcer
B) facilitated; a discriminative stimulus for extinction
C) increased; a discriminative response for extinction
D) Both a and c are correct.

Question 57

Previous experience with extinction is most likely to _____the persistence of responding when an extinction procedure is suddenly implemented.

A) decrease
B) increase
C) be unrelated to
D) first decrease and then increase

Question 58

A major drawback to using extinction to eliminate bedtime tantrums is that

A) it adversely affects children's self-esteem.
B) the children generally become noncompliant.
C) it is too distressing for the parents.
D) Both a and b are correct.

Question 59

Which of the following processes most clearly reflects the need to be persistent in order to eliminate a behavior pattern?

A) Regression
B) Stimulus control
C) Resurgence
D) Spontaneous recovery

Question 60

The reinforcement of any behavior other than the target behavior that is being extinguished is known as _____.

A) reinforcement of differential responding
B) differential reinforcement of other behavior
C) contingent alternative reinforcement
D) alternative contingent responding

Question 61

A rat presses a lever in the presence of a 1000-Hz tone (which is an S^D) but not in the presence of a 990-Hz or a 1010-Hz tone. The generalization gradient for the rat's behavior is relatively _____, indicating _____ discrimination.

A) flat; strong
B) steep; strong
C) steep; weak
D) Both a and c are correct.

Question 62

Which of the following processes would be the most important in the basic training of soldiers, in order to ensure that they reliably follow orders?

A) Sign-tracking
B) Fixed action patterning
C) Stimulus control
D) Extinction

Question 63

Functional communication training is a version of a _____ procedure in which a child is taught to communicate his or her needs _____.

A) differential reinforcement; in writing
B) reinforcement; silently
C) differential reinforcement; in a socially appropriate manner
D) punishment; in a socially appropriate manner

Question 64

Robert always stands up when he sees a police officer. Robert's behavior illustrates _____.

A) spontaneous recovery
B) stimulus control
C) dishabituation
D) a positive contrast effect

Question 65

Most students will raise their hands to ask a question in a classroom but will not raise their hands to ask a question in the library. The classroom acts as the _____ for the behavior of raising a hand, while the library acts as the _____ for the same behavior.

A) S^∆; S^D
B) S^D; S^R
C) S^R; S^P
D) S^D; S^∆

Question 66

The behavior of leaving one's house every day at exactly 8:05 in the morning is an example of _____.

A) stimulus control
B) a DRO schedule
C) stimulus generalization
D) the peak shift effect

Question 67

Discrimination training involves

A) reinforcing a behavior in the presence of one stimulus and not another.
B) sequential exposure to many different stimuli.
C) continual exposure to only one stimulus.
D) fading of the S^D.

Question 68

Strong generalization is to weak generalization as a _____ gradient is to a _____ gradient.

A) quadratic; curvilinear
B) curvilinear; quadratic
C) flat; steep
D) steep; flat

Question 69

Amelie ignores her son when he talks with his mouth full, and she speaks to him when he talks to her after he has finished chewing. This is an example of a _____ procedure.

A) DRP
B) DRL
C) DRO
D) DRH

Question 70

The tendency for an operant response to be emitted in the presence of a stimulus similar to an S^D is called _____.

A) stimulus generalization
B) stimulus elicitation
C) stimulus discrimination
D) the peak shift effect

Question 71

In a DRO procedure, the extinction of maladaptive behavior works best in conjunction with the

A) reinforcement of an alternative behavior.
B) presentation of a novel stimulus.
C) elicitation of a conditioned response.
D) reinforcement of resurgent behavior.

Question 72

The term stimulus control refers to the

A) reliable occurrence of a behavior in the presence of an S^D.
B) reliable occurrence of a stimuli that has been sensitized.
C) effect of a reinforcer upon a behavior.
D) effect of some consequence upon a behavior.

Question 73

A relatively flat generalization gradient indicates

A) less generalization.
B) more generalization.
C) more discrimination.
D) Both a and c are correct.

Question 74

Jill trains her dog to run when she snaps her fingers. In this example, finger snapping acts as the _____.

A) positive reinforcer
B) conditioned stimulus
C) unconditioned stimulus
D) discriminative stimulus

Question 75

_____ occurs when the probability of a behavior is reliably affected by the presence of a(n) _____.

A) Stimulus constraint; reinforcer
B) Stimulus control; reinforcer
C) Stimulus constraint; S^D
D) Stimulus control; S^D

Question 76

A relatively steep generalization gradient indicates

A) strong generalization.
B) weak discrimination.
C) strong discrimination.
D) Both a and b are correct.

Question 77

A _____ is a depiction of the strength of responding across stimuli that vary in their similarity to the S^D.

A) discrimination gradient
B) similarity gradient
C) stimulus concordance gradient
D) generalization gradient

Question 78

Both Theresa and Max are trying to eliminate their daughter's behavior of whining for attention. Theresa stops paying attention when the child is whining whereas Max responds to her whining with the statement "I'll talk to you if you speak to me politely." He then ignores any subsequent whining. In this scenario, Theresa uses a(n) _____ procedure while Max uses _____.

A) extinction; systematic correction
B) punishment; extinction
C) extinction; functional communication training
D) punishment; functional communication training

Question 79

A generalization gradient is a depiction of the strength of responding across stimuli that are similar to

A) the US.
B) the S^D.
C) a reinforcer.
D) a consequence.

Question 80

A parrot always squawks when its owner enters the room. This is best described as an example of _____.

A) stimulus generalization
B) a generalization gradient
C) stimulus control
D) experimental neurosis