Deck 3: Personality, Perception, and Attribution

Question 1

In the context of personality traits, which of the following traits can be classified under the Big Five personality traits?

A)Agreeableness
B)Honesty
C)Intuition
D)Submissiveness

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following is a determinant of personality?

A)Projection
B)Time orientation
C)Culpability score
D)Heredity

Answer 2

D

Question 3

In the context of the Big Five personality traits, across many occupations, _____ people are more motivated and perform better than others.

A)reserved
B)creative
C)conscientious
D)curious

Answer 3

C

Question 4

_____ describes personality as a composite of an individual's psychological processes.

A)Projective theory
B)Integrative approach
C)Trait theory
D)Behavioral theory

Question 5

In an organization, people with an internal locus of control:

A)appreciate more structured work settings.
B)don't like to exercise control in their work environments.
C)prefer participative management styles.
D)react well to close supervision.

Question 6

During peer evaluations at work, John tends to rate his subordinates strictly. John's behavior suggests that he most likely has:

A)low emotional stability
B)high agreeability
C)high conscientiousness
D)minimum openness to experience

Question 7

A(n)_____ is a situation that overwhelms the effects of individual personalities by providing strong cues for appropriate behavior.

A)weak situation
B)integrative situation
C)rigid situation
D)strong situation

Question 8

A recent study showed that individuals with _____ and strong networking abilities also had higher income.

A)low core self-evaluation
B)high core self-evaluation
C)internal locus of control
D)external locus of control

Question 9

According to Charles Spearman, which of the following is the single best predictor of work performance across many occupations and across different cultures?

A)General mental ability
B)Cognitive behavioral approach
C)Psychoanalysis
D)Interactional psychology

Question 10

Which of the following is true of highly conscientious people?

A)They do not like to be supervised.
B)They are flexible to any changes at work.
C)They evaluate their peers too leniently.
D)They pay too much attention to small, trivial details.

Question 11

Jean, an HR manager at Clintelcom, is tasked with hiring 10 customer service executives for the company. Which of the following candidates should Jean give preference to?

A)Candidates with low emotional stability
B)Candidates with high conscientiousness and an introverted personality
C)Candidates with high agreeableness and openness
D)Candidates with a dominant personality

Question 12

_____ is a personality theory that advocates breaking down behavior patterns into a series of observable characteristics in order to understand human behavior.

A)Trait theory
B)Humanistic theory
C)Psychoanalytic theory
D)Behavior theory

Question 13

_____ involves a broad set of personality traits that articulates an individual's concept of himself or herself.

A)Selective perception
B)Selective evaluation
C)Core self-evaluation
D)Self-perception

Question 14

_____ is a relatively stable set of characteristics that influences an individual's behavior.

A)Discipline
B)Personality
C)Emotional intelligence
D)Creative thinking

Question 15

People with an external locus of control:

A)report higher job satisfaction.
B)exhibit superior job performance.
C)prefer participative management styles.
D)appreciate more structured work settings.

Question 16

Which of the following statements is true of introverted and conscientious employees?

A)They are less motivated and perform poorly.
B)They tend to rate others more leniently on peer evaluations.
C)They are calm, self-confident, and cool.
D)They are less likely to be absent from work.

Question 17

An individual's generalized belief about internal control versus external control is called _____.

A)locus of control
B)attributions of control
C)self-efficacy
D)self-esteem

Question 18

The interactional psychology approach points out the need to study both persons and situations. The situation includes _____.

A)environmental influences
B)personality
C)perception
D)emotions

Question 19

In the context of the Big Five traits, a person who is _____ is calm, self-confident, and cool, as opposed to insecure, anxious, and depressed.

A)emotionally stable
B)agreeable
C)conscientious
D)open to new experiences

Question 20

Which of the following is a proposition of interactional psychology?

A)Behavior is a function of a discontinuous and unidirectional interaction between a person and a situation.
B)A person is inactive in the interactional process and is unaffected by the situation he or she is in.
C)One of the important aspects of a person's situation is the person's own subjective view of that situation.
D)People's cognitive, affective, motivational, and ability factors do not vary.

Question 21

Which of the following statements is true of employees with high general self-efficacy?

A)They may express doubts about performing new tasks well.
B)They experience more anxiety when faced with adversity.
C)They have more confidence in their job-related abilities.
D)They prefer not to participate in decision making.

Question 22

Which of the following is true of proactive personalities?

A)They show initiative, take action, and persevere until they effect change.
B)They brag inappropriately when they find themselves in stressful situations.
C)They appreciate structured work settings with close supervision.
D)They express concerns about performing new tasks.

Question 23

_____ is an individual's general feeling of self-worth.

A)Self-esteem
B)Self-efficacy
C)Locus of control
D)Positive affect

Question 24

Which of the following is true of managers who are high self-monitors?

A)They interact with all employees in a similar way.
B)They are good at reading their employees' needs.
C)They pay less attention to situational factors.
D)They appear more predictable.

Question 25

Janet, a high-school teacher, hates being criticized about her work. She dislikes the students who give her negative feedback. Janet's behavior depicts _____.

A)negative affect
B)high self-monitoring
C)low self-esteem
D)high self-efficacy

Question 26

Which of the following is most true of behavioral measures of personality?

A)They are based on the notion that people are fundamentally different but also fundamentally alike.
B)They help people base their behavior on cues from other people and situations.
C)They elicit an individual's response to abstract stimuli.
D)They examine an individual's behavior in a controlled situation.

Question 27

Which of the following is an example of a personality measurement tool that elicits an individual's response to abstract stimuli?

A)The NEO Personality Inventory
B)The Rorschach ink blot test
C)The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
D)The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Question 28

In the context of personality measurement tools, which of the following is a drawback of projective tests?

A)The assessor might apply her or his own biases in interpreting the information about an individual's personality.
B)The subjects can figure out what a psychologist wants to measure and can lie intentionally and fake personality traits they don't really have.
C)These tests require the observer to stay focused for a very long time.
D)People behave differently as projective tests are held in controlled situations.

Question 29

Ben was offered a promotion to the role of delivery head of the Content Management department. However, he believed that he was not capable of carrying out the role. Despite numerous attempts by Ben's manager to persuade him, Ben rejected the promotion. From the given scenario, it can be inferred that Ben most likely has _____.

A)low self-efficacy
B)high self-efficacy
C)positive affect
D)low proactivity

Question 30

Managers can encourage positive affect in employees by:

A)allowing people to participate in decision making.
B)engaging them in more organizational citizenship behaviors.
C)minimizing interaction with employees.
D)strictly evaluating them.

Question 31

Managers can encourage employees to raise their self-esteem by:

A)analyzing the results of employees' tasks.
B)providing continual positive feedback to the entire workforce.
C)exercising control in their work environments.
D)giving them appropriate challenges and opportunities for success.

Question 32

Which of the following is true of individuals with inflated self-esteem?

A)They are less satisfied with their jobs.
B)They brag inappropriately when they find themselves in stressful situations.
C)They are strongly affected by what other people think of them.
D)They base their behavior on cues from other people and situations.

Question 33

Individuals who, in general, focus on the good aspects of themselves, other people, and the world are said to have _____.

A)high general self-efficacy
B)cultural intelligence
C)low self-esteem
D)positive affect

Question 34

Which of the following statements is true of employees with positive affect?

A)They have fewer absentee days.
B)They base their behavior on cues from others.
C)They behave consistently across situations.
D)They are less likely to engage in organizational citizenship behaviors.

Question 35

Ritchie and Maddox are students pursuing a course in organizational behavior. Ritchie outperforms Maddox in the first exam. Maddox believes that their exam performances should not be compared as Ritchie is a psychology major while Maddox is an accounting major. Given this information, which of the following is most likely to be the reason for Maddox's reaction?

A)He has high self-esteem.
B)He has high conscientiousness.
C)He has an internal locus of control.
D)He has low self-efficacy.

Question 36

Which of the following is one of the most important determinants of an individual's self-efficacy?

A)Remuneration
B)Situation
C)Previous performance
D)Organizational structure

Question 37

_____ is the extent to which people base their behavior on cues from other people and situations.

A)Self-efficacy
B)Positive affect
C)Self-monitoring
D)Self-esteem

Question 38

Which of the following is true of individuals with low self-esteem?

A)They tend to seek out higher-status jobs.
B)They are strongly affected by what other people think of them.
C)They believe their strengths are more important than their weaknesses.
D)They compliment individuals who give them negative feedback.

Question 39

Managers who supervise individuals with an internal locus of control should:

A)control their work environments.
B)provide them with a more structured work setting.
C)give them considerable voice in how work is performed.
D)supervise their actions closely.

Question 40

Which of the following statements is true of low self-monitors?

A)They offer emotional help to people dealing with work-related anxiety.
B)They respond appropriately to changes in an organizational situation.
C)They appear more unpredictable.
D)They behave consistently across situations.

Question 41

In the context of the preferences in Myers-Briggs personality types, the _____ preference represents where one finds energy.

A)Extraversion/Introversion
B)Sensing/Intuition
C)Thinking/Feeling
D)Judging/Perceiving

Question 42

In the context of social perception, which of the following is a characteristic of the situation in which the interaction between a perceiver and the target person takes place?

A)Context of the interaction
B)Perceptual lenses
C)Nonverbal cues
D)Intentions of the target

Question 43

The football team of Springlyn High School complained to the coach about the rude behavior of their quarterback, Jorah. The coach, however, ignored the complaint as Jorah was the most valuable player in the team. In this scenario, which of the following barriers to social perception does the coach's behavior illustrate?

A)Stereotyping
B)Selective perception
C)The Pygmalion effect
D)The false-consensus effect

Question 44

In the context of Jungian psychological types, which of the following is true of Thinking types?

A)They make decisions in a personal, value-oriented way.
B)They base their decisions on how the outcome will affect the people involved.
C)They tend to be less comfortable with others' emotional expressions.
D)They enjoy pleasing people and receiving frequent praise and encouragement.

Question 45

According to Carl Jung's theory, which of the following is true of introverts?

A)They have a wide social network.
B)They communicate freely.
C)They prefer variety and do not mind being interrupted by visits.
D)They do not mind working on a project for a long time.

Question 46

Which of the following is a drawback of behavioral measures of assessing personality?

A)The individual being assessed may look at the same image and see different things at different times.
B)The subjects are assessed in an open environment and observers have no control of the situation.
C)People behave differently when they know that they are being observed.
D)Observers are not permitted to question the subjects beyond 30 minutes.

Question 47

Carl Jung's theory holds that the _____ preference reflects the most important distinction among individuals.

A)Extraversion/Introversion
B)Sensing/Intuition
C)Thinking/Feeling
D)Judging/Perceiving

Question 48

Which of the following is a drawback of self-report questionnaire method of assessing personality?

A)People often answer the questions in terms of how they want to be seen rather than as they really are.
B)The subjects usually become stressed due to rapid questioning by the observer.
C)It requires the observer to stay focused for a very long time.
D)Observers are not permitted to question the subjects beyond 30 minutes.

Question 49

In the context of Myers-Briggs Type Indicator of personality, the _____ preference represents perception or information gathering.

A)Sensing/Intuition
B)Thinking/Feeling
C)Extraversion/Introversion
D)Judging/Perceiving

Question 50

In the context of the preferences in Myers-Briggs personality types, which of the following is true of Extraverted types?

A)They are energized by interaction with other people.
B)They are energized by time alone.
C)They have a narrow range of relationships.
D)They prefer the internal world of ideas, thoughts, and concepts.

Question 51

In the context of the preferences in Myers-Briggs personality types, which of the following is true of Perceiving types?

A)They prefer to lead planned and organized lives.
B)They prefer flexible and spontaneous lives and like to keep options open.
C)They take delight in checking off completed tasks on their calendars.
D)They start a new project only after completing existing ones.

Question 52

In the context of personality measurement tools, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI):

A)elicits an individual's response to abstract stimuli.
B)involves observing an individual's behavior in a controlled situation.
C)measures ideas about individual differences advocated by Carl Jung.
D)helps diagnose several neurotic or psychotic disorders.

Question 53

_____ allows a person to perceive multiple characteristics of another person rather than attending to just a few traits.

A)Core self-evaluation
B)Self-concept
C)Locus of control
D)Cognitive complexity

Question 54

The three major categories of factors that influence our perception of another person include:

A)characteristics of ourselves, the target person, and the situation.
B)feeling, intuition, and sensing.
C)timing, availability, and consistency of information.
D)our own locus of control, the target person, and consistency of information.

Question 55

Which of the following characteristics of a perceiver affects social perception?

A)Physical appearance
B)Verbal communication
C)Self-concept
D)Nonverbal cues

Question 56

According to Carl Jung's theory of personality, which of the following is true of Sensing types?

A)They enjoy learning new skills.
B)They like solving new problems.
C)They prefer specific answers to questions.
D)They are impatient with routine details.

Question 57

In the context of Jungian psychological types, the _____ preference describes the way we prefer to make decisions.

A)Extraversion/Introversion
B)Sensing/Intuition
C)Thinking/Feeling
D)Judging/Perceiving

Question 58

Todd is a senior analyst at Supob Inc. He enjoys learning new skills and prefers working on new projects. However, Todd's manager thinks of him as an absentminded employee who gets impatient with routine work and hardly tries to use new skills at work. In the context of the preferences in Myers-Briggs personality types, Todd's personality most likely resembles the _____.

A)Sensing type
B)Intuitive type
C)Perceiving type
D)Feeling type

Question 59

Sanchez works as a lead development executive in a telecom company. He is known to be a well-organized person; he plans tasks ahead by preparing a task calendar. Even though he is an effective team member, he prefers to make organization-related decisions independently. In the context of the dichotomies in Myers-Briggs personality types, Sanchez's personality closely resembles the _____.

A)Sensing type
B)Intuitive type
C)Judging type
D)Feeling type

Question 60

In the context of barriers to social perception, _____ is our tendency to prefer information that supports our viewpoints.

A)selective perception
B)stereotyping
C)projection
D)overdependence

Question 61

In terms of work stress, employees who are introverted and Judging types and introverted employees fare better.

Question 62

In the context of barriers to social perception, which of the following best defines projection?

A)It is the overestimation of the number of people who share our own beliefs, values, and behaviors.
B)It is our tendency to prefer information that supports our viewpoints.
C)It is an action of forming lasting opinions about an individual based on initial perceptions.
D)It is a generalization about a group of people.

Question 63

Which of the following is true of achievement-oriented individuals?

A)They attribute their success to external sources.
B)They behave inconsistently across situations.
C)They develop feelings of incompetence in case of failures.
D)They attribute their failures to lack of effort.

Question 64

High self-monitors pay attention to what is appropriate in particular situations and to the behavior of other people, and they behave accordingly.

Question 65

_____ explains how performance evaluation judgments can lead to differential rewards.

A)Trait theory
B)Attribution theory
C)The Pygmalion effect
D)The discounting principle

Question 66

General mental ability (GMA)is the psychological approach to understanding human behavior that involves knowing something about the person and about the situation.

Question 67

The tendency to attribute one's successes to internal causes and one's failures to external causes is called _____.

A)the fundamental attribution error
B)self-serving bias
C)the discounting principle
D)integrative approach

Question 68

According to Carl Jung, the Extraversion/Introversion preference represents perception or information gathering.

Question 69

Self-monitoring is the extent to which people base their behavior on cues from other people and situations.

Question 70

The tendency to make attributions to internal causes when focusing on someone else's behavior is called _____.

A)the fundamental attribution error
B)self-serving bias
C)situational attribution
D)the false-consensus effect

Question 71

In the context of barriers to social perception, _____ are also called the Pygmalion effect.

A)projections
B)self-fulfilling prophecies
C)first-impression errors
D)selective perceptions

Question 72

The integrative approach to the study of personality emphasizes breaking down behavior patterns into a series of observable traits in order to understand human behavior.

Question 73

In the context of barriers to social perception, _____ are generalizations about a group of people.

A)selective perceptions
B)stereotypes
C)projections
D)self-fulfilling prophecies

Question 74

Which of the following statements is true of failure-oriented individuals?

A)They attribute their failures to lack of effort.
B)They behave consistently across situations.
C)They attribute their failures to lack of ability.
D)They pay less attention to situational cues.

Question 75

Self-report questionnaires suffer from potential biases as it is difficult to view your own personality objectively.

Question 76

According to Carl Jung, Perceivers prefer flexible and spontaneous lives and like to keep options open.

Question 77

Which of the following is true of impression management techniques?

A)They are considered unethical.
B)They help people with disabilities prevent potential avoidance by others.
C)They involve modifying employees' behavior by pairing a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus.
D)They are ineffective as first impressions usually fail to change over time.

Question 78

People with high self-esteem and internal locus of control tend to be better performers and are more satisfied with their jobs.

Question 79

In the context of barriers to social perception, which of the following best defines self-fulfilling prophecy?

A)It is the overestimation of the number of people who share our own beliefs, values, and behaviors.
B)It is our tendency to prefer information that supports our viewpoints.
C)It is the formation of lasting opinions about an individual based on initial perceptions.
D)It is a belief that allows our expectations about people to affect our interaction with them in such a way that those expectations are fulfilled.

Question 80

Behavioral measures of personality examine an individual's behavior in a controlled situation.