Deck 8: Probation

Question 1

Probation officers rely upon their authority because they have little substantive power.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The law enforcer role of probation focuses on surveillance and control of the offender.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Programs that fail to follow the "five principles of effective programs" often make recidivism rates increase.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The majority of probationers in the United States today are:

A) ​white and female.
B) ​African American and male.
C) ​white and male.
D) ​Latino and male.

Question 5

Originating in the court, the first U.S. probation agencies were units of the judicial branches of city and county governments, primarily in the eastern United States.

Question 6

At a revocation hearing, the facts of the allegation are heard and decided.

Question 7

Probation was originally used mainly for:

A) ​first-time offenders.
B) ​violent offenders.
C) ​low-level offenders.
D) ​guilty offenders.

Question 8

During the sentencing phase of a revocation hearing, the judge decides whether to impose a term of incarceration and if so, for how long.

Question 9

The most common sentencing option used by U.S. judges today is intensive supervised probation.

Question 10

Those on probation tend to be low-level offenders.

Question 11

A defendant's preliminary hearing can be waived.

Question 12

Presentences investigation reports must always be carried out by probation officers who work for the judicial branch of the government.

Question 13

Based on strong support for the use of case management systems, most U.S. probation officers use case management principles when supervising their probationers.

Question 14

PSIs disallow victim impact statements describing their emotional and financial losses due to the offender's action.

Question 15

What is the average caseload for probation officers in New York City?

A) ​77 probationers per officer
B) ​114 probationers per officer
C) ​162 probationers per officer
D) ​249 probationers per officer

Question 16

Sixty percent of probation sentences are received directly from the judge.

Question 17

Probation may be revoked if the probationer fails to attend a therapy program.

Question 18

In this country, probation began with the innovative work of Jeremy Bentham, an English boot-maker, who was the first to provide bail for defendants under the authority of the London Police Court in 1841.

Question 19

Who was the first person to provide bail for defendants under the authority of the Boston Police Court in 1841?

A) ​John Augustus
B) ​John Howard
C) ​Zebulon Brockway
D) ​Jeremy Bentham

Question 20

Probation officers have broad discretion to investigate potential rules violations and even new crimes.

Question 21

In what case did the Supreme Court rule that the defendant does not have a right to receive a copy of the presentence investigation report?

A) ​Williams v. New York
B) ​Morrisey v. Brewer
C) ​Gagnon v. Scarpelli
D) ​Bell v. Wolfish

Question 22

conditions provide constraints on probationers including reporting to the probation office, change of address, employment, and not leaving a jurisdiction.

A) ​Standard
B) ​Technical
C) ​Treatment
D) ​Punitive

Question 23

conditions provide constraints on some probationers to increase the restrictiveness of probation including fines, community service, and restitution.

A) ​Standard
B) ​Technical
C) ​Punitive
D) ​Treatment

Question 24

Project HOPE is a specialized approach that identifies the high-risk, chronic violator for close supervision augmented by regular:

A) ​home visits.
B) ​court reporting.
C) drug testing.
D) ​ankle monitoring.

Question 25

The approved practice for handling revocation of probation:

A) ​is usually done in the judge's chamber.
B) ​proceeds in three stages.
C) ​is to take the offender directly to jail.
D) ​has been found unconstitutional.

Question 26

supervision will likely continue to grow in popularity.

A) ​Punitive
B) ​Medical
C) ​Decreased reliance on
D) ​Specialization of

Question 27

Judicial reprieve in the United States:

A) ​found widespread use in the late 1800s.
B) ​was the source of widespread judicial corruption during the early 1900s.
C) ​was never fully enacted.
D) ​was declared unconstitutional in 1916.

Question 28

The performance-based movement calls for a reshaping of the philosophy of probation with a new emphasis on:

A) ​power.
B) ​authority.
C) ​individual rights.
D) ​public safety.

Question 29

The medical model of probation was popular in which of the following time periods?

A) ​the 1920s through 1930s
B) ​the 1980s through 1990s
C) ​the 1940s through 1960s
D) ​the 1970s through 1980s

Question 30

Which of the following was not an innovation initially developed by John Augustus?

A) ​probation
B) ​supervision conditions
C) ​home detention
D) ​presentence investigation

Question 31

Recognizance was first used in court to recognize a formally recorded to perform some act entered by a judge to permit an offender to live in the community.

A) ​duty
B) ​obligation
C) ​contract
D) ​debt

Question 32

In many states the defense a copy of the PSI report.

A) ​produces
B) ​has total access to
C) ​does not receive
D) ​has no interest in

Question 33

Which of the following is an argument for a centralized probation authority?

A) ​Decentralized programs are often unprofessional and lag behind the times.
B) ​It is able to train staff for a variety of roles.
C) ​It is able to implement broader program with greater equality in supervision and services.
D) ​all of these

Question 34

Between 1200 and 1827, English law:

A) ​discriminated against the upper social classes.
B) ​strove for equality in all matters.
C) ​discriminated against monks, nuns, and priests.
D) ​discriminated in favor of the upper social classes.

Question 35

In which of the following ways may probation be terminated?

A) ​The probationer completes the period of probation.
B) ​Probation caseloads are so large that some probationers have their probation terminated.
C) ​The probationer commits some misbehavior that warrants the probation be terminated.
D) ​Both the probationer completes the period of probation and the probationer commits some misbehavior that warrants the probation be terminated.

Question 36

is a drug that inhibits drinking.

A) ​Methadone
B) ​Cocaine
C) ​Antabuse
D) ​Malabuse

Question 37

conditions provide constraints on some probationers to force them to deal with a significant problem and need such as substance abuse.

A) ​Standard
B) ​Technical
C) ​Treatment
D) ​Punitive

Question 38

Risk management combines values of the ___________ model of the criminal sanction with the idea that the community deserves protection.

A) ​community
B) ​just deserts
C) ​restorative
D) ​medical

Question 39

A probation officer faces role conflict every day around:

A) ​the demands of the organization and the expectations of the offender.
B) ​the responsibilities of enforcing the law and helping the offender simultaneously.
C) ​personal expectations about probation work and the visible realities of the job.
D) ​investments of time by the probation officer with respect to presentence investigation reports and counseling offenders.

Question 40

Depending on the state, probation may be:

A) ​centralized or decentralized.
B) ​administered by judiciary or executive branch.
C) ​combined with parole services.
D) ​all of these.

Question 41

There are several techniques used to determine whether someone is using drugs while on probation. One technique includes .

Question 42

Which of the following was NOT one of the many innovative ideas of our nation's first probation officer, John Augustus?

A) social casework
B) ​presentence investigation reports
C) ​system of parole
D) ​revocation of probation

Question 43

Today about _________ of those on probation have been convicted of a violent offense.

A) ​one-fifth
B) ​three-quarters
C) ​one-third
D) ​one-half

Question 44

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a.Failure to abide by rules and conditions of probation
b.Fines, community service, restitution
c.Reporting to the probation office a change of address
d.Establishes goals for supervision and evaluates
e.Constraints to deal with a significant problem/need
f.The first to provide bail for defendants
g.Formal obligation to perform an act within the community
h.Judge can suspend a sentence for good behavior
i.Method for increasing the effectiveness of correctional treatment
j.Approach crime from a problem-solving perspective
Performance-based supervision

Question 45

_____________________ incarceration refers to when an offender on probation spends nights and weekends in a local jail.

A) ​Modified
B) ​Shock
C) ​Indeterminate
D) ​Intermittent

Question 46

The most extensively used form of correctional control in this country is:

A) ​probation.
B) ​parole.
C) ​prison.
D) ​jail.

Question 47

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a.Failure to abide by rules and conditions of probation
b.Fines, community service, restitution
c.Reporting to the probation office a change of address
d.Establishes goals for supervision and evaluates
e.Constraints to deal with a significant problem/need
f.The first to provide bail for defendants
g.Formal obligation to perform an act within the community
h.Judge can suspend a sentence for good behavior
i.Method for increasing the effectiveness of correctional treatment
j.Approach crime from a problem-solving perspective
Standard conditions

Question 48

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a.Failure to abide by rules and conditions of probation
b.Fines, community service, restitution
c.Reporting to the probation office a change of address
d.Establishes goals for supervision and evaluates
e.Constraints to deal with a significant problem/need
f.The first to provide bail for defendants
g.Formal obligation to perform an act within the community
h.Judge can suspend a sentence for good behavior
i.Method for increasing the effectiveness of correctional treatment
j.Approach crime from a problem-solving perspective
Technical violation

Question 49

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a.Failure to abide by rules and conditions of probation
b.Fines, community service, restitution
c.Reporting to the probation office a change of address
d.Establishes goals for supervision and evaluates
e.Constraints to deal with a significant problem/need
f.The first to provide bail for defendants
g.Formal obligation to perform an act within the community
h.Judge can suspend a sentence for good behavior
i.Method for increasing the effectiveness of correctional treatment
j.Approach crime from a problem-solving perspective
Treatment conditions

Question 50

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a.Failure to abide by rules and conditions of probation
b.Fines, community service, restitution
c.Reporting to the probation office a change of address
d.Establishes goals for supervision and evaluates
e.Constraints to deal with a significant problem/need
f.The first to provide bail for defendants
g.Formal obligation to perform an act within the community
h.Judge can suspend a sentence for good behavior
i.Method for increasing the effectiveness of correctional treatment
j.Approach crime from a problem-solving perspective
Recognizance

Question 51

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a.Failure to abide by rules and conditions of probation
b.Fines, community service, restitution
c.Reporting to the probation office a change of address
d.Establishes goals for supervision and evaluates
e.Constraints to deal with a significant problem/need
f.The first to provide bail for defendants
g.Formal obligation to perform an act within the community
h.Judge can suspend a sentence for good behavior
i.Method for increasing the effectiveness of correctional treatment
j.Approach crime from a problem-solving perspective
Community justice

Question 52

According to the authors, there are now some technological advances in probation to monitor the actions of probations. These include:

A) ​iris scans.
B) ​inserted microchips in the skin.
C) ​video conferencing.
D) ​ankle bracelets.

Question 53

The offender's response to ____________ strongly influences the overall effectiveness of probation.

Question 54

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a.Failure to abide by rules and conditions of probation
b.Fines, community service, restitution
c.Reporting to the probation office a change of address
d.Establishes goals for supervision and evaluates
e.Constraints to deal with a significant problem/need
f.The first to provide bail for defendants
g.Formal obligation to perform an act within the community
h.Judge can suspend a sentence for good behavior
i.Method for increasing the effectiveness of correctional treatment
j.Approach crime from a problem-solving perspective
Judicial reprieve

Question 55

increases the effectiveness of correctional treatment by having the probation officer interact with the client while promoting the client's change process.

Question 56

The ability to influence a person's actions in a desired direction without resorting to force is known as .

Question 57

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a.Failure to abide by rules and conditions of probation
b.Fines, community service, restitution
c.Reporting to the probation office a change of address
d.Establishes goals for supervision and evaluates
e.Constraints to deal with a significant problem/need
f.The first to provide bail for defendants
g.Formal obligation to perform an act within the community
h.Judge can suspend a sentence for good behavior
i.Method for increasing the effectiveness of correctional treatment
j.Approach crime from a problem-solving perspective
John Augustus

Question 58

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a.Failure to abide by rules and conditions of probation
b.Fines, community service, restitution
c.Reporting to the probation office a change of address
d.Establishes goals for supervision and evaluates
e.Constraints to deal with a significant problem/need
f.The first to provide bail for defendants
g.Formal obligation to perform an act within the community
h.Judge can suspend a sentence for good behavior
i.Method for increasing the effectiveness of correctional treatment
j.Approach crime from a problem-solving perspective
Motivational interviewing

Question 59

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a.Failure to abide by rules and conditions of probation
b.Fines, community service, restitution
c.Reporting to the probation office a change of address
d.Establishes goals for supervision and evaluates
e.Constraints to deal with a significant problem/need
f.The first to provide bail for defendants
g.Formal obligation to perform an act within the community
h.Judge can suspend a sentence for good behavior
i.Method for increasing the effectiveness of correctional treatment
j.Approach crime from a problem-solving perspective
Punitive conditions

Question 60

The organization of probation involves three key issues, except for whether it should be:

A) ​paid for by offender.
B) ​centralized vs. decentralized.
C) ​combined with parole.
D) ​administered by the judiciary or executive branch.

Question 61

___________________ systems help focus the supervision effort of probation officers on client problems, which are indentified using a standardized assessment of probationer risks and needs.

Question 62

______________________ constraints are the legal conditions of probation that are set by the court or written into law.

Question 63

__________________ refers to the process by which private investigative firms contract convicted offenders to conduct comprehensive background checks and suggest to judges creative sentencing options as alternatives to incarceration

Question 64

investigative firms have recently begun to provide judges with PSIs.

Question 65

Who was John Augustus and how did his efforts change corrections in America? Be sure to identify the innovations and practices originated by his work. Why were these developments so remarkable? How have they shaped corrections over a century later?

Question 66

___________________ refers to the return of a former correctional client to criminal behavior, as measured by new arrests or other problems with the law.

Question 67

Explain the two primary functions of probation and how those functions are carried out. In addition, please discuss the conflict created by the differing goals of these two functions. How have organizations dealt with the conflict produced by the differing goals?

Question 68

The dual functions of probation are and .

Question 69

Discuss the role of the probation officer, in terms of both the investigative function and the supervisory function. Which is more effective and why? Why is the other not as effective? If you were a probation officer, which do you feel would occupy most of your time and why?

Question 70

A(n) is now a standard in the PSI, where an interview is conducted by the probation officer with the victim of the crime.

Question 71

Explain what is meant by revocation of probation. List and discuss the ways one could have their probation revoked? In your opinion, should all violators be given additional chances regardless of the number of times they have violated their probation? Why or why not?

Question 72

_______________________ conditions are constraints imposed on the probationer to force him or her to deal with a significant problem or need, such as substance abuse.

Question 73

_________________ conditions are constraints imposed on the probationers to increase the restrictiveness or painfulness of probation, including fines, community service, and restitution.

Question 74

The chief conflict for a probation officer's role, which include enforcing the law and helping the offender, is authority and .

Question 75

______________ is the idea that instead of imprisonment, the offender is allowed to live in the community under supervision and must demonstrate a willingness to abide by its laws.

Question 76

The PSI plays its most important role for the judge in the _______________ process.

Question 77

Based on your having read the chapter, what is your overall opinion regarding the effectiveness of probation? Where do you see the practice of probation ten years from now-especially its frequency of usage? Based on your response, is this a positive or a negative? Be sure to clearly explain your answer.

Question 78

__________________ refers to when an offender is sentenced to incarceration, is released after a short period of confinement, and resentenced to probation.