Deck 2: Defining and Measuring Energy

Question 1

6,300 kJ = ____ kilocalories.

A)630
B)850
C)1500
D)3200

Answer 1

C

Question 2

As stored energy is released to perform some type of work, it is referred to as ____.

A)potential energy
B)electrical work
C)force production
D)kinetic energy

Answer 2

D

Question 3

What are chemical reactions that store energy?

A)endergonic
B)exergonic
C)endothermic
D)excitation

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The two most common factors that influence enzymatic activity are ____.

A)time and temperature
B)temperature and pH
C)pH and oxygen availability
D)oxygen availability and time

Question 5

When burned completely in a bomb calorimeter, protein foods yield, on average, ____ kcal\g.

A)4.2
B)5.7
C)7.0
D)9.4

Question 6

Under the most demanding conditions (e.g., very high-intensity exercise), ATP concentrations in exercising skeletal muscles rarely drop more than ____ percent.

A)5 to 10
B)10 to 20
C)20 to 30
D)40 to 50

Question 7

The thick contractile protein of a muscle cell is known as ____.

A)actin
B)myosin
C)troponin
D)tropomyosin

Question 8

The thin contractile protein of a muscle cell is known as ____.

A)actin
B)myosin
C)troponin
D)tropomyosin

Question 9

The storage of carbohydrates by forming glycogen for later use is an example of ____ work.

A)chemical
B)electrical
C)mechanical
D)transportation

Question 10

What is bioenergetics?

A)The study of metabolism
B)The physiological processes associated with exercise
C)The process of converting food into biologically useful forms of energy
D)The transformation of energy to heat

Question 11

What are chemical reactions that release energy?

A)endergonic
B)exergonic
C)endothermic
D)excitation

Question 12

An endergonic reaction is the ____.

A)triggering of a mouse trap
B)release of water from behind a dam
C)breakdown of ATP to ADP
D)rephosphorylation of ATP from ADP

Question 13

The International System of Units (SI units)for energy is the ____.

A)calorie
B)watt
C)kilocalorie
D)joule

Question 14

When proteins are metabolized in the body, the average caloric value is estimated to be ____ kcal\g.

A)4.2
B)5.7
C)7.0
D)9.4

Question 15

The First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy is ____.

A)neither created nor destroyed
B)created but not destroyed
C)destroyed but not created
D)both created and destroyed

Question 16

During a muscle contraction, what happens immediately after calcium binds to troponin?

A)Myosin detaches from actin.
B)Troponin pushes tropomyosin away, exposing binding sites on actin.
C)Acrossbridge is formed.
D)The power stroke occurs.

Question 17

If a food contains 350 calories, how many kilocalories does it contain?

A)148
B)350
C)1,480
D)3,500

Question 18

The generation of tension by contracting muscle is known as ____.

A)bioenergetics
B)force production
C)potential energy
D)kinetic energy

Question 19

The maintenance of the distribution of ions across cell membranes is an example of ____ work.

A)chemical
B)electrical
C)mechanical
D)transportation

Question 20

Energy is the ____.

A)absence of physical or mental fatigue
B)ability to perform work
C)generation of tension by contracting muscle
D)thermic effect of movement

Question 21

The measurement technique DLW uses ____ to determine energy expenditure.

A)a cycle ergometer
B)direct calorimetry
C)radioactively labeled hydrogen and oxygen
D)a treadmill

Question 22

For a sedentary individual, ____ typically makes up the largest portion of the day's total energy expenditure.

A)resting metabolism
B)thermic effect of food
C)physical activity
D)basal metabolic rate

Question 23

Which equation most accurately predicts resting metabolic rate in healthy Caucasian adults?

A)Harris-Benedict
B)Mifflin-St Jeor
C)Owen
D)WHO\FAO\UNU

Question 24

The energy content of ____ is estimated to be the same kcal\g.

A)fats and proteins
B)alcohol and fats
C)carbohydrates and proteins
D)carbohydrates and fats

Question 25

On average, 1 liter of oxygen consumed is equivalent to ____ kcal of energy expended.

A)1
B)3
C)5
D)7

Question 26

One MET is equal to ____.

A)the energy expenditure of an average resting metabolic rate
B)energy expenditure during the first 10 minutes of exercise
C)energy expenditure just prior to the point of fatigue
D)55 kcal\hour

Question 27

Estimate the resting metabolic rate of a 165-lb (75-kg)male using the Simplified Resting Metabolic Rate Formula.

A)1,620 kcal\d
B)1,800 kcal\d
C)2,275 kcal\d
D)3,650 kcal\d

Question 28

Which macronutrient has the greatest effect on the thermic effect of food?

A)carbohydrates
B)proteins
C)fats
D)alcohol

Question 29

In the energy balance equation, the only component of "energy in" is ____.

A)food
B)thermic effect of food
C)basal metabolism
D)physical activity

Question 30

Which statement is true when people are asked to keep a food diary?

A)A major source of error is overestimating portion size.
B)Athletes may consciously or unconsciously undereat.
C)Many people record snacks in their food diaries.
D)Food intake is underreported by females but not males.

Question 31

What contributes the smallest amount of energy expended over a 24-hour period?

A)resting metabolism
B)thermic effect of food
C)physical activity
D)basal metabolic rate

Question 32

When compared to basal metabolic rate, resting metabolic rate is about ____.

A)20 percent lower
B)10 percent lower
C)10 percent greater
D)20 percent greater

Question 33

Which equation used to predict resting metabolic rate may better account for the higher amount of lean body mass in trained athletes?

A)Harris-Benedict
B)Mifflin-St Jeor
C)Owen
D)Cunningham

Question 34

The size and complexity of which device makes them unsuitable for measuring energy expenditure for short time intervals, particularly less than 30 minutes?

A)room-size calorimeters
B)metabolic cart
C)simplified portable system
D)doubly labeled water (DLW)

Question 35

What is the amount of energy per unit time required by the body to maintain a nonactive but alert state?

A)BMR
B)resting oxygen consumption
C)TEE
D)RMR

Question 36

Direct calorimetry works based on the principle that ____.

A)a rise in body temperature reflects the amount of energy expended
B)the amount of heat produced is proportional to the energy expended
C)oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production are related to energy expenditure
D)energy expenditure can be predicted if respiration and perspiration are carefully measured

Question 37

The minimal energy expenditure compatible with life is ____.

A)resting metabolism
B)basal metabolism
C)thermic effect of energy
D)resting exchange ratio

Question 38

Using the Cunningham Equation estimate the resting metabolic rate of a 25-year-old female endurance athlete who is 5'8" and weighs 145 lb. At 20 percent body fat she has approximately 52.7 kg of fat-free mass.

A)1,223.4 kcal\d
B)1,355.6 kcal\d
C)1,575.9 kcal\d
D)1,659.4 kcal\d

Question 39

Of the three constituents of total energy expenditure the one that can be influenced most readily and to the largest extent by the individual is ____.

A)resting metabolism rate
B)thermic effect of food
C)physical activity
D)food

Question 40

Indirect calorimetry works based on the principle that ____.

A)a rise in body temperature reflects the amount of energy expended
B)the amount of heat produced is proportional to the energy expended
C)oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production are related to energy expenditure
D)energy expenditure can be predicted if respiration and perspiration are carefully measured

Question 41

Most scientific journals require that energy be expressed as an SI unit, which is the kilocalorie.

Question 42

ATP is composed of adenosine with two phosphate groups attached.

Question 43

If ____ is estimated, it is typically calculated by multiplying daily caloric intake by 10 percent.

A)RMR
B)TEF
C)BMR
D)TEE

Question 44

The Compendium of Physical Activities expresses the energy expended in ____.

A)kilojoules
B)calories
C)metabolic equivalents
D)kilocalories

Question 45

EER is based on age, gender, weight, height, and ____.

A)physical activity
B)RMR
C)activities of daily living
D)percent fat-free mass

Question 46

The response of ATP concentration in the muscle to exercise reveals a relatively large proportion of the ATP stored in the muscle is not able to be used for force production, even during very high-intensity exercise.

Question 47

Those who are ____ active need over 50 kcal\kg\d.

A)lightly
B)moderately
C)heavily
D)exceptionally

Question 48

ATP is known as the common energy currency because it is the source of energy that is common to all cells in the body.

Question 49

Reactions and processes that release energy are referred to as endergonic reactions.

Question 50

It has long been known that a starvation state can reduce resting metabolic rate by ____ percent or more.

A)20
B)30
C)40
D)50

Question 51

When compared to machines, humans are more efficient at converting energy.

Question 52

Physical activity may comprise only approximately ____ percent of the sedentary person's daily energy expenditure.

A)5
B)10
C)15
D)20

Question 53

Which factor increases resting metabolic rate by an estimated 15-25 percent?

A)cigarette smoking
B)caffeine
C)environmental temperature
D)ascending to high altitudes

Question 54

The metabolic rate of females is ____.

A)more than that of males by about 100 kcal\day
B)less than that of males by about 100 kcal\d
C)more than that of males by about 250 kcal\day
D)less than that of males by about 250 kcal\day

Question 55

It is estimated that sedentary people use about ____ kilocalories of energy per kilogram body weight daily.

A)20
B)25
C)30
D)35

Question 56

The law of conservation of energy states, "Within a closed system, energy is neither created nor destroyed."

Question 57

Bioenergetics is the process of converting food into biologically useful forms of energy

Question 58

The three energy systems that replenish ATP are creatine phosphate, anaerobic glycolysis, and oxidative phosphorylation.

Question 59

It is estimated that about ____ of adults who record food intake underreport it.

A)one-fourth
B)one-third
C)half
D)two-thirds

Question 60

ATP is critical for muscle contraction, but it is not involved in skeletal muscle relaxation.

Question 61

To obtain the most accurate measure of resting metabolic rate in healthy adults, before beginning an indirect calorimetry procedure, the subject should abstain from moderate aerobic or anaerobic exercise for at least 2 hours

Question 62

Those who work with athletes, particularly endurance athletes, should use the Cunningham equation to predict RMR because it may better account for the higher amount of lean body mass in trained athletes.

Question 63

The caloric content of an individual food, a combination of foods in a meal, or the total amount of food consumed in a day can only be estimated.

Question 64

It is estimated that sedentary people use about 30 kilocalories of energy per kilogram body weight daily.

Question 65

Very low calorie "starvation" diets result in a reduced resting metabolic rate and can actually impede weight loss.

Question 66

Basal metabolic rate and resting metabolic rate are typically the same.

Question 67

As the body utilizes the potential energy contained in food, a large portion of that energy is converted to heat energy.

Question 68

When thyroid hormones are elevated above normal concentrations, RMR is abnormally low.

Question 69

In studies of normal-weight men who were starved and then refed, the effects of starvation on RMR persisted even after the starvation was no longer present.

Question 70

A simple and commonly used estimate of resting energy expenditure is 1 kcal per kilogram body weight per hour for both men and women.

Question 71

Standardized heart rates can be used accurately to predict energy expenditure.

Question 72

The energy content of carbohydrates and proteins is estimated to be 9 kcal\g.

Question 73

Resting metabolism comprises approximately 50 percent of a sedentary person's total daily energy expenditure.

Question 74

Studies have shown that people with more fat-free mass (measured in kg)have higher resting metabolic rates than those with less fat-free mass.

Question 75

The greatest source of error when using a food diary is the accurate recording of both the types and amounts of foods and beverages consumed.

Question 76

The terms calorie and Calorie can be used interchangeably in scientific writing.

Question 77

The TEF is typically calculated by multiplying daily caloric intake by 10 percent.

Question 78

Studies that compare reported energy intake with actual energy expenditure suggest that individuals, including athletes, underestimate their energy intake by approximately 15 percent and some as high as 20 percent.

Question 79

Many charts that list the energy expended through activity or exercise include RMR.

Question 80

Total energy expenditure is broken down into two components-resting metabolism and physical activity.