Deck 26: Innate Immunity: Broadly Specific Host Defenses

Question 1

The secondary lymphoid organs consist of which of the following?

A) lymph nodes only
B) mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) only
C) the spleen only
D) lymph nodes, MALT, and the spleen

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following can cause allergy symptoms and inflammation by degranulation?

A) dendritic cells
B) erythrocytes
C) macrophages
D) polymorphonuclear leukocytes

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The unique antigen-reactive proteins of T cells are

A) antibodies.
B) immunoglobins.
C) T cell receptors.
D) None of these are correct.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

MHC I proteins are found

A) on B cells only.
B) on macrophages only.
C) on dendritic cells only.
D) on all nucleated cells.

Question 5

Pattern recognition receptors are most directly used

A) by granulocytes to trigger degranulation.
B) by neutrophils to detect self tissues.
C) by phagocytes to detect pathogens.
D) by B cells to produce antibodies.

Question 6

Blood and lymph have the following in common EXCEPT

A) nucleated cells.
B) proteins.
C) red blood cells.
D) none of these.

Question 7

Adaptive immunity occurs when

A) death results from pathogen infection.
B) the innate immune response is overly effective.
C) a broad, rapid response is needed to a wide range of pathogens from the body regardless of the specific type of pathogen.
D) the innate immune response fails to eliminate pathogens in the body and virulent infections persist after the initial innate defense response.

Question 8

The rapid increase in adaptive immunity after a second antigen exposure is called

A) immune memory.
B) specificity.
C) tolerance.
D) immune memory, specificity, or tolerance.

Question 9

Which of the following are molecular mediators of inflammation?

A) immunoglobulins
B) lipopolysaccharide
C) erythrocytes
D) both chemokines and cytokines

Question 10

Which of the following is TRUE about cytokines?

A) They are carbohydrates.
B) They play an important role in immunity, but do not affect stem cell growth.
C) They play a role in the growth of stem cells, but are not important in immunity.
D) They are proteins that play an important role in immunity and the growth of stem cells.

Question 11

The ability of humans to resist a disease is called

A) dormancy.
B) immunity.
C) resistance.
D) susceptibility.

Question 12

Immunoglobulins are produced by B cells and are also known as

A) antibodies.
B) antigens.
C) bacteria.
D) pathogens.

Question 13

Which of the following cell types has NO nucleus?

A) erythrocytes
B) lymphocytes
C) phagocyte
D) All of these cells lack a nucleus.

Question 14

Which of the treatments listed below would be most effective for a patient with a genetic defect that causes severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), a condition in which there is a severe deficiency in B and T lymphocytes?

A) intravenous antibiotics
B) bone marrow transplant
C) multiple immunizations
D) repeated doses of antisera

Question 15

The bodyʹs non-inducible, preexisting ability to recognize and destroy a variety of pathogens or their products is called

A) adaptive immunity.
B) innate immunity.
C) phagocytosis.
D) cytotoxic response.

Question 16

Stem cells are produced and developed in the

A) bone marrow.
B) brain.
C) liver.
D) stems of plants.

Question 17

An example of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) is

A) cell-surface proteins.
B) flagellin proteins.
C) lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
D) pilus.

Question 18

Cells that can engulf foreign particles, and can ingest, kill, and digest most bacterial pathogens are called

A) red blood cells.
B) phagocytes.
C) reticulocytes.
D) resistant cells.

Question 19

The process by which antibodies block interactions between pathogens or their products and host cells is termed

A) attenuation.
B) complement.
C) interference.
D) neutralization.

Question 20

Enhanced phagocytosis of antibody-sensitized cells is known as

A) complementation.
B) immunization.
C) opsonization.
D) tolerance.

Question 21

C-reactive protein is a

A) pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP).
B) homotrimeric adaptor protein.
C) lipoprotein.
D) pattern recognition receptor (PRR).

Question 22

Which of the following interact with toll-like receptors (TLRs)?

A) bacterial LPS
B) immunoglobulins
C) major histocompatibility complex proteins
D) none of these

Question 23

The PAMP recognized by mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is the sugar mannose, found as a repeating subunit in

A) human mucus.
B) lymphocyte receptors.
C) bacterial polysaccharides.
D) bacterial proteins.

Question 24

Interaction of a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) with a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) results in

A) formation of transmembrane pores that cause cell lysis.
B) transmembrane signal transduction that initiates transcription of genes involved in phagocytosis, inflammation, and pathogen killing.
C) molecular activation of the adaptive immune system.
D) a superantigen reaction that can cause septic shock.

Question 25

The inflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α are also

A) opsonizing agents that coat foreign cells.
B) responsible for decreasing vascular permeability.
C) capable of producing systemic fever by stimulating the release of prostaglandins in the brain.
D) part of the classical pathway of complement activation.

Question 26

DiGeorgeʹs syndrome is a developmental defect that prevents the maturation of the thymus. What cell type would be reduced by this condition?

A) T cells
B) B cells
C) macrophages
D) lymphocytes

Question 27

Intracellular pathogens sometimes produce ________ that can kill phagocytes.

A) lipopolysaccharides
B) PAMPs
C) PRRs
D) leukocidins

Question 28

Interaction of a PAMP with a TLR triggers transmembrane signal transduction and subsequent

A) clonal expansion.
B) antibody production.
C) complement protein activation.
D) phagocytosis and inflammation.

Question 29

Which of the following is a likely target for a toll-like receptor (TLR)?

A) tumor necrosis factor
B) interleukin IV
C) flagellin
D) insulin

Question 30

The primary function of a phagocyte is to

A) destroy pathogens.
B) engulf pathogens.
C) evade pathogens.
D) both engulf and destroy pathogens.

Question 31

Signal transduction pathways initiate activation of transcription after specific

A) TH cell death.
B) ligand-receptor binding on the cell surface.
C) cytokines diffuse across the cytoplasmic membrane.
D) antigen-antibody binding.

Question 32

The cells active in both innate and adaptive immunity develop from common pluripotent precursors in the bone marrow called

A) B cells.
B) killer cells.
C) stem cells.
D) leukocytes.

Question 33

Chemokines are a group of small proteins that

A) attract T cells to sites of injury.
B) function as chemoattractants for phagocytes and lymphocytes.
C) potentiate specific immune responses.
D) attract T cells, phagocytes, and lymphocytes, as well as potentiate specific immune responses.

Question 34

Adaptive immune responses are directed at pathogen molecules called

A) antigens.
B) antibodies.
C) T-cell receptors.
D) PAMP.

Question 35

Communication between cells of the immune system is accomplished in many cases through

A) allelic exclusion.
B) clonal deletion.
C) cytokines.
D) allelic exclusion, clonal deletion, and cytokines.

Question 36

The first defense cells that interact with a pathogen in the body are

A) T cells.
B) macrophages.
C) B cells.
D) mast cells.

Question 37

Some of the cytokines produced by lymphocytes are called

A) interleukins.
B) pathogen recognition receptors.
C) complement.
D) epitopes.

Question 38

Fever is induced at the systemic level by ________, which is an endogenous pyrogen.

A) CXCL8
B) IL-12
C) IL-6
D) CCL2

Question 39

Which of the following are proteins that interact directly with antigens during the adaptive immune response?

A) immunoglobins
B) major histocompatibility complex
C) T cell receptors (receptors on T cells)
D) all of these

Question 40

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are found on which of the following cells?

A) macrophages
B) bacteria
C) neutrophils
D) macrophages and neutrophils

Question 41

Some intracellular pathogens produce phagocyte-killing proteins called ________ that kill the phagocyte after ingestion of the pathogen.

A) antibodies
B) antigens
C) leukocidins
D) pus

Question 42

Which of the following uses its cell wall glycolipids to absorb hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anions?

A) Staphylococcus aureus
B) Streptococcus pyogenes
C) Mycobacterium tuberculosis
D) Escherichia coli

Question 43

Immunity results from the actions of cells that circulate throughout the body, primarily through the blood and lymph.

Question 44

When dendritic cells ingest antigen, they migrate to the ________, where they present the antigen to T lymphocytes.

A) kidneys
B) lymph nodes
C) thymus
D) spleen

Question 45

Oxygen compounds toxic to pathogens include

A) hydrogen peroxide.
B) hypochlorus acid.
C) nitric oxide.
D) hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorus acid, and nitric oxide.

Question 46

The enhancement of phagocytosis due to deposition of antibody on the surface of a pathogen or antigen is called

A) complementation.
B) opsonization.
C) inflammation.
D) antibody class switching.

Question 47

The first cell type active in the innate response is usually a(n)

A) phagocyte.
B) erythrocyte.
C) fibroblast.
D) antibody.

Question 48

Which of the following are NOT phagocytes?

A) dendritic cells
B) monocytes
C) neutrophils
D) erythrocytes

Question 49

Erythrocytes are the most numerous cells in human blood.

Question 50

Phagocytes have a pathogen-recognition system known as ________ that leads to the recognition, containment, and destruction of a pathogen.

A) collagen
B) fibrin
C) pattern recognition receptors (PRR)
D) pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP)

Question 51

________ are cytotoxins produced by T cells that cause apoptosis.

A) Perforins
B) Granzymes
C) Phagocytes
D) Macrophages

Question 52

Streptococcus pyogenes produces proteins called ________, which alter(s) the surface of the pathogen and inhibits phagocytosis.

A) glycolipids
B) leukocidins
C) M proteins
D) pus

Question 53

Another name for "programmed cell death" is

A) necrosis.
B) perforation.
C) apoptosis.
D) cellular degradation.

Question 54

The increased rate of O₂ uptake by activated phagocytes is called the

A) hypoxemia.
B) pyogenesis.
C) respiratory burst.
D) peroxidase.

Question 55

Which of the following is a function of dendritic cells?

A) antigen presentation
B) plaque formation
C) phagocytosis
D) both phagocytosis and plaque formation

Question 56

A(n) ________ is a group of sequentially interacting proteins important in innate and adaptive immunity.

A) complement
B) opsonin
C) inflammation
D) regeneration

Question 57

Organisms such as Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus that produce leukocidins and are associated with pus are called ________ pathogens.

A) pyogenic
B) radical
C) enterotoxigenic
D) hemorrhagic

Question 58

Blood serum contains cells and clotting proteins.

Question 59

Anticoagulants promote the clotting of blood.

Question 60

Monocytes and granulocytes are the two lineages of myeloid cells.

Question 61

Bacterial capsules enhance the adherence of phagocytes to bacterial cell walls, thereby promoting phagocytosis.

Question 62

Inflammation is the usual outcome of an adaptive immune response but not an innate immune response.

Question 63

Phagocytes interact speedily and effectively with pathogens because they have evolved specialized molecules called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that interact directly with PAMPs.

Question 64

The presence of neutrophils in higher than normal numbers in the blood or at a site of inflammation indicates an active response to a current infection.

Question 65

The T cell, with its T cell receptor, can recognize antigens only when the antigens are complexed with self proteins known as major histocompatibility complex found on host cell surfaces.

Question 66

Localized infections by pyogenic bacteria often form boils or abscesses.

Question 67

PRRs were FIRST observed in phagocytes in Drosophila (where they are called Toll receptors).

Question 68

All gram-negative bacteria have lipopolysaccharides in their outer membranes.

Question 69

Antibodies are soluble proteins produced by T cells.

Question 70

Mannose on mammalian cells is inaccessible to mannose-binding lectin.

Question 71

In adaptive immunity, pathogen specific receptors are produced in large numbers only after exposure to the pathogen or its products.

Question 72

Antigen receptors can directly connect to signal transduction pathways because immunoglobulins and TCRs have very small cytoplasmic domains.

Question 73

All TLR can react with only one specific PAMP.

Question 74

The cytoplasmic domains of immunoglobulins and TCRs have cytoplasmic tyrosines that can be phosphorylated.

Question 75

The human leukocyte antigen spans about 4 Mbp on human chromosome 6.

Question 76

Some Mycobacterium species produce carotenoids that neutralize singlet oxygen and prevent killing.

Question 77

Monocytes are circulating precursors of macrophages and dendritic cells.

Question 78

Dead phagocytes make up much of the material of pus.

Question 79

Antibodies are insoluble proteins.

Question 80

Dendritic cells are phagocytes with antigen-presenting properties.