Deck 1: Thinking Like a Scientist

Question 1

Gaining knowledge via science involves using _____ and _____.​

A)empiricism; intuition
B)tenacity; authority
C)intuition; logical reasoning
D)empiricism; rationalism

Answer 1

empiricism; rationalism

Question 2

The idea that a scientific theory must be stated in such a way that it is possible to refute or disconfirm it is known as the principle of​

A)pseudoscience.
B)falsifiability.
C)public verification.
D)systematic empiricism.

Answer 2

falsifiability.

Question 3

A psychologist from the _____ research area might study how humans process, store, and retrieve information.​

A)cognition
B)social psychology
C)psychobiology
D)human development

Answer 3

cognition

Question 4

A psychologist from the _____ research area might study brain organization or the chemical messengers used in the nervous system.

A)cognition
B)social psychology
C)psychobiology
D)human development

Question 5

Making observations in a systematic manner to test hypotheses and refute or develop a theory is known as​

A)systematic empiricism.
B)the principle of falsifiability.
C)pseudoscience.​
D)public verification.

Question 6

Mike pitched a great game on Saturday, and he believes that it is because he wore his lucky socks. He has now decided that he will wear these socks for every game of the season because he believes that they will make him lucky. This belief is based on _____.​

A)superstition
B)rationalism
C)authority
D)science

Question 7

The three goals of science are to​

A)describe, research, and explain.
B)describe, predict, and research.
C)predict, explain, and research.
D)describe, predict, and explain.

Question 8

A psychologist from the _____ research area might conduct research on prenatal development or gerontology.​

A)cognition
B)social psychology
C)psychobiology
D)human development

Question 9

Although Mulder believes in the paranormal, Scully questions the validity of such beliefs because she is a

A)pagan.
B)parapsychologist.
C)skeptic.
D)pseudoscientist.

Question 10

An event or behavior that has at least two values is​

A)a hypothesis.
B)a theory.
C)a variable.
D)science.

Question 11

Hypothesis is to _____ as theory is to _____.​

A)an organized system of assumptions and principles that attempts to explain certain phenomena and how they are related; a prediction regarding the outcome of a study
B)a prediction regarding the outcome of a study; an organized system of assumptions and principles that attempts to explain certain phenomena and how they are related
C)not used in science; used in science
D)used in science; not used in science

Question 12

A belief that is based on subjective feelings is to knowing via _____ as gaining knowledge without being consciously aware of where the knowledge was gained is to knowing via _____.​

A)authority; superstition
B)superstition; intuition
C)tenacity; intuition
D)intuition; superstition

Question 13

The scientific approach involves using​

A)intuition, skepticism, and tenacity.​
B)tenacity, public verification, and skepticism.
C)systematic empiricism, public verification, and solvable problems.
D)superstition, intuition, and skepticism.

Question 14

Gaining knowledge from those viewed as authority figures is to knowledge via _____ as stubbornly clinging to knowledge gained from repeated ideas is to knowledge via _____.

A)tenacity; authority
B)rationalism; tenacity
C)authority; tenacity
D)intuition; authority

Question 15

Questions that are potentially answerable by means of currently available research techniques are known as​

A)systematic empiricism.​
B)the principle of falsifiability.
C)solvable problems.
D)public verification.

Question 16

Psychologists interested in how being part of a group affects the individual are most likely from the _____ research area.​

A)cognition
B)social psychology
C)psychobiology
D)human development

Question 17

_____ often violates _____.​

A)Science; public verification​
B)Pseudoscience; the principle of falsifiability
C)Science; systematic empiricism
D)Basic research; systematic empiricism

Question 18

Presenting research so that it can be observed, replicated, criticized, and tested is known as​

A)systematic empiricism.
B)the principle of falsifiability.
C)pseudoscience.
D)public verification.

Question 19

Gaining knowledge through logical reasoning is to knowledge via _____ as gaining knowledge through observation of organisms and events in the real world is to knowledge via _____.​

A)rationalism; empiricism
B)science; empiricism
C)rationalism; science
D)empiricism; rationalism

Question 20

A psychologist studying whether therapy is really effective in helping people is most likely from the _____ research area.

A)cognition
B)social psychology
C)psychotherapy
D)human development

Question 21

Identifying the causes that determine when and why a behavior occurs involves using​

A)prediction.
B)description.
C)explanation.
D)falsifiability.

Question 22

When Stella finishes graduate school, she wants to conduct research that can be used immediately in order to improve the lives of others. Stella is most interested in _____ research.​

A)basic
B)applied
C)naturalistic
D)laboratory

Question 23

Observing the behavior of humans or other animals in a contrived and controlled situation involves using the _____ method.​

A)laboratory observational​
B)naturalistic observational
C)correlational
D)survey

Question 24

An in-depth study of one or more individuals is​

A)laboratory observation.
B)naturalistic observation.
C)a survey.
D)a case study.

Question 25

Because Jim was interested in the nest building behavior of wrens, he went into the field to observe them. Jim was using the _____ method of research.​

A)case study
B)laboratory observational
C)naturalistic observational
D)correlational

Question 26

Increasing or decreasing together is to _____ as moving in an opposite direction is to _____.

A)quasi-experimental method; experimental method
B)experimental method; quasi-experimental method
C)positive correlation; negative correlation
D)negative correlation; positive correlation

Question 27

A method that assesses the degree of relationship between two variables is the _____ method.​

A)survey
B)observational
C)case study
D)correlational

Question 28

The group of participants that serves as the baseline in a study is to _____ group as the group of participants that receives some level of treatment is to _____ group.​

A)independent; dependent
B)dependent; independent
C)control; experimental
D)experimental; control

Question 29

If a researcher assigns participants to groups based on, for example, their gender, the researcher would be employing​

A)a manipulated independent variable.
B)random assignment.
C)a participant variable.
D)a manipulated dependent variable.

Question 30

In an experimental study of the effects of practice on reaction time, reaction time would be the​

A)control group.
B)independent variable.
C)experimental group.
D)dependent variable.

Question 31

The group of people who participate in the study is to _____ as all of the people about whom a study is meant to generalize are to _____.​

A)sample; population
B)population; sample
C)positive correlation; negative correlation
D)negative correlation; positive correlation

Question 32

Research on the treatment of AIDS is to _____ research as research on the differences between short-term memory and long-term memory is to _____ research.​

A)basic; applied
B)applied; basic
C)naturalistic; laboratory
D)laboratory; naturalistic

Question 33

In order to discover the extent to which education can be used to predict political preferences, researchers are most likely to engage in​

A)correlational research.
B)naturalistic observation.
C)the case study approach.
D)experimental research.

Question 34

If participants are randomly assigned to conditions, then _____ research is being conducted.​

A)case study
B)experimental
C)correlational
D)quasi-experimental

Question 35

In an experimental study of the effects of practice on reaction time, practice would be the​

A)control group.
B)independent variable.
C)experimental group.
D)dependent variable.

Question 36

As a researcher, Ray is simply interested in finding answers to the questions he poses. Ray is most interested in _____ research.​

A)naturalistic
B)laboratory
C)applied​
D)basic

Question 37

Manipulated independent variable is to nonmanipulated independent variable as _____ method is to _____ method.​

A)experimental; quasi-experimental
B)correlational; quasi-experimental
C)experimental; correlational
D)quasi-experimental; experimental

Question 38

Which of the following is a participant (subject) variable?​

A)hair color
B)gender
C)political affiliation
D)all of the above

Question 39

When we identify factors that indicate when an event or events will occur, we have used​

A)prediction.
B)description.
C)explanation.
D)falsifiability.

Question 40

Questioning individuals on a topic or topics and then describing their responses is to the _____ method as an in-depth study of one or more individuals is to the _____ method.​

A)case study; survey​
B)survey; case study
C)case study; observational
D)observational; case study

Question 41

Independent variable is to dependent variable as _____ is to _____.

A)manipulate; measure
B)measure; manipulate
C)controlled; uncontrolled
D)uncontrolled; controlled

Question 42

In a study on the effects of sleep on driving performance, driving performance would be the​

A)control group.
B)independent variable.
C)experimental group.
D)dependent variable.

Question 43

Explain what a negative correlation between depression and self-esteem means.​

Question 44

Random assignment is used exclusively in the _____ method.​

A)experimental
B)quasi-experimental
C)correlational
D)case study

Question 45

Descriptive methods include​

A)correlational and quasi-experimental methods.
B)only the experimental method.
C)observational, case study, and survey methods.
D)only the quasi-experimental method.

Question 46

Give an example of basic research and an example of applied research.​

Question 47

Briefly describe what a hypothesis is and what a theory is noting the relationship between these terms.

Question 48

What is the principle of falsifiability and how is it related to pseudoscience and science?

Question 49

In a study on the effects of sleep on driving performance, sleep would be the​

A)control group.
B)independent variable.
C)experimental group.
D)dependent variable.

Question 50

In a study of the effects of nicotine on concentration, participants who smoke are compared to those who do not on a measure of concentration. Identify the independent variable and dependent variable in this study. Is the independent variable a manipulated variable or a participant variable? What type of research method is used in this study?

Question 51

Manipulate is to measure as _____ is to _____.

A)independent variable; dependent variable
B)dependent variable; independent variable
C)positive correlation; negative correlation
D)negative correlation; positive correlation

Question 52

Explain what it means to gain knowledge via science.​

Question 53

Identify and briefly describe the three criteria that help to define science.​

Question 54

Identify and briefly describe the three goals of science.​

Question 55

In a study comparing collaborative group learning to the traditional lecture/discussion method of learning, participants are randomly assigned to one of the two conditions. Identify the independent variable and dependent variable in this study. Is the independent variable a manipulated variable or a participant variable? What type of research method is used in this study?