Deck 4: Review of the Aging of Physiological Systems

Question 1

Although the aorta and other arteries begin to stiffen with age, the left ventricle pumps the same amount of blood.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Although relatively few changes occur in the aging GI system, changes that do occur increase the risk for diseases and disorders.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Adverse drug reactions in the older population occur as a result of changes in the liver and pancreas.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

All four cardiac valves increase in circumference in older adults, with the greatest increase occurring in which valve?

A) Mitral valve
B) Aortic valve
C) Tricuspid valve
D) Pulmonic valve

Question 5

Which of the following is calculated as the amount of air that can be expelled following maximum inspiration?

A) Vital capacity
B) Total lung capacity
C) Inspiratory capacity
D) Functional residual capacity

Question 6

Despite the reduced inspiratory capacity, which of the following -the maximum volume to which the lungs can expand during greatest inspiratory effort-remains virtually unchanged with age?

A) Vital capacity
B) Total lung capacity
C) Inspiratory capacity
D) Functional residual capacity

Question 7

The number of glomeruli decreases by as much as 30% to 40% by age 90 due to what medical condition?

A) Hydronephrosis
B) Glomerulonephritis
C) Glomerulosclerosis
D) Glomerulopathy

Question 8

What equation can be used to predict renal disease but may not reflect the usual aging process; therefore, its use can lead to underdosing in healthy older adults and overdosing in compromised older adults?

A) The Navier-Stokes equation
B) The Maxwell equation
C) The Schrodinger equation
D) The Cockcroft-Gault equation

Question 9

A decrease in ovarian synthesis of what glycoprotein explains the increase in follicle-stimulating hormone prior to, throughout, and after menopause?

A) Estradiol
B) Inhibin B
C) Transferrin
D) Human chorionic gonadotropin

Question 10

With age, what organ(s) atrophy to such a small size that they can become impalpable during an examination?

A) Kidneys
B) Ovaries
C) Ureters
D) Testes

Question 11

Erythrocytes have the capacity for continual self-renewal, which allows for the replenishment of the red blood cell supply.

Question 12

Immunosenescence is associated with a decreased incidence of infectious diseases such as bronchitis and influenza.

Question 13

Even if the body is repeatedly exposed to the same antigen, it will react each time to that particular antigen as if it had never before been encountered.

Question 14

What type of cells, which are involved in the immune system, leave the blood and enter tissues where they turn into macrophages?

A) Monocytes
B) B-lymphocytes
C) T-lymphocytes
D) Granulocytes

Question 15

Deficiency of what mineral can inhibit production of cytokines, thereby hindering immune system communication and the overall coordination of the immune response?

A) Sodium
B) Calcium
C) Potassium
D) Magnesium

Question 16

With age, vaginal pH levels shift from an acidic environment toward an alkaline environment due to decreased levels of which of the following in the vaginal tissue?

A) Glycogen
B) Collagen
C) Keratin
D) Albumin

Question 17

The menopausal transition is characterized by declines in which of the following along with the onset of variable menstrual cycles in both early and late stages?

A) Inhibin B
B) Estradiol
C) Progesterone
D) Follicle stimulating hormone

Question 18

The degradation of which of the following may cause neuronal disruption by slowing the nerve impulses as they travel through the nervous system, which may help to explain middle age-related declines in cognition and motor control?

A) Myelin
B) Keratin
C) Estrogen
D) Glycogen

Question 19

What neurotransmitter induces learning and memory via cholinergic input to the hippocampus and neocortex in the brain?

A) Serotonin
B) Acetylcholine
C) Norepinephrine
D) Dopamine

Question 20

Which of the following, also known as antidiuretic hormone, is secreted by neurons that originate in the hypothalamus and extend into the pituitary gland?

A) Thyroxine
B) Vasopressin
C) Calcitonin
D) Melatonin