Deck 29: Kidneys and Excretion With Notes on Nitrogen Excretion

Question 1

What is the ability that makes kangaroo rats one of the best in the world among animals?

A) They produce an incredibly concentrated urine.
B) They can run incredibly fast for their size.
C) They allow their body temperatures to increase to the highest of all animals.
D) They can slow their metabolism down more than any other mammal.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which substance is typically found in urine at the highest concentration?

A) Sodium originated from plasma
B) Sodium generated from extracellular fluid
C) Urea generated from protein metabolism
D) Phosphate generated from energy production

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which statement about the kidneys is false?

A) They produce and eliminate aqueous solutions derived from the blood plasma.
B) They produce and eliminate watery solutions derived from the extracellular fluid.
C) They excrete solutes dissolved in water.
D) They produce urine that contains high levels of creatinine, which is a direct product of lipid metabolism.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following would not be found in urine produced by healthy kidneys?

A) Potassium
B) Proteins
C) Phosphate
D) Creatinine

Question 5

After the kidneys, the _______ contribute(s) most to filtration.

A) lungs
B) liver
C) heart
D) spleen

Question 6

Podocytes are found in the

A) glomerulus.
B) Bowman's capsule.
C) renal corpuscle.
D) glomerulus and the renal corpuscle.

Question 7

A molecule greater than _______ kilodaltons cannot pass through the nephrons.

A) 6.5
B) 9
C) 9.5
D) 12.5

Question 8

Which statement about amphibian nephrons is false?

A) Nephrons start at Bowman's capsule.
B) Filtration occurs in the nephrons.
C) Nephron walls consist of a single layer of epithelia.
D) The loops of Henle are a few mm in length.

Question 9

Filtration slits are found in

A) the glomerulus.
B) Bowman's capsule.
C) the renal corpuscle.
D) both the glomerulus and the renal corpuscle.

Question 10

Glomerular filtration rate in vertebrates is defined as the rate of _______ of an animal's kidney tubules.

A) secondary urine formation by all
B) secondary urine formation by one
C) primary urine formation by all
D) primary urine formation by one

Question 11

If the blood pressure in the glomerular capillary is +5 kPa, the colloid osmotic pressure is -2.5 kPa, and the capsular fluid hydrostatic pressure is -2 kPa, then the filtration pressure is _______ kPa.

A) 0.5
B) 4.5
C) 5.0
D) 5.5

Question 12

If the filtration pressure is +7 kPa, the colloid osmotic pressure is -3 kPa, and the capsular fluid hydrostatic pressure is -2 kPa, then the blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries is _______ kPa.

A) 2
B) 3
C) 8
D) 12

Question 13

If the blood pressure in the glomerular capillary is +10 kPa, the filtration pressure is +6 kPa, and the capsular fluid hydrostatic pressure is -2 kPa, then the colloid osmotic pressure is _______ kPa.

A) -2
B) -4
C) 2
D) 4

Question 14

If the blood pressure in the glomerular capillary is +14 kPa, the filtration pressure is +8 kPa, and the colloid osmotic pressure is -4 kPa, then the capsular fluid hydrostatic pressure is _______ kPa.

A) -2
B) -4
C) 4
D) 10

Question 15

The _______ system(s) effect(s) the change in flow resistance in the glomerular blood pressure.

A) nervous
B) endocrine
C) digestive
D) nervous and endocrine

Question 16

Which of the following is found in primary urine but not in definitive urine of a healthy human?

A) glucose
B) Na⁺
C) H⁺
D) Cl^-

Question 17

Which of the following is the best description of active solute secretion?

A) Using ATP directly to transport the solute across the membrane.
B) Using physical pressure to push the solute through the membrane.
C) Actively transporting one solute to create a concentration gradient for the other solute to passively cross.
D) Using osmotic pressure to push the solute through the membrane.

Question 18

In amphibians, the first part of the nephron is

A) the proximal convoluted tubule.
B) Bowman's capsule.
C) the Loop of Henle.
D) the collecting duct.

Question 19

The last part of the nephron in amphibians is

A) Bowman's capsule.
B) the Loop of Henle.
C) the distal convoluted tubule.
D) the collecting duct.

Question 20

The filtered fluid that forms in the nephrons will first empty into the

A) urethra.
B) bladder.
C) ureter.
D) distal convoluted tubule.

Question 21

Which substance(s) may be found in the proximal convoluted tubule in the nephrons of amphibians?

A) Sodium
B) Sodium and chloride
C) Glucose
D) Sodium, glucose, and chloride

Question 22

In the nephrons of amphibians, glucose in the proximal convoluted tubule returns to the blood by

A) simple diffusion.
B) facilitated diffusion.
C) primary active transport.
D) secondary active transport.

Question 23

Which values reflect the expected glucose concentrations (in mM) in micropuncture samples collected from the nephron in the following order: Bowman's capsule, beginning of proximal convoluted tubule, intermediate segment, middle of distal convoluted tubule, and beginning of collecting duct?

A) 0; 1; 2; 3; 2
B) 2; 2; 0; 0; 0
C) 0; 0; 0; 0; 0
D) 2; 2; 2; 0; 0

Question 24

Which values reflect the expected amino acid concentrations (in mM) in micropuncture samples collected from the nephron in the following order: Bowman's capsule, beginning of proximal convoluted tubule, intermediate segment, middle of distal convoluted tubule, and beginning of collecting duct?

A) 0; 1; 2; 4; 2
B) 0; 0; 0; 0; 0
C) 1; 1; 0; 0; 0
D) 2; 2; 1; 0; 0

Question 25

Which values reflect the expected albumen concentrations (in mM) in micropuncture samples collected from the nephron in the following order: Bowman's capsule, beginning of proximal convoluted tubule, intermediate segment, middle of distal convoluted tubule, and beginning of collecting duct?

A) 0; 0; 0; 0; 0
B) 0; 1; 2; 4; 2
C) 1; 1; 0; 0; 0
D) 2; 2; 1; 0; 0

Question 26

ADH is released from the

A) anterior pituitary.
B) posterior pituitary.
C) kidneys.
D) hypothalamus.

Question 27

If you inject a known diuretic into a frog, the volume of its

A) urine will increase.
B) urine will decrease.
C) plasma will increase.
D) plasma will remain the same.

Question 28

In amphibians, ADH acts on which segment of the nephron to increase reabsorption?

A) Proximal convoluted tubule
B) Distal convoluted tubule
C) Ascending loop of Henle
D) Descending loop of Henle

Question 29

Injection of an ADH inhibitor into a frog causes _______ at the distal convoluted tubule than would occur without such an injection.

A) reabsorption of more waste
B) secretion of more sodium
C) reabsorption of less water
D) secretion of less water

Question 30

If an ADH blocker is administered to an amphibian, the volume of the urine will _______ and the volume of the blood will _______.

A) increase; increase
B) decrease; increase
C) increase; decrease
D) remain the same; increase

Question 31

Administering a substance that enhances the release of ADH to a frog will cause the distal convoluted tubule to

A) reabsorb more water than normal.
B) reabsorb less water than normal.
C) secrete less water than normal.
D) secrete more sodium than normal.

Question 32

In the proximal convoluted tubules of the nephrons of amphibians, sodium is reabsorbed via

A) passive transport.
B) active transport.
C) simple diffusion.
D) active transport and passive transport.

Question 33

In amphibians, why does the reabsorption of NaCl depend on the permeability of the tubule wall to water?

A) Water movement allows the ATP to function more effectively.
B) Water movement creates the concentration gradient for Cl to move passively.
C) Water permeability allows the solutes to move more effectively.
D) Water must move first before any of the solutes can move.

Question 34

How can the same nephron in an amphibian produce dilute urine or urine as concentrated as blood plasma?

A) Different amounts of NaCl are reabsorbed.
B) Different amounts of NaCl are secreted.
C) The distal convoluted tubule can change its permeability to water based on the amount of circulating ADH.
D) The proximal convoluted tubule can change its permeability to water based on the amount of circulating NaCl.

Question 35

Why are hairpin-shaped blood vessels an advantage in the interior of a mammalian kidney?

A) They can actively exchange solutes with the nephron.
B) They maintain the osmotic gradient created by the nephrons.
C) They can actively exchange solutes with each vessel.
D) They can absorb the solutes reabsorbed by the nephron.

Question 36

What creates a countercurrent multiplier rather than just a countercurrent exchanger?

A) Movement of fluids in close association in opposite directions.
B) Passive exchange of solutes across two tubes in close approximation.
C) Osmotic pressure differences in two tubes close together.
D) Active transport of solute out of one of the tubes.

Question 37

A direct effect of the active transport of NaCl in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle is that the fluid in the _______ becomes _______.

A) lumen; hyposmotic
B) lumen; hyperosmotic
C) interstitial fluid; hyperosmotic
D) interstitial fluid; isosmotic

Question 38

During active transport of NaCl in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, the concentration of NaCl in the lumen

A) increases.
B) decreases.
C) stays the same.
D) decreases at first and then increases.

Question 39

During active transport of NaCl in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, the concentration of NaCl in the interstitial fluid

A) increases.
B) decreases.
C) stays the same.
D) decreases at first and then increases.

Question 40

How is the loop of Henle important in concentrating urine if the fluid leaving the ascending loop of Henle is very diluted?

A) The proximal convoluted tubule concentrates the urine after it exits the loop of Henle.
B) The loop of Henle concentrates the urea that is excreted in the collecting duct.
C) The loop of Henle is responsible for creating the concentration gradient used by the collecting duct to concentrate the urine.
D) The loop of Henle is responsible for storing the NaCl used to concentrate the urine in the colleting duct.

Question 41

In mammals, the length of the loop of Henle in nephrons is correlated with the

A) size of the kidney.
B) thickness of the renal medulla.
C) thickness of the renal pelvis.
D) length of the renal cortex.

Question 42

In mammals, the nonurea solutes are trapped in the collecting duct because the collecting duct is

A) permeable to both water and nonurea solutes.
B) impermeable to both water and nonurea solutes.
C) impermeable to nonurea solutes but permeable to water.
D) permeable to nonurea solutes but impermeable to water.

Question 43

In mammals, the medullary interstitial fluid is _______ to the fluid in the collecting duct.

A) hyperosmotic
B) isosmotic
C) hyposmotic
D) isoionic and hyposmotic

Question 44

The wall of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to

A) sodium.
B) potassium.
C) chloride.
D) water.

Question 45

In the collecting duct, urea reabsorption is mediated by

A) the lipid portion of the plasma membrane.
B) antiport proteins.
C) symport proteins that are regulated by aldosterone.
D) protein transporters.

Question 46

Do ATP blockers directly affect urea reabsorption in the collecting duct?

A) Yes, urea reabsorption depends on active transport via protein pumps.
B) Yes, urea reabsorption depends on active transport via protein transporters.
C) No, urea reabsorption is facilitated by protein pumps.
D) No, urea reabsorption is facilitated by protein channels.

Question 47

If the urea concentration in the interstitial fluid around the collecting duct is increased, urea reabsorption will

A) continue because it depends on active transport.
B) continue because it depends on passive transport.
C) cease because it depends on active transport.
D) cease, because reabsorption depends on passive transport. Instead, urea secretion will occur.

Question 48

Which statement about urea processing in the nephron is true?

A) More urea is excreted than filtered, and some of the urea that gets reabsorbed accumulates in the medulla.
B) More urea is reabsorbed than excreted, and some of the urea gets filtered.
C) More urea is filtered than reabsorbed, and all of the urea gets excreted.
D) More urea is filtered than excreted, and some of the urea that gets reabsorbed accumulates in the medulla.

Question 49

If a drug that blocks Na-K-2Cl cotransporters is administered, blood pressure will _______ and plasma sodium concentration will _______.

A) increase; increase
B) decrease; increase
C) decrease; decrease
D) increase; decrease

Question 50

If a person in antidiuresis produces urine with a concentration of 1200 mOsm, his plasma osmolarity is about _______ mOsm.

A) 1200
B) 600
C) 300
D) 2400

Question 51

If a person in diuresis produces urine with a concentration of 50 mOsm, her plasma osmolarity is about _______ mOsm.

A) 250
B) 500
C) 600
D) 50

Question 52

ADH acts specifically on the _______ by _______.

A) collecting duct; removing aquaporin channels from the membrane
B) collecting duct; inserting aquaporin channels into the membrane
C) loop of Henle; removing aquaporin channels from the membrane
D) loop of Henle; inserting aquaporin channels into the membrane

Question 53

The Na-K-2Cl cotransporter in the nephron is located on the

A) apical side and is electroneutral.
B) apical side and has a net charge of +1.
C) basolateral side and is electroneutral.
D) basolateral side and has a net charge of +1.

Question 54

If a new protein, aptly named Na-2K-Cl cotransporter, is introduced to the apical side of the nephron in mammals, which of the following statements about this protein would be true?

A) The protein has a net charge of +1.
B) The protein has a net charge of +2.
C) The protein has a net charge of -1.
D) The protein has a net charge of -2.

Question 55

Refer to the figure shown.
Where is K⁺ most likely to be secreted into the tubular fluid?

A) II
B) III
C) IV
D) V

Question 56

Refer to the figure shown.
Where is most of the glucose reabsorbed from the tubular fluid?

A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV

Question 57

Refer to the figure shown.
During moderate diuresis, what is the most likely osmotic pressure in the tubular fluid at V?

A) 300 mOsm
B) 600 mOsm
C) 75 mOsm
D) 5 mOsm

Question 58

Refer to the figure shown.
Where would amino acids be found in the tubular fluid?

A) I
B) I and II
C) I, II, and III
D) At all areas in the tubule

Question 59

Refer to the figure shown.
Where would sodium be moving across the apical membranes of the cells lining the tubules?

A) I
B) I and II
C) I, II, and III
D) At all areas in the tubule

Question 60

Refer to the figure shown.
What portion of the kidney tubule does the diagram represent?

A) Proximal convoluted tubule
B) Descending loop of Henle
C) Ascending loop of Henle
D) Collecting duct

Question 61

Refer to the figure shown.
At which numeral is sodium moving across the membrane?

A) I
B) I and II
C) I, II, and III
D) I, II, and IV

Question 62

Refer to the figure shown.
Which process or processes are using the sodium gradient to bring substances into the cell?

A) I
B) I and II
C) I, II, and III
D) I, II, and IV

Question 63

Refer to the figure shown.
Where is secondary active transport of glucose represented?

A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV

Question 64

Refer to the figure shown.
Which numeral represents a transporter that could change the pH of the inside of the cell?

A) I
B) I and II
C) II and III
D) II and IV

Question 65

Which organisms have loopless nephrons?

A) Some birds
B) Nonavian reptiles
C) Some birds and all amphibians
D) Some birds and all nonavian reptiles

Question 66

Which organisms have been found to have aglomerular kidneys?

A) Some birds
B) Nonavian reptiles
C) Freshwater teleost fish
D) Saltwater teleost fish

Question 67

Why are birds able to concentrate their urine hyperosmotic to their blood plasma?

A) Their kidneys have loops of Henle.
B) They excrete uric acid.
C) They have an exceptional ability to excrete Na⁺.
D) They have loopless nephrons.

Question 68

How can the intestines of some birds and lizards modify urine composition?

A) The bladder is connected to the intestines and they can secrete more wastes into the urine.
B) The bladder is connected to the intestines and they can reabsorb more ions and water from the urine.
C) The ureter empties into the intestines and they can secrete more wastes into the urine.
D) The ureter empties into the intestines and they can reabsorb more ions and water from the urine.

Question 69

Coelomosacs are found in

A) birds.
B) crustaceans.
C) marine fish.
D) amphibians.

Question 70

Choose a similarity between decapod crustacean and mollusc kidneys.

A) Both have the same primary urine composition.
B) Both have the same rate of reabsorption.
C) Both use blood pressure to produce the primary urine.
D) Both have glomeruli.

Question 71

In the octopus, the primary urine is formed from

A) blood.
B) pericardial fluid.
C) intestinal fluid.
D) interstitial fluid.

Question 72

Which of the following regarding Malpighian tubules, is false?

A) They drive water into them by actively transporting KCl.
B) Many solutes follow water passively into them.
C) They concentrate the primary urine hyperosmotic to blood plasma.
D) They are blind-ended tubules with the open end connected to the end of the midgut.

Question 73

In insects, KCl is

A) secreted passively.
B) secreted actively.
C) absorbed passively.
D) absorbed actively.

Question 74

Where does the KCl secreted into the Malpighian tubules end up?

A) It is mostly lost in the urine.
B) It is actively reabsorbed by the hindgut.
C) It is actively reabsorbed immediately by the Malpighian tubules.
D) It is passively reabsorbed into the blood along the Malpighian tubule.

Question 75

Water moves from the rectum into the intracellular spaces of the rectal papilla

A) by active transport.
B) by hydrostatic pressure.
C) by osmosis.
D) passively along with KCl.

Question 76

The principal waste product in ureotelic animals is

A) uric acid.
B) urea.
C) ammonia.
D) ammonium.

Question 77

Humans produce which nitrogenous waste product(s)?

A) Uric acid
B) Urea
C) Ammonia
D) Urea and uric acid

Question 78

The most energetically expensive nitrogenous waste to create is _______, and the nitrogenous waste that conserves the most water is _______.

A) uric acid; uric acid
B) ammonia; ammonia
C) ammonia; uric acid
D) uric acid; ammonia

Question 79

Which animal would die first if it were to stop voiding urine?

A) Ammonotelic
B) Ureotelic
C) Uricotelic
D) Guanicotelic

Question 80

Kidney structure may vary from one species to another; however, all kidneys serve the same purpose. What are the common elements and functions of the kidney?