Question 1

Filtration slits are found in

Accepted Answer

A)  the glomerulus. 
B)  Bowman's capsule. 
C)  the renal corpuscle. 
D)  both the glomerulus and the renal corpuscle. 
A)  the glomerulus. 
B)  Bowman's capsule. 
C)  the renal corpuscle. 
D)  both the glomerulus and the renal corpuscle. B

Question 2

Refer to the figure shown.
  Which process or processes are using the sodium gradient to bring substances into the cell?

Accepted Answer

A)  I 
B)  I and II 
C)  I, II, and III 
D)  I, II, and IV 
A)  I 
B)  I and II 
C)  I, II, and III 
D)  I, II, and IV A

Question 3

If the blood pressure in the glomerular capillary is +14 kPa, the filtration pressure is +8 kPa, and the colloid osmotic pressure is -4 kPa, then the capsular fluid hydrostatic pressure is _______ kPa.

Accepted Answer

A)  -2 
B)  -4 
C)  4 
D)  10 
A)  -2 
B)  -4 
C)  4 
D)  10 A

Question 4

Which statement about the kidneys is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  They produce and eliminate aqueous solutions derived from the blood plasma. 
B)  They produce and eliminate watery solutions derived from the extracellular fluid. 
C)  They excrete solutes dissolved in water. 
D)  They produce urine that contains high levels of creatinine, which is a direct product of lipid metabolism. 
A)  They produce and eliminate aqueous solutions derived from the blood plasma. 
B)  They produce and eliminate watery solutions derived from the extracellular fluid. 
C)  They excrete solutes dissolved in water. 
D)  They produce urine that contains high levels of creatinine, which is a direct product of lipid metabolism.

Question 5

Refer to the figure shown.
  Which numeral represents a transporter that could change the pH of the inside of the cell?

Accepted Answer

A)  I 
B)  I and II 
C)  II and III 
D)  II and IV 
A)  I 
B)  I and II 
C)  II and III 
D)  II and IV

Question 6

Which values reflect the expected glucose concentrations (in mM) in micropuncture samples collected from the nephron in the following order: Bowman's capsule, beginning of proximal convoluted tubule, intermediate segment, middle of distal convoluted tubule, and beginning of collecting duct?

Accepted Answer

A)  0; 1; 2; 3; 2 
B)  2; 2; 0; 0; 0 
C)  0; 0; 0; 0; 0 
D)  2; 2; 2; 0; 0 
A)  0; 1; 2; 3; 2 
B)  2; 2; 0; 0; 0 
C)  0; 0; 0; 0; 0 
D)  2; 2; 2; 0; 0

Question 7

The _______ system(s) effect(s) the change in flow resistance in the glomerular blood pressure.

Accepted Answer

A)  nervous 
B)  endocrine 
C)  digestive 
D)  nervous and endocrine 
A)  nervous 
B)  endocrine 
C)  digestive 
D)  nervous and endocrine

Question 8

How can the intestines of some birds and lizards modify urine composition?

Accepted Answer

A)  The bladder is connected to the intestines and they can secrete more wastes into the urine. 
B)  The bladder is connected to the intestines and they can reabsorb more ions and water from the urine. 
C)  The ureter empties into the intestines and they can secrete more wastes into the urine. 
D)  The ureter empties into the intestines and they can reabsorb more ions and water from the urine. 
A)  The bladder is connected to the intestines and they can secrete more wastes into the urine. 
B)  The bladder is connected to the intestines and they can reabsorb more ions and water from the urine. 
C)  The ureter empties into the intestines and they can secrete more wastes into the urine. 
D)  The ureter empties into the intestines and they can reabsorb more ions and water from the urine.

Question 9

In mammals, the nonurea solutes are trapped in the collecting duct because the collecting duct is

Accepted Answer

A)  permeable to both water and nonurea solutes. 
B)  impermeable to both water and nonurea solutes. 
C)  impermeable to nonurea solutes but permeable to water. 
D)  permeable to nonurea solutes but impermeable to water. 
A)  permeable to both water and nonurea solutes. 
B)  impermeable to both water and nonurea solutes. 
C)  impermeable to nonurea solutes but permeable to water. 
D)  permeable to nonurea solutes but impermeable to water.

Question 10

Which of the following is found in primary urine but not in definitive urine of a healthy human?

Accepted Answer

A)  glucose 
B)  Na+ 
C)  H+ 
D)  Cl- 
A)  glucose 
B)  Na+ 
C)  H+ 
D)  Cl-

Question 11

Choose a similarity between decapod crustacean and mollusc kidneys.

Accepted Answer

A)  Both have the same primary urine composition. 
B)  Both have the same rate of reabsorption. 
C)  Both use blood pressure to produce the primary urine. 
D)  Both have glomeruli. 
A)  Both have the same primary urine composition. 
B)  Both have the same rate of reabsorption. 
C)  Both use blood pressure to produce the primary urine. 
D)  Both have glomeruli.

Question 12

If a new protein, aptly named Na-2K-Cl cotransporter, is introduced to the apical side of the nephron in mammals, which of the following statements about this protein would be true?

Accepted Answer

A)  The protein has a net charge of +1. 
B)  The protein has a net charge of +2. 
C)  The protein has a net charge of -1. 
D)  The protein has a net charge of -2. 
A)  The protein has a net charge of +1. 
B)  The protein has a net charge of +2. 
C)  The protein has a net charge of -1. 
D)  The protein has a net charge of -2.

Question 13

Regulating the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is very important in animals. Explain how animals adjust their GFR.

Accepted Answer

The principal way GFR is adjusted is via

Question 14

Refer to the figure shown.
  During moderate diuresis, what is the most likely osmotic pressure in the tubular fluid at V?

Accepted Answer

A)  300 mOsm 
B)  600 mOsm 
C)  75 mOsm 
D)  5 mOsm 
A)  300 mOsm 
B)  600 mOsm 
C)  75 mOsm 
D)  5 mOsm

Question 15

Why are birds able to concentrate their urine hyperosmotic to their blood plasma?

Accepted Answer

A)  Their kidneys have loops of Henle. 
B)  They excrete uric acid. 
C)  They have an exceptional ability to excrete Na+. 
D)  They have loopless nephrons. 
A)  Their kidneys have loops of Henle. 
B)  They excrete uric acid. 
C)  They have an exceptional ability to excrete Na+. 
D)  They have loopless nephrons.

Question 16

The Na-K-2Cl cotransporter in the nephron is located on the

Accepted Answer

A)  apical side and is electroneutral. 
B)  apical side and has a net charge of +1. 
C)  basolateral side and is electroneutral. 
D)  basolateral side and has a net charge of +1. 
A)  apical side and is electroneutral. 
B)  apical side and has a net charge of +1. 
C)  basolateral side and is electroneutral. 
D)  basolateral side and has a net charge of +1.

Question 17

Describe the role of ADH in mammalian nephrons.

Accepted Answer

In mammals, ADH affects the permeability

Question 18

Which solutes are reabsorbed at the proximal convoluted tubules in the nephrons of amphibians and how is each reabsorbed?

Accepted Answer

Sodium (Na⁺) and chloride (Cl^-) reabsorpti

Question 19

In mammals, the length of the loop of Henle in nephrons is correlated with the

Accepted Answer

A)  size of the kidney. 
B)  thickness of the renal medulla. 
C)  thickness of the renal pelvis. 
D)  length of the renal cortex. 
A)  size of the kidney. 
B)  thickness of the renal medulla. 
C)  thickness of the renal pelvis. 
D)  length of the renal cortex.

Question 20

The most energetically expensive nitrogenous waste to create is _______, and the nitrogenous waste that conserves the most water is _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  uric acid; uric acid 
B)  ammonia; ammonia 
C)  ammonia; uric acid 
D)  uric acid; ammonia 
A)  uric acid; uric acid 
B)  ammonia; ammonia 
C)  ammonia; uric acid 
D)  uric acid; ammonia

Exam 29: Kidneys and Excretion With Notes on Nitrogen Excretion

Filtration slits are found in

Refer to the figure shown. Which process or processes are using the sodium gradient to bring substances into the cell?

If the blood pressure in the glomerular capillary is +14 kPa, the filtration pressure is +8 kPa, and the colloid osmotic pressure is -4 kPa, then the capsular fluid hydrostatic pressure is _______ kPa.

Which statement about the kidneys is false?

Refer to the figure shown. Which numeral represents a transporter that could change the pH of the inside of the cell?

Which values reflect the expected glucose concentrations (in mM) in micropuncture samples collected from the nephron in the following order: Bowman's capsule, beginning of proximal convoluted tubule, intermediate segment, middle of distal convoluted tubule, and beginning of collecting duct?

The _______ system(s) effect(s) the change in flow resistance in the glomerular blood pressure.

How can the intestines of some birds and lizards modify urine composition?

In mammals, the nonurea solutes are trapped in the collecting duct because the collecting duct is

Which of the following is found in primary urine but not in definitive urine of a healthy human?

Choose a similarity between decapod crustacean and mollusc kidneys.

If a new protein, aptly named Na-2K-Cl cotransporter, is introduced to the apical side of the nephron in mammals, which of the following statements about this protein would be true?

Regulating the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is very important in animals. Explain how animals adjust their GFR.

Refer to the figure shown. During moderate diuresis, what is the most likely osmotic pressure in the tubular fluid at V?

Why are birds able to concentrate their urine hyperosmotic to their blood plasma?

The Na-K-2Cl cotransporter in the nephron is located on the

Describe the role of ADH in mammalian nephrons.

Which solutes are reabsorbed at the proximal convoluted tubules in the nephrons of amphibians and how is each reabsorbed?

In mammals, the length of the loop of Henle in nephrons is correlated with the

The most energetically expensive nitrogenous waste to create is _______, and the nitrogenous waste that conserves the most water is _______.

Animals and Environments: Function on the Ecological Stage

Molecules and Cells in Animal Physiology

Genomics, Proteomics, and Related Approaches to Physiology

Physiological Development and Epigenetics

Transport of Solutes and Water

Nutrition, Feeding, and Digestion

Energy Metabolism

Aerobic and Anaerobic Forms of Metabolism

The Energetics of Aerobic Activity

Thermal Relations

Food, Energy, and Temperature at Work: The Lives of Mammals in Frigid Places

Neurons

Synapses

Sensory Processes

Nervous System Organization and Biological Clocks

Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Physiology

Reproduction

Integrating Systems at Work: Animal Navigation

Control of Movement

Muscle

Movement and Muscle at Work: Plasticity in Response to Use and Disuse

Introduction to Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Physiology

External Respiration: the Physiology of Breathing

Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Body Fluids With an Introduction to Acid- Base Physiology

Circulation

Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Internal Transport at Work: Diving by Marine Mammals

Water and Salt Physiology: Introduction and Mechanisms

Water, Salts, and Excretion at Work: Mammals of Deserts and Dry Savannas

Water and Salt Physiology of Animals in Their Environments

Filters

The most energetically expensive nitrogenous waste to create is _, and the nitrogenous waste that conserves the most water is _.