Deck 1: The History and Development of Corrections

Question 1

Define the following terms:
-Alexander Maconochie

Answer 1

Alexander Maconochie (1787–1860) was a Scottish naval officer and penologist, best known for his role in prison reform and his development of the "mark system," a progressive form of prisoner management that emphasized rehabilitation over punishment. Maconochie served as the superintendent of the British penal colonies on Norfolk Island, located between Australia and New Zealand, from 1840 to 1844.

During his tenure at Norfolk Island, Maconochie implemented a series of reforms that were considered radical at the time. He believed that prisoners were capable of reform and that the criminal justice system should focus on preparing inmates for their eventual return to society. To this end, he introduced the mark system, which allowed prisoners to earn marks through good behavior, hard work, and study. These marks could then be used to reduce their sentence and gain privileges. The system was designed to incentivize positive behavior and personal development, rather than simply punishing wrongdoing.

Maconochie's approach also included providing education and vocational training to prisoners, improving their living conditions, and allowing them more personal freedoms, such as the ability to grow their own food and to interact with other inmates. His methods were a stark contrast to the prevailing systems of the time, which were often brutal and focused solely on punishment and deterrence.

Although his reforms were met with resistance and were eventually discontinued after he left Norfolk Island, Alexander Maconochie's ideas had a lasting impact on the field of penology. His principles influenced later prison reform movements and contributed to the development of the modern concept of parole and other rehabilitative practices within the criminal justice system.

Question 2

Define the following terms:
-assize of arms

Answer 2

The Assize of Arms refers to a series of ordinances and statutes enacted in England during the medieval period, specifically in the 12th and 13th centuries, which were designed to regulate the military obligations of English subjects. These laws were issued by the monarch to ensure that the kingdom had sufficient military resources in the event of war or invasion.

The most notable Assize of Arms was issued by King Henry II in 1181. This particular ordinance required all freemen of England to provide themselves with arms and armor suitable to their wealth and status. It also established standards for military equipment and set out the obligations of individuals based on their income or property value. The Assize of Arms of 1181 laid out specific requirements for knights and other landholders to maintain certain types of weapons and armor, and to be ready to serve the king when called upon.

The purpose of the Assize of Arms was to create a more organized and efficient system for raising an army, as opposed to the more ad hoc methods that had been used previously. It was a way for the monarchy to assert greater control over the military resources of the realm and to ensure that the nobility and other subjects were prepared to defend the kingdom.

The Assize of Arms also had a social and political dimension, as it helped to define the relationship between the monarch and the subjects, particularly the rights and duties of the feudal classes. It was an important step in the development of the English feudal military system and the concept of national defense.

Subsequent assizes, such as the Assize of Arms of 1252 under King Henry III, expanded and updated these regulations, further refining the military obligations of the population and the standards for equipment. These laws were precursors to later medieval military reforms, including the development of the English militia system and the eventual transition to a more professional standing army.

Question 3

Define the following terms:
-Assize of Clarendon

Answer 3

The Assize of Clarendon was a significant legal reform enacted in 1166 under the reign of King Henry II of England. It was named after Clarendon Palace, where the assize, or council, was held to establish the reform. The Assize of Clarendon is considered a foundational document in the development of the English common law system.

The primary purpose of the Assize of Clarendon was to standardize the legal procedures used throughout the kingdom and to strengthen the king's control over the administration of justice. Before this reform, the administration of justice was largely in the hands of local lords, which led to inconsistencies and sometimes a lack of enforcement.

Key provisions of the Assize of Clarendon included:

1. The establishment of royal justices (itinerant judges) who traveled around the country to hear cases, thereby ensuring that the king's laws were applied uniformly across the land.

2. The introduction of the jury system for the investigation of crimes. The assize required that 12 free men from each hundred (a local administrative division) and four men from each township were to be sworn in to inform on crimes committed in their area. This was the precursor to the modern grand jury system.

3. The requirement that all counties and hundreds were to be responsible for detaining and presenting criminals to the royal justices. This helped to centralize the process of law enforcement.

4. The codification of what constituted serious crimes, such as robbery, murder, and theft, and the outlining of specific procedures for handling and trying these cases.

5. The stipulation that ecclesiastical authorities were to cooperate with royal officials in the prosecution of crimes, which reduced the Church's previous dominance over legal matters.

The Assize of Clarendon was a crucial step in the evolution of the English legal system, as it reduced the influence of local customary law and brought more legal authority under the crown. It also laid the groundwork for the development of a more uniform and centralized system of justice that would continue to evolve over the centuries.

Question 4

Define the following terms:
-Auburn System

Question 5

Define the following terms:
-back-door options

Question 6

Define the following terms:
-benefit of clergy

Question 7

Define the following terms:
-blood feuds

Question 8

Define the following terms:
-Bridewell House

Question 9

Define the following terms:
-congregate system

Question 10

Define the following terms:
-convict leasing

Question 11

Define the following terms:
-corrections

Question 12

Define the following terms:
-Corrections Corporation of America

Question 13

Define the following terms:
-Elmira Reformatory

Question 14

Define the following terms:
-feudalism

Question 15

Define the following terms:
-front-door options

Question 16

Define the following terms:
-Great Law

Question 17

Define the following terms:
-hue and cry

Question 18

Define the following terms:
-John Augustus

Question 19

Define the following terms:
-John Howard

Question 20

Define the following terms:
-Magna Carta

Question 21

Define the following terms:
-mark system

Question 22

Define the following terms:
-monastic prisons

Question 23

Define the following terms:
-Newgate Prison

Question 24

Define the following terms:
-parole

Question 25

Define the following terms:
-penitentiary era

Question 26

Define the following terms:
-Pennsylvania System

Question 27

Define the following terms:
-penology

Question 28

Define the following terms:
-prison matron

Question 29

Define the following terms:
-probation

Question 30

Define the following terms:
-reentry

Question 31

Define the following terms:
-Sir Walter Crofton

Question 32

Define the following terms:
-Statutes of Winchester

Question 33

Define the following terms:
-transportation

Question 34

Define the following terms:
-watch and ward

Question 35

Define the following terms:
-Wickersham Commission

Question 36

Throughout most of history, there was no need for formal laws or the agencies needed to enforce communal living rules and regulations.

Question 37

How does the term "corrections" reflect broader responses to crime than simple punishment?

A) It includes punishment.
B) Treatment and rehabilitation are included.
C) It also covers virtually any interventions/actions addressing the behavior and needs of offenders.
D) Responses can take place in a prison/institution or in the community.
E) All of the above.

Question 38

Under the Code of Hammurabi, what would be the most likely punishment for murder?

A) Nothing
B) Vengeance taken by the family members of the lost loved one
C) Imprisonment in the dungeon
D) Community service

Question 39

Under the Code of Hammurabi, what would be the most likely punishment exacted against a thief?

A) Nothing
B) Vengeance taken by the victim or the victim's family
C) Imprisonment in the dungeon
D) Community service

Question 40

If you committed even the most minor crime, such as stealing herbs or fruit, under Draconian law, you would most likely be put to death.

Question 41

During feudal times, in which of the scenarios would punishment typically not be enforced?

A) Peasant offender and peasant victim
B) Landlord offender and peasant victim
C) Lord offender and peasant victim
D) Lord offender and landlord victim

Question 42

Prior to monastic prisons, incarceration of offenders was a common occurrence.

Question 43

What major document that formed the basis of law in England and in other countries, including the United States, provided for the development of the trial and furthered the movement for state run correctional institutions?

A) The Code of Hammurabi
B) Assize of Clarendon
C) Justinian Code
D) Statutes of Winchester
E) Magna Carta

Question 44

In what type of society would informal forms of social control, such as shunning and other forms of social disapproval, be most common?

A) Gesellschaft
B) Gemeinschaft
C) Feudal
D) Industrial

Question 45

In what type of society would formalized policing, courts, and corrections be most needed?

A) Gesellschaft
B) Gemeinschaft
C) Feudal
D) Rural

Question 46

In the 18^th century, nearly 200 crimes were death penalty eligible.

Question 47

Which of the following is false regarding The Great Law?

A) It reduced the number of crimes punishable by death to the crime of murder.
B) Advocated for hard labor in a house of corrections as punishment for other offenses.
C) It was in response to the overuse of the death penalty in the American colonies.
D) All of the above are true.

Question 48

Which term describes the practice of sending convicted offenders to the colonies of the mother country?

A) Indentured servitude
B) Transportation
C) Relocation
D) Gaoling

Question 49

Which institution was established as the first to house offenders for the purpose of long term punishment rather than for pretrial detention?

A) London Prison
B) Auburn Prison
C) Stanford Prison
D) Newgate Prison
E) Eastern Prison

Question 50

____________ coined the term "penitentiary" and hence became the "Father of the Penitentiary."

A) Alexander Maconochie
B) Sir Walter Crofton
C) John Augustus
D) John Howard

Question 51

This style of penitentiary is characterized by silence and separation of inmates.

A) Auburn
B) Pennsylvania
C) Simsbury
D) Norfolk

Question 52

The Auburn penitentiary style allowed inmates to congregate for both times of work and meals.

Question 53

Which of the following do not describe accurately what life would be like as an inmate in the Pennsylvania System?

A) Sleeping in one's own cell at night but worked with other inmates in silence during the day
B) The Bible was the only reading material available
C) No visits from friends or family
D) Every activity from eating to sleeping to working were done in one's own cell

Question 54

One advantage of probation for the growing U.S. correctional system in the 1840s was the fact that it helped to alleviate the need to house and care for those individuals in already overcrowded institutions.

Question 55

Which series below best represents Maconochie's early parole system?

A) total imprisonment full release
B) total imprisonment  work on chain gang  work outside without chain gang  monitored release  full release
C) total imprisonment  monitored release  full release
D) total imprisonment  held employment  refrained from offending  full release

Question 56

The principles of the National Prison Congress held in Cincinnati in 1870 held that which of the following should be abolished?
I) fixed sentence
II) isolation and silence
III) rewards for good conduct

A) I
B) I and II
C) II and III
D) III
E) II

Question 57

Which was the prototype institution whose mission was to carry out the principles of the National Prison Congress held in Cincinnati in 1870?

A) Bridewell House
B) Newgate Prison
C) House of Refuge
D) Elmira Reformatory
E) Philadelphia Reformatory

Question 58

The Era of Industry for prisons was most characterized by?

A) Silence
B) Reform
C) Labor
D) Rehabilitation

Question 59

Sing Sing Prison was created by inmates of which prison?

A) Philadelphia
B) Auburn
C) Pittsburgh
D) Allegheny

Question 60

Convict leasing was a method of prisoner labor used by northern prisons.

Question 61

Which philosophy was called upon to guide the prison system by the Wickersham Commission in the early 1930s?

A) Retribution
B) Deterrence
C) Incapacitation
D) Rehabilitation

Question 62

Rationales for punishment are influenced by the broad philosophical, political, and social themes for their era.

Question 63

This era of corrections is characterized as being more punitive toward individuals in correctional facilities.

A) Era of Reform
B) Era of Retribution
C) Era of Rehabilitation
D) Era of Industry

Question 64

"Nothing Works" is a phrase that is most associated with ______________?

A) John Augustus
B) Paul Wickersham
C) Robert Martinson
D) John Howard

Question 65

________________ is the transition period of persons who are soon to be released or have recently been released from prison or jail back into the community.

A) Transformation
B) Reentry
C) Rehabilitation
D) Reformation

Question 66

What do individuals returning to the community post-incarceration need assistance with?
I) Employment
II) Community-based treatment
III) Housing
IV) Support systems

A) I and II
B) II and III
C) II, III, and IV
D) I, III, IV
E) I, II, III, and IV

Question 67

It is estimated that less than half of state prisoners have struggled with substance abuse and/or mental health disorders.

Question 68

Women offenders were incarcerated in institutions alongside men in communal rooms in the late 17^th and early 18^th centuries.

Question 69

Under this model, prisons for women borrowed heavily from those of men with strict regimens and harsh physical punishments.

A) Custodial Model
B) Reformatory Model
C) Discipline Model
D) Treatment Model

Question 70

Under this model, feminists campaigned, and won, to encourage male legislators to fund separate institutions for female offenders.

A) Custodial Model
B) Reformatory Model
C) Discipline Model
D) Treatment Model

Question 71

Starting in the 1930s, women's facilities continued to mirror those for men and were primarily custodial in orientation.

Question 72

Which of the following practices would not be permitted by the courts?

A) Male prisons having access to adequate law facilities but not female prisons.
B) Prisons providing men and women similar opportunities to participate in work-furlough programs.
C) In states where there is only one institution for females, it must house all security levels.
D) The development and implementation of quality treatment and vocational programs in female prisons equal to those delivered in male prisons.

Question 73

What was the significance of the watch and ward process and the raising of the hue and cry?

Question 74

Differentiate between the Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft types of society.

Question 75

What were two implications of the British fee system for the operation of jails in the America in the early 17^th century?

Question 76

By the mid-eighteenth century, a number of factors led to major changes in punishment in Europe and the United States. Detail one.

Question 77

What did the English Penitentiary Act of 1779 require?

Question 78

Detail three changes to correctional practices that occurred after Martinson's "nothing works" doctrine went public

Question 79

How did the private industry become involved in corrections in the 1980s?

Question 80

Note the difference between front-door and back-door prison release mechanisms and provide one example for each type.