Deck 15: Emotions, Aggression, and Stress

Question 1

The James-Lange theory of emotion argues that each emotion is produced by

A) perception of a unique bodily change provoked by a stimulus.
B) unique perceptions of the same bodily changes evoked by a stimulus.
C) integration of thoughts and feelings.
D) what has happened externally, which then causes bodily changes.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Refer to the figure.
This sequence of events illustrates

A) a folk psychology explanation for the relationship of emotion to bodily responses.
B) the James-Lange theory.
C) the Cannon-Bard theory.
D) Schachter's cognitive attribution theory.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Evidence that two different emotions can elicit approximately the same autonomic profile supports

A) the James-Lange theory of emotion.
B) the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion.
C) Schachter's cognitive attribution model.
D) the use of polygraphs to detect liars.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The Cannon-Bard theory of emotions would predict that people with severe spinal cord injuries would

A) not experience emotions.
B) experience only intense fear.
C) experience the same emotions that others do.
D) experience emotions through the vascular system.

Question 5

Refer to the figure.
Based on the findings of Schachter's cognitive attribution model, the people shown receiving the injection of epinephrine are likely to report feeling _______ after filling out the form.

A) confused
B) elated
C) annoyed
D) frightened

Question 6

Which individual is likely to feel happiest after receiving a poor mark on an exam?

A) Ayeesha, who recently had Botox treatment to avoid wrinkles
B) Juan, who forces himself to grin and bear it
C) Olive, who buries herself in some serious studying
D) Tori, who puts on a puppy face and asks the professor for a re-take

Question 7

Children classified as "high reactives" as infants are more likely than others to display

A) sensitivity and artistic talent.
B) aggression.
C) autism.
D) shyness.

Question 8

The autonomic response patterns of newborns to stressful stimuli

A) are the same for all newborns.
B) are the same for all children up until one year of age.
C) show individual differences.
D) show cultural differences.

Question 9

According to Lacey and Lacey, emotional responses and various physiological reactions show persistent patterns that are unique to the individual. This characteristic is called

A) autonomic differentiation of emotions.
B) individual response stereotypy.
C) specificity.
D) facial feedback.

Question 10

Longitudinal studies have found that individual response stereotypy in autonomic responses to emotional stimuli

A) is invariant over the life span.
B) changes unpredictably as we age.
C) shows several stereotyped changes at different ages.
D) changes predictably as we mature.

Question 11

People who administer polygraphs claim they are _______% accurate, but impartial research estimates _______% accuracy.

A) 65; 95
B) 95; 65
C) 80; 80
D) 95; 80

Question 12

In his study of facial expressions of nonhuman primates, William Redican argued that the distinctive primate grimace is analogous to human

A) happiness.
B) sadness.
C) fear or surprise.
D) anger.

Question 13

According to Charles Darwin, facial expressions

A) are a uniquely human expression of emotion.
B) are used for communication.
C) vary from culture to culture.
D) are a sexually selected trait.

Question 14

Which gesture is not one of the three types of facial expression that have been identified in nonhuman primates?

A) Nose wrinkle
B) Tense mouth
C) Play face
D) Grimace

Question 15

Paul Ekman and colleagues have proposed the existence of facial expressions for eight emotions that are recognized across all societies. Which emotion is not one of those eight?

A) Contempt
B) Lust
C) Happiness
D) Embarrassment

Question 16

According to Alan J. Fridlund, a major role of facial expression is to

A) relieve pent-up emotions.
B) provide emphasis and direction in conversation.
C) exercise the facial musculature.
D) act as a substitute for verbal expression.

Question 17

Which statement about cross-cultural observations of facial expressions is most true?

A) All facial expressions are interpreted similarly across cultures.
B) Explicit cultural training is needed to interpret facial expressions.
C) Facial expressions are subject to culture-specific display rules.
D) Only the static features of facial expression are culture-invariant.

Question 18

According to some research, the universal properties of facial expressions may be limited by differences in

A) facial muscle dexterity.
B) autonomic arousal.
C) cultural conditioning.
D) peripheral feedback.

Question 19

The _______ facial muscle that wrinkles the forehead and raises the eyebrow is the _______.

A) deep; temporalis
B) superficial; temporalis
C) deep; frontalis
D) superficial; frontalis

Question 20

The facial nerve innervates

A) all the facial muscles.
B) the superficial muscles of facial expression.
C) the muscles that move the jaw.
D) the temporalis muscle only.

Question 21

The _______ nerve controls the muscle that moves the jaw.

A) trochlear
B) facial
C) trigeminal
D) hypoglossal

Question 22

Patients with Bell's palsy

A) cannot move the face voluntarily and therefore cannot display emotion.
B) lose the capacity for spontaneous emotional expression.
C) can show expressions of happiness only.
D) lose control over one side of the facial muscles, resulting in distorted displays of emotion.

Question 23

The frontalis muscle of the right side of the forehead is controlled by

A) the left facial nerve.
B) right-hemisphere motor cortex.
C) the right facial nerve.
D) the right trigeminal nerve.

Question 24

Research using fMRI suggests that feelings of romantic love, as opposed to friendship, are associated with reduced activity of the

A) medial insula and anterior cingulate.
B) pons and cerebellum.
C) olfactory bulb and prepyriform cortex.
D) posterior cingulate and amygdala.

Question 25

The _______ has been identified as a key structure in the mediation of fear conditioning.

A) limbic system
B) amygdala
C) medial forebrain bundle
D) cingulate gyrus

Question 26

Decorticate rage refers to

A) rage observed in animals with small cortical lesions.
B) the diminished rage response of animals whose cortex has been removed.
C) snarling and barking in response to an attack shown by animals whose cortex has been removed.
D) sudden, intense, poorly directed rage provoked by nonaggressive stimuli in animals whose cortex has been removed.

Question 27

Which brain sites are included in the Papez circuit of emotion?

A) Fornix, hippocampus, mammillary bodies, posterior thalamus
B) Anterior thalamus, hippocampus, fornix, nucleus accumbens
C) Cingulate cortex, mammillary bodies, medial forebrain bundle
D) Anterior thalamus, cingulate cortex, hippocampus, fornix

Question 28

Which phenomenon led to the discovery of a reward system in the brain?

A) Klüver-Bucy syndrome
B) Brain self-stimulation
C) Rett syndrome
D) Decorticate rage

Question 29

Primates expressing decreased fear and aggression and increased sexual behavior likely have

A) reduced facial expression, due to bilateral lesions of the temporal lobe and limbic system.
B) Klüver-Bucy syndrome, due to unilateral lesions in the amygdala.
C) Klüver-Bucy syndrome, due to bilateral removal of the limbic system.
D) an abnormal fear of violence, due to bilaterally enlarged amygdalas.

Question 30

People whose facial muscles have become paralyzed tend to experience

A) the same intensity of emotions as before the paralysis.
B) emotions less intensely than they did before the paralysis.
C) more happiness but not more sadness.
D) more sadness but not more happiness.

Question 31

Refer to the figure.
This sequence of images and graphs illustrates the phenomenon of

A) decorticate rage.
B) fear conditioning.
C) brain self-stimulation.
D) Klüver-Bucy syndrome.

Question 32

In fear conditioning, the central nucleus of the amygdala transmits information through the _______ to evoke hormonal responses.

A) bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
B) lateral hypothalamus
C) central (periaqueductal) gray
D) septal nuclei

Question 33

A subject whose medial forebrain bundle has been cut would most likely

A) become unable to feel fear.
B) become unable to experience sadness.
C) feel intense pleasure.
D) cease to demonstrate self-stimulation behavior.

Question 34

A consequence of Derrick's regular use of marijuana might be

A) the inability to feel sad.
B) inappropriate feelings of happiness during a tragic event.
C) the reinforcement of a learned fear or phobia.
D) the extinction of a learned fear or phobia.

Question 35

Typically, human patients with bilateral damage to the amygdala show a marked impairment in the ability to recognize expressions of _______ in other people.

A) pleasure
B) sadness
C) anger
D) fear

Question 36

Fear conditioning in mice causes

A) increases in dendritic spine length.
B) increases in dendritic spine number.
C) decreases in dendritic spine number.
D) decreases in axon growth.

Question 37

Which change is positively correlated with the changes observed in dendritic spines in the cortex of fear-conditioned mice?

A) A decrease in episodes of behavioral freezing
B) An increase in episodes of behavioral freezing
C) An increase in the amount of general movement
D) An increase in the number of times the mouse presses a lever

Question 38

Female mice are most likely display aggression when confronted with

A) a familiar male mouse in a novel environment.
B) a strange male mouse in a novel environment.
C) a strange male mouse in her home cage when she has pups.
D) her partner in their home cage when she has pups.

Question 39

The balance between which two neurotransmitters appears to be important in aggressive responses to stimuli?

A) Acetylcholine and dopamine
B) Glutamate and acetylcholine
C) Glutamate and GABA
D) GABA and serotonin.

Question 40

How might you reduce aggressive behavior in humans?

A) Reduce serotonin levels
B) Administer a GABA agonist
C) Administer a GABA antagonist
D) Administer a dopamine agonist

Question 41

A monkey given a GABA agonist would most likely show

A) increased sadness.
B) decreased calmness.
C) increased aggression.
D) decreased aggression.

Question 42

In men, simply backing the losing team at a football game is sufficient to

A) decrease circulating testosterone levels.
B) increase circulating cortisol levels.
C) decrease serotonin levels.
D) increase circulating testosterone levels.

Question 43

The relationship between testosterone and aggression is

A) consistent across all species.
B) also found in Drosophila.
C) ambiguous in all species except humans.
D) inconsistent in humans.

Question 44

Which transmitter has been especially implicated in the control of aggression?

A) Acetylcholine
B) Substance P
C) Serotonin
D) Dopamine

Question 45

Optogenetically stimulating neurons in the VMH of male mice causes which of the following behaviors?

A) The male mouse would mount a receptive female.
B) The male mouse would attack a receptive female.
C) The male mouse would lose all interest in a receptive female.
D) The male mouse would become fearful.

Question 46

If you wanted to study aggression in mice, you might look at ways to manipulate the activity of the

A) superchiasmatic nucleus.
B) ventromedial hypothalamus.
C) medial amygdala.
D) hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.

Question 47

One role of the medial amygdala in male mice is to

A) analyze olfactory and pheromonal information.
B) generate a fear response.
C) alter the daily variation in aggression.
D) alter the peptide levels associated with aggression.

Question 48

If you wanted to set up an experiment to reduce maternal aggression, you might try which of the following techniques?

A) Stimulate the medial amygdala.
B) Lesion the ventromedial hypothalamus.
C) Stimulate the ventromedial hypothalamus.
D) Lesion the medial suprachiasmatic nucleus.

Question 49

Which of the following CNS regions play a role in maternal aggression?

A) The amygdala
B) The septum
C) The anterior pituitary
D) The ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)

Question 50

According to the controversial hypothesis of Mark and Ervin, some human violence is

A) related to temporal lobe disorders.
B) socially inspired and shaped.
C) related to the XXY chromosome pattern.
D) resistant to surgical intervention.

Question 51

Diminished cerebrospinal concentrations of serotonin metabolites are correlated with

A) positive emotions.
B) aggression and violence.
C) profound fear.
D) diminished aggressive behavior.

Question 52

Imaging studies have shown which of the following responses in individuals with psychopathic tendencies?

A) A greater response to words connotating violence with a reduced response to aversive cues associated with fear conditioning.
B) A reduced response to words connotating violence but an increased response to aversive cues associated with fear conditioning.
C) A reduced response to words connotating violence with a similarly reduced response to aversive cues associated with fear conditioning.
D) A greater response to words connotating violence with a similarly greater response to aversive cues associated with fear conditioning.

Question 53

Reduction in size and activity of which CNS region might help explain some of the psychopathic behavioral tendencies?

A) The prefrontal cortex
B) The ventromedial hypothalamus
C) The lateral amygdala
D) The lateral hypothalamus

Question 54

Hans Selye called the initial response to stress the

A) general adaptation syndrome.
B) alarm reaction.
C) resistance stage.
D) hormonal phase.

Question 55

In a classic study by Ursin et al., hormonal responses to stress was studied in a group of Norwegian military during parachute training. What did the results show during training?

A) In the beginning, cortisol levels were high before each jump but these declined over time; testosterone was initially low but then returned to normal.
B) In the beginning, cortisol levels were low before each jump but these increased over time; testosterone was initially high but then returned to normal.
C) In the beginning, cortisol levels were low before each jump but these increased over time; testosterone was also low initially but then returned to normal.
D) In the beginning, cortisol levels were high before each jump but these increased over time; testosterone was initially high but then returned to normal.

Question 56

Which person would likely have the mildest symptoms after being exposed to a virus?

A) Hiroki, who has just had a fight with her mom
B) Bruce, who has just moved to a new school
C) Selena, who knows lots of people but keeps to herself
D) Fred, who always looks at the bright side of every situation

Question 57

Epigenetic regulation represents a change in

A) the expression of a gene.
B) the encoding of a gene.
C) both the expression and encoding of a gene.
D) neither the expression nor the encoding of a gene.

Question 58

Epigenetic changes in the expression of the adrenal steroid receptor have been observed in people

A) who commit suicide with no history of early neglect.
B) who commit suicide with or without a history of early neglect.
C) who commit suicide but only with a history of early neglect.
D) with psychopathic characteristics.

Question 59

Pups that receive increased levels of licking and grooming by their mother as pups show

A) increased responses to stress as adults.
B) decreased responses to stress as adults.
C) no change in response to stress as adults.
D) increased aggression as adults.

Question 60

Rat pups deprived from maternal care for long periods show which of the following?

A) Greater stress response as adulthood
B) Reduced stress response as adulthood
C) Improved maze learning as adulthood
D) Increased hippocampal neurogenesis in adulthood

Question 61

The theory of stress _______ holds that early stressful experiences may lead to reduced susceptibility to stress in adulthood.

A) tolerance
B) sensitization
C) immunization
D) habituation

Question 62

Stress in early life can cause long-term consequences due to

A) epigenetic changes in gene expression.
B) epigenetic changes in gene sequences.
C) mutations in gene sequences.
D) damage to steroid receptors.

Question 63

The nervous system influences elements of the immune system via sympathetic fibers using the neurotransmitter

A) serotonin.
B) norepinephrine.
C) dopamine.
D) nitric oxide.

Question 64

One of the ways the brain influences the immune system is through the

A) dorsal root ganglia.
B) spinal cord.
C) autonomic nervous system.
D) gastric tract.

Question 65

Adrenal steroid hormones affect the immune system by

A) encouraging the proliferation of lymphocytes.
B) enhancing its responsiveness.
C) inhibiting the proliferation of lymphocytes.
D) inhibiting the thymus gland.

Question 66

Stressful periods in life produce a(n)

A) increase in killer t-cell activity.
B) decline in killer- t cell activity.
C) decrease in adrenal steroid hormones.
D) increase in GABA transmission.

Question 67

A specialist in the health psychology field would be most concerned with a patient who is

A) 50 and cares for a mildly intellectually impaired child.
B) 60 and has a rewarding career in business.
C) 65, healthy, single, and has decided to use his retirement to just relax.
D) 70 and has new grandchildren she plans to babysit three days a week.

Question 68

Most of the associations between personality type and disease can be attributed to

A) high competitive drive.
B) submission to authority.
C) impatience.
D) hostility.

Question 69

With increased levels of adrenal steroid hormones, the response of the immune system to pathogens such as viruses is

A) inhibited.
B) enhanced.
C) unchanged.
D) affected slightly.

Question 70

Refer to the figure.
The sequence of events shown in this diagram illustrate the ______ theory.

Question 71

Refer to the figure.
Based on the findings of Schachter's cognitive attribution model, the people shown receiving the injection of epinephrine are likely to report feeling _______ after filling out the form.

Question 72

About _______% of infants respond strongly to being touched by an alcohol-soaked cotton ball, and later in life such children appear to be more likely to exhibit _______.

Question 73

Studies of facial expression among nonhuman primates have led researchers to propose that "tense mouth" is analogous to the expression of _______ in humans.

Question 74

The _______ nerve innervates the superficial muscles employed in facial expression.

Question 75

The structures of the Papez circuit of emotion are primarily parts of the _______ system.

Question 76

The medial forebrain bundle contains many sites that reward _______ behaviors.

Question 77

Sensory information about a fearful stimulus reaches the _______ nucleus of the amygdala first.

Question 78

In rats, lesions of the _______ nucleus of the amygdala inhibit blood pressure increases and constrain freezing behavior in response to conditioned fearful stimuli.

Question 79

During fear conditioning, _______ are eliminated when a tone is paired with an electric shock, but they do not change when the two stimuli are not paired.

Question 80

Drugs that enhance GABA transmission generally _______ aggressive behavior in humans.