Deck 8: Constructing and Reacting to Cybercrime: Labeling and Moral Panics

Question 1

A(n) ___________ is an individual who gains unauthorized access to a system for malicious reasons with the intention of causing harm.

A) black hat hacker
B) ethical hacker
C) white hat hacker
D) grey hat hacker
E) elite hacker

Answer 1

A

Question 2

A(n) ___________ is one that gains authorized access to a system to determine weaknesses and inform the owner, operator, or employer responsible for the system about these vulnerabilities, potentially along with suggestions on how to deal with them.

A) black hat hacker
B) ethical hacker
C) white hat hacker
D) grey hat hacker
E) both B and C

Answer 2

E

Question 3

A(n) ___________ is innovative and has the technical acumen needed to exploit and manipulate systems.

A) elite hacker
B) ethical hacker
C) white hat hacker
D) script kiddie
E) grey hat hacker

Answer 3

A

Question 4

A(n) ___________ engages in hacking by utilizing the tools provided by other hackers; this person does not understand or study computer programming and the tools he or she uses to engage in hacking and other illicit activities.

A) elite hacker
B) ethical hacker
C) white hat hacker
D) script kiddie
E) grey hat hacker

Question 5

Who does not play a key role in a moral panic?

A) Criminal justice agents
B) The media
C) The public
D) Politicians
E) Businesses

Question 6

Moral entrepreneurs can be _______________.

A) rule creators
B) rule enforcers
C) others
D) folk devils
E) both A and B

Question 7

Sensationalized media reports draw attention to an issue and an individual or group; the individuals who are the target of this attention become isolated from society; and this ultimately leads to a greater identification of these individuals with one another, which, in turn, fosters and cultivates deviance and criminality. This process is known as _____________.

A) defiance amplification
B) security spiral
C) signification spirals
D) signification amplification
E) none of the above

Question 8

Which of the following is not a key attribute of a moral panic?

A) Concern
B) Hostility
C) Disproportionality
D) Proportionality
E) Volatility

Question 9

Which of the following laws was struck down (or at the very least a portion of the law was struck down) by the U.S. Supreme Court as unconstitutional?

A) Communications of Decency Act of 1996
B) Child Online Protection Act of 1998
C) Children's Internet Protection Act of 2000
D) Both A and B
E) All of the above

Question 10

Which of the following laws limited youths' access to online games in South Korea in an effort to stem what was viewed as a widespread Internet gaming addiction that was believed to develop during childhood?

A) Juvenile Protection Act of 2011
B) Shutdown Law of 2011
C) Cinderella law
D) Both B and C
E) All of the above

Question 11

_________ examines deviant and criminal taxonomies and how they shape individual identities and influence behavior.

Question 12

_________ explains human behavior as facilitated by symbols whose meanings are derived from and interpretations are modified by social interactions with others.

Question 13

_______ holds that individuals may react to sanctions by defying them if the sanctions are viewed as unjust, which ultimately leads to an increase rather than a decrease in crime.

Question 14

_______ is a school of thought that seeks to shed light on the meanings of individuals' actions by focusing on how individuals understand, process, interpret, and respond to objects and events.

Question 15

_______ is a positive or negative belief that ultimately materializes because it is believed to be true.

Question 16

_______ is theory positing that labels of deviancy ascribed to individuals by society increase rather than decrease deviant or criminal behavior.

Question 17

________ holds that individuals believe that the issues on which the media focuses are the most important.

Question 18

________ posits that the manner in which the media organizes and presents the news influences and colors individuals' perception of issues and informs them about what issues people should focus on.

Question 19

________ is a hyperbolic concern and emotional reaction to incidents viewed as threats to the social order because of overblown and exaggerated media reports and reactions to them by politicians, policy makers, lawmakers, and agents of the criminal justice system.

Question 20

_______ seek to influence a target to adapt a behavior and to enforce rules concerning that behavior.

Question 21

Primary deviance includes acts committed because of the deviant label and societal responses to the deviant act.

Question 22

Script kiddies have also been labeled point-and-clickers.

Question 23

Reintegrative shaming can serve as a way to repair the harm done by the offender to society.

Question 24

Moral panics are characterized by overreactions by criminal justice agents.

Question 25

A grey hat hacker does not fit the black hat or white hat hacker label, falling instead somewhere in between.

Question 26

Deviancy amplification is a term coined by Leslie Wilkins.

Question 27

Stanley Cohen and Jock Young identified two models of media reporting: the market model and the manipulative model.

Question 28

The threat inducing a moral panic is a unique occurrence and not a threat that has existed for some time.

Question 29

A moral panic involves a real threat.

Question 30

Real social issues can be adequately dealt with using online shaming.