Deck 14: Introduction to Biochemistry

Question 1

What were the first alterations of genetic traits in plants that were affected by humans?

A)Wild seeds were planted.
B)The seeds from larger, more rugged plants were constantly used.
C)The first corn was grown.
D)Faster growing plants were developed from specific seeds.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Why was modern agriculture able to meet the demand for more food in the last two decades?

A)Through the use of pesticides
B)Through the use of insecticides
C)Because synthetic fertilizers were used
D)All of the above

Answer 2

D

Question 3

What does the term "genetically modified" mean, in terms of crop plants?

A)The genes in a plant are altered, and then the plant is grown to see what the mature crop's traits are.
B)One gene in a plant is changed, and then the plant is grown to maturity.
C)An identified gene is optimized in a plant.
D)An identified gene from one plant is inserted into another.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Waxes, fats, and oils are all considered part of what class of biological molecules?

A)Fatty acids
B)Waxy acids
C)Lipids
D)All of the above

Question 5

Which of the following are components of the average fingerprint?

A)Water
B)Organic acids
C)Inorganic ions
D)All of the above

Question 6

Which of the following are inorganic ions found in fingerprints?

A)Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺
B)Na⁺, K⁺, Ca⁺
C)K⁺, Cl^-, Mg⁺
D)None of the above

Question 7

Plant and animal waxes can be broken down into what two components?

A)A fatty acid and an inorganic ion
B)A fatty acid and a semi-solid
C)An alcohol and an oil
D)An alcohol and a fatty acid

Question 8

What do linoleic acid and stearic acid have in common that oleic acids does not?

A)The first two are both straight-chain fatty acids.
B)The first two are both fatty acids containing at least one double bond.
C)They are both fatty acids, while oleic acid is actually a wax, despite its name.
D)None of the above.

Question 9

How does the lack of any C=C double bonds affect the shape of a fatty acid?

A)It tends to make the fatty acid shorter.
B)It tends to make the fatty acid curve, but subtly.
C)The fatty acid tends to be straight.
D)It has no effect.

Question 10

As a minimum, how many double bonds must be present in a lipid for it to be considered a saturated molecule?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)None of the above

Question 11

When were fingerprints first introduced in a court case?

A)1838
B)1883
C)1981
D)1891

Question 12

What compounds are included in the class of materials known as lipids?

A)Oils and fats
B)Waxes
C)Both of the above
D)None of the above

Question 13

How is a triglyceride made?

A)By combining a glycerol molecule with three fatty acid molecules
B)By combining a glycerol molecule with a fatty acid molecule
C)By combining a fatty acid molecule with three glycerol molecules
D)None of the above

Question 14

What do oils contain that fats do not?

A)Higher melting points
B)One or more carbon-carbon single bonds
C)All single carbon-carbon bonds
D)One or more carbon-carbon double bonds

Question 15

How does one double bond affect the shape of a fatty acid?

A)It makes the molecule longer.
B)It causes a bend in the molecule.
C)It straightens the molecule.
D)It has no effect on the shape.

Question 16

How many carbon atoms are in stearic acid?

A)18
B)16
C)14
D)12

Question 17

Arachidic acid contains how many carbon atoms in its chain?

A)14
B)16
C)18
D)20

Question 18

What effect does a bend in a fatty acid have upon the melting point of the compound, and why?

A)It raises the melting point because intermolecular forces are decreased.
B)It lowers the melting point because intermolecular forces are increased.
C)It lowers the melting point because intermolecular forces are decreased.
D)It raises the melting point because intermolecular forces are increased.

Question 19

Lipids that are referred to as "saturated" have what in common?

A)All single bonds between carbon atoms
B)One double bond between carbon atoms in the lipid
C)Multiple double bonds between carbon atoms in the lipid
D)Low melting points

Question 20

The fats, waxes, and oils produced by a person's body and deposited on a surface as a fingerprint form the basis of several methods of fingerprint identification.

Question 21

What is another term for a carbohydrate?

A)Saccharin
B)Saccharide
C)Disaccharide
D)Sac-o-ten

Question 22

To what does the common term "sugar" apply?

A)Monosaccharides
B)Disaccharides
C)Both of the above
D)None of the above

Question 23

How many sugars must be linked together for a molecule to be classified as a polysaccharide?

A)10-25
B)25-50
C)Hundreds-thousands
D)Thousands-millions

Question 24

Which of the following can be utilized as a broad definition of a carbohydrate?

A)A polymer of sugar monomers
B)A polymer made of fatty acid molecules
C)An oligosaccharide
D)A monosaccharide

Question 25

Which of the following are six-membered ring monosaccharides?

A)Glucose
B)Fructose
C)Galactose
D)Glucose and galactose

Question 26

What do fructose, ribose, and deoxyribose all have in common?

A)They are all five-membered ring monosaccharides.
B)They are all six-membered ring monosaccharides.
C)They are all ionic-linked monosaccharides.
D)They are all five-membered ring disaccharides.

Question 27

What is the major, structural, molecular difference between cellulose and starch?

A)Humans can digest starch, but not cellulose.
B)Humans can digest cellulose, but not starch.
C)Cellulose units link in a linear manner, while starch links in an angular way.
D)Starch units link in a linear manner, while cellulose links in an angular way.

Question 28

What monosaccharide units make up both starch and cellulose?

A)Ribose
B)Arabinose
C)Fructose
D)Glucose

Question 29

Why is cellulose sometimes called dietary fiber?

A)Because people can digest it easily
B)Because people cannot digest it at all
C)Because people can digest it with water
D)Because people cannot digest it with water

Question 30

Why are carbohydrates considered less polar than lipids?

A)Because carbohydrates have stronger intermolecular forces than lipids
B)Because lipids have more -OH groups than carbohydrates
C)Because lipids are generally cyclic molecules
D)None of the above; carbohydrates are considered more polar than lipids.

Question 31

A molecule that is classified as a disaccharide is also referred to as a simple sugar.

Question 32

How can deoxyribose be classified?

A)As a monosaccharide
B)As a sugar
C)Both of the above
D)None of the above

Question 33

What type of polysaccharide is used as an energy source for human and animal bodies?

A)Starch
B)Cellulose
C)Glucose
D)Mono- and disaccharides

Question 34

How does cellulose absorb water in the body?

A)Through absorption via the intestinal tract
B)Through extensive hydrogen bonding
C)Both a and b are correct.
D)None of the above; cellulose does not absorb water from the body.

Question 35

What controls the secondary structure of the alpha-helical and beta-pleated sheet forms of proteins?

A)Van der Waals forces
B)Hydrogen bonding
C)Di-sulfide linkages
D)C-C covalent bonds

Question 36

Proteins are composed of what type of small molecules?

A)Carbohydrates
B)Oils
C)Lipids
D)None of the above

Question 37

Glycine, alanine, and aspartic acid are all examples of what kind of molecules?

A)Fatty acids
B)Amino acids
C)Proteins
D)Carbohydrates

Question 38

What do histidine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine all have in common?

A)They are all amino acids.
B)They all contain a cyclic side chain.
C)They are all monomers in proteins.
D)All of the above

Question 39

What are the sources of the fibers that are used in clothing?

A)Vegetables such as cotton
B)Animal sources such as wool and silk
C)Synthetic polymers such as nylon or rayon
D)All of the above

Question 40

What is an amino acid?

A)An organic molecule that is part of a carbohydrate
B)An organic molecule with a carboxylic acid end
C)An organic molecule with an amine end
D)An organic molecule with an amine end and a carboxylic acid end

Question 41

What does the abbreviation "Asn" stand for?

A)Alanine
B)Asparagine
C)Asinine
D)Aspartic acid

Question 42

In Chapter 8 you learned about stereoisomers. Which is the only naturally occurring amino acid that does not have the possibility of existing as two stereoisomers?

A)Glycine
B)Isoleucine
C)Proline
D)Methionine

Question 43

"Gly" stands for what?

A)Glutamic acid
B)Glycine
C)Leucine
D)Lysine

Question 44

Which amino acid does the abbreviation "Lys" represent?

A)Lysine
B)Leucine
C)Isoleucine
D)Glycine

Question 45

Which carbon atom of an amino acid is a stereoisomer in 19 out of 20 cases?

A)The carbon of the carboxylic acid
B)Any carbon on the organic group
C)The carbon between the carboxylic acid and the amine
D)None of the above

Question 46

What is a unit made of 20-50 amino acids called?

A)An oligopeptide
B)A polysaccharide
C)A polypeptide
D)An oligosaccharide

Question 47

Where in the cell is the blueprint for each protein encoded?

A)The DNA
B)The mitochondria
C)The RNA
D)The organelles

Question 48

What amino acid sequence is made from the following: Ala-Gly-Lys?

A)Alanine, glycine, leucine
B)Alanine, glycine, lysine
C)Analine, glutamine, lysine
D)Alanine, glutamine, lysine

Question 49

What amino acid sequence does Leu-Glu-Lys represent?

A)Lysine, glutamic acid, leucine
B)Leucine, glutamic acid, lysine
C)Leucine, glutamine, lysine
D)Lysine, glutamine, leucine

Question 50

What is keratin, and from what is it made?

A)Animal hair, made from protein
B)Vegetable fiber, made from protein
C)Animal hair, made from polysaccharides
D)Vegetable fiber, made from polysaccharides

Question 51

Alpha helices and pleated sheets are examples of what?

A)Polysaccharide linkages
B)Nucleic acid sequences
C)Primary amino acid structures
D)Folded protein sequences

Question 52

What creates the distinctive shape in a pleated sheet?

A)Induced dipole bonding within an amino acid chain
B)Induced dipole bonding between chains
C)Hydrogen bonding between adjacent chains
D)Hydrogen bonding within an amino acid chain

Question 53

What type of secondary structure does the protein hemoglobin contain?

A)Alpha helices
B)Pleated sheets
C)Proline turns
D)Non-specific sequencing

Question 54

When more than one subunit join to form a larger protein, what is the final structure considered?

A)A primary sequence
B)A secondary structure
C)A tertiary structure
D)A quaternary structure

Question 55

What type of protein bonding causes curls in hair?

A)Hydrogen bonding
B)Hydrogen bonding and disulfide linkages
C)Disulfide linkages
D)Pleated sheets

Question 56

What are attractions between large, non-polar, functional groups called?

A)Hydrophobic attractions
B)Hydrogen bonding
C)Disulfide linkages
D)Hydrophilic attractions

Question 57

In what shape do multiple hydrogen bonds hold DNA?

A)An alpha helix
B)A double helix
C)A pleated sheet
D)A helix

Question 58

What makes the backbone of DNA?

A)Nucleic acids
B)Phosphoric acid
C)Deoxyribose sugar
D)Phosphoric acid and deoxyribose sugar

Question 59

Of the four natural nucleic acids, what does "T" stand for?

A)Adenine
B)Cytosine
C)Thymine
D)Guanine

Question 60

What does "A" stand for among the four natural nucleic acids?

A)Adenine
B)Cytosine
C)Thymine
D)Guanine

Question 61

What is the representation for guanine?

A)Glu
B)Gln
C)G
D)Gly

Question 62

To what does cytosine always bond, among the amino acids?

A)Adenine
B)Cytosine
C)Thymine
D)Guanine

Question 63

Thymine always bonds to what other nucleic acid?

A)Adenine
B)Cytosine
C)Thymine
D)Guanine

Question 64

What would be a complementary strand of DNA for C-G-G-T-C-A?

A)C-G-G-A-G-T
B)G-C-C-A-G-T
C)G-C-C-T-G-A
D)C-G-G-A-C-T

Question 65

What is the complementary strand of DNA for T-G-G-T-C-A-G?

A)A-C-C-A-G-T-C
B)C-C-A-G-T-C-A
C)C-A-C-C-A-G-T
D)C-A-A-G-T-C-G

Question 66

What complementary DNA strand can be made from T-T-A-C-G?

A)C-C-G-T-A
B)A-A-T-G-C
C)G-G-C-T-A
D)None of these is the complementary strand.

Question 67

What strand of DNA is complementary to C-C-T-A-G?

A)G-G-A-A-C
B)G-C-A-T-C
C)G-G-A-T-T
D)None of these is complementary.

Question 68

How long would the DNA of a single cell be if it were extracted and extended to its full length?

A)1 meter
B)1 centimeter
C)1 millimeter
D)1 kilometer

Question 69

C-T-A-C-G is complementary to what DNA strand?

A)G-A-T-G-C
B)G-A-T-G-G
C)C-A-T-G-C
D)G-A-T-C-C

Question 70

What does a codon store?

A)The information for DNA
B)The information for a nucleic acid
C)The information for an amino acid
D)The information for a 3-base-pair sequence

Question 71

CGC is a codon for what amino acid?

A)Arginine
B)Glycine
C)Aspartate
D)Alanine

Question 72

What amino acid is coded for by the sequence GGC?

A)Arginine
B)Glutamate
C)Glycine
D)Histidine

Question 73

$\begin{array}{l}\text { TABLE 14.2 Nucleotide Code for Selected Amino Acids }\\\begin{array}{|lc|}\hline \text { Amino Acid } \quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad& \text { Nucleotide Sequence } \\\hline \text { Alanine (Ala) } & \text { GCC } \\\text { Arginine (Arg) } & \text { CGC } \\\text { Asparagine (Asn) } & \text { AAC } \\\text { Aspartate (Asp) } & \text { GAC } \\\text { Glutamine (Gln) } & \text { CAA } \\\text { Glutamate (Glu) } & \text { GAA } \\\text { Glycine (Gly) } & \text { GGC } \\\text { Histidine (His) } & \text { CAC } \\\text { Lysine (Lys) } & \text { AAA } \\\text { Proline (Pro) } & \text { CCC } \\\text { Threonine (Thr) } & \text { ACC } \\\hline\end{array}\end{array}$

-Table 2 in Chapter 14 indicates that the nucleotide sequence AAT codes for what amino acid?

A)Alanine
B)Glycine
C)Lysine
D)None in Table 2

Question 74

$\begin{array}{l}\text { TABLE 14.2 Nucleotide Code for Selected Amino Acids }\\\begin{array}{|lc|}\hline \text { Amino Acid } \quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad& \text { Nucleotide Sequence } \\\hline \text { Alanine (Ala) } & \text { GCC } \\\text { Arginine (Arg) } & \text { CGC } \\\text { Asparagine (Asn) } & \text { AAC } \\\text { Aspartate (Asp) } & \text { GAC } \\\text { Glutamine (Gln) } & \text { CAA } \\\text { Glutamate (Glu) } & \text { GAA } \\\text { Glycine (Gly) } & \text { GGC } \\\text { Histidine (His) } & \text { CAC } \\\text { Lysine (Lys) } & \text { AAA } \\\text { Proline (Pro) } & \text { CCC } \\\text { Threonine (Thr) } & \text { ACC } \\\hline\end{array}\end{array}$

-What is the codon for alanine?

A)CGC
B)GGC
C)GAA
D)GCC

Question 75

$\begin{array}{l}\text { TABLE 14.2 Nucleotide Code for Selected Amino Acids }\\\begin{array}{|lc|}\hline \text { Amino Acid } \quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad& \text { Nucleotide Sequence } \\\hline \text { Alanine (Ala) } & \text { GCC } \\\text { Arginine (Arg) } & \text { CGC } \\\text { Asparagine (Asn) } & \text { AAC } \\\text { Aspartate (Asp) } & \text { GAC } \\\text { Glutamine (Gln) } & \text { CAA } \\\text { Glutamate (Glu) } & \text { GAA } \\\text { Glycine (Gly) } & \text { GGC } \\\text { Histidine (His) } & \text { CAC } \\\text { Lysine (Lys) } & \text { AAA } \\\text { Proline (Pro) } & \text { CCC } \\\text { Threonine (Thr) } & \text { ACC } \\\hline\end{array}\end{array}$

-AAC codes for what amino acid?

A)Glycine
B)Asparagine
C)Alanine
D)Aspartate

Question 76

$\begin{array}{l}\text { TABLE 14.2 Nucleotide Code for Selected Amino Acids }\\\begin{array}{|lc|}\hline \text { Amino Acid } \quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad& \text { Nucleotide Sequence } \\\hline \text { Alanine (Ala) } & \text { GCC } \\\text { Arginine (Arg) } & \text { CGC } \\\text { Asparagine (Asn) } & \text { AAC } \\\text { Aspartate (Asp) } & \text { GAC } \\\text { Glutamine (Gln) } & \text { CAA } \\\text { Glutamate (Glu) } & \text { GAA } \\\text { Glycine (Gly) } & \text { GGC } \\\text { Histidine (His) } & \text { CAC } \\\text { Lysine (Lys) } & \text { AAA } \\\text { Proline (Pro) } & \text { CCC } \\\text { Threonine (Thr) } & \text { ACC } \\\hline\end{array}\end{array}$

-What amino acid sequence is coded for by the nucleotide sequence GACGGCAAAGCC?

A)Asparagine-glycine-lysine-alanine
B)Aspartate-glycine-histidine-alanine
C)Aspartate-glycine-lysine-alanine
D)Aspartate-glycine-lysine-glycine

Question 77

$\begin{array}{l}\text { TABLE 14.2 Nucleotide Code for Selected Amino Acids }\\\begin{array}{|lc|}\hline \text { Amino Acid } \quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad& \text { Nucleotide Sequence } \\\hline \text { Alanine (Ala) } & \text { GCC } \\\text { Arginine (Arg) } & \text { CGC } \\\text { Asparagine (Asn) } & \text { AAC } \\\text { Aspartate (Asp) } & \text { GAC } \\\text { Glutamine (Gln) } & \text { CAA } \\\text { Glutamate (Glu) } & \text { GAA } \\\text { Glycine (Gly) } & \text { GGC } \\\text { Histidine (His) } & \text { CAC } \\\text { Lysine (Lys) } & \text { AAA } \\\text { Proline (Pro) } & \text { CCC } \\\text { Threonine (Thr) } & \text { ACC } \\\hline\end{array}\end{array}$

-The nucleotide sequence CCCAAAGAA codes for what amino acids?

A)Proline-lysine-glutamate
B)Proline-lysine-glutamine
C)Arginine-lysine-glutamate
D)Glycine-lysine-glutamate

Question 78

$\begin{array}{l}\text { TABLE 14.2 Nucleotide Code for Selected Amino Acids }\\\begin{array}{|lc|}\hline \text { Amino Acid } \quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad& \text { Nucleotide Sequence } \\\hline \text { Alanine (Ala) } & \text { GCC } \\\text { Arginine (Arg) } & \text { CGC } \\\text { Asparagine (Asn) } & \text { AAC } \\\text { Aspartate (Asp) } & \text { GAC } \\\text { Glutamine (Gln) } & \text { CAA } \\\text { Glutamate (Glu) } & \text { GAA } \\\text { Glycine (Gly) } & \text { GGC } \\\text { Histidine (His) } & \text { CAC } \\\text { Lysine (Lys) } & \text { AAA } \\\text { Proline (Pro) } & \text { CCC } \\\text { Threonine (Thr) } & \text { ACC } \\\hline\end{array}\end{array}$

-What amino acid sequence is coded for by CACAAC?

A)His-Arg
B)Asp-Arg
C)Ala-His
D)His-Ala

Question 79

$\begin{array}{l}\text { TABLE 14.2 Nucleotide Code for Selected Amino Acids }\\\begin{array}{|lc|}\hline \text { Amino Acid } \quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad& \text { Nucleotide Sequence } \\\hline \text { Alanine (Ala) } & \text { GCC } \\\text { Arginine (Arg) } & \text { CGC } \\\text { Asparagine (Asn) } & \text { AAC } \\\text { Aspartate (Asp) } & \text { GAC } \\\text { Glutamine (Gln) } & \text { CAA } \\\text { Glutamate (Glu) } & \text { GAA } \\\text { Glycine (Gly) } & \text { GGC } \\\text { Histidine (His) } & \text { CAC } \\\text { Lysine (Lys) } & \text { AAA } \\\text { Proline (Pro) } & \text { CCC } \\\text { Threonine (Thr) } & \text { ACC } \\\hline\end{array}\end{array}$

-What is the nucleotide sequence for Gly-His-Lys?

A)GGCCACCAA
B)GCCCACAAA
C)GGCAACAAA
D)GGCCACAAA

Question 80

$\begin{array}{l}\text { TABLE 14.2 Nucleotide Code for Selected Amino Acids }\\\begin{array}{|lc|}\hline \text { Amino Acid } \quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad& \text { Nucleotide Sequence } \\\hline \text { Alanine (Ala) } & \text { GCC } \\\text { Arginine (Arg) } & \text { CGC } \\\text { Asparagine (Asn) } & \text { AAC } \\\text { Aspartate (Asp) } & \text { GAC } \\\text { Glutamine (Gln) } & \text { CAA } \\\text { Glutamate (Glu) } & \text { GAA } \\\text { Glycine (Gly) } & \text { GGC } \\\text { Histidine (His) } & \text { CAC } \\\text { Lysine (Lys) } & \text { AAA } \\\text { Proline (Pro) } & \text { CCC } \\\text { Threonine (Thr) } & \text { ACC } \\\hline\end{array}\end{array}$

-Gly-Pro-Ala is represented by what codons?

A)GGGCCCGCC
B)GGCCCCGCC
C)GCCCCCGCC
D)GGCCCCGGC