Deck 9: Recurring Victimization

Question 1

Which of the following are examples of crime concentration?

A) Risky facilities.
B) Hot products.
C) Recurring victimization.
D) Hot spots.
E) None of the above.
F) All of the above are examples of crime concentration.

Answer 1

F

Question 2

Recurrent victimization comprises a small portion of individuals who are victimized and who experience a small proportion of all victimization incidents.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Recurring victimization is when the same individual or his or her property is victimized two or more times; it is divided into several categories depending on (1) the __________ of victimization and (2) the ____________ between victimizations..

A) Frequency; physical distance.
B) Severity; degree of recovery.
C) Type; time elapsed.
D) Duration; quality of life.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Repeat victimization is when a victim experiences _____________.

A) The same type of victimization two or more times within a specified period.
B) A single form of victimization at multiple stages of the life course.
C) Different types of victimization over the course of several years.
D) One type of victimization at the hand of multiple offenders.
E) None of the above.

Question 5

Revictimization is when a victim experiences _____________.

A) Recurring flashbacks of an earlier victimization.
B) Multiple types of victimization in a single day.
C) The same type of victimization more than once within a short time period.
D) A type of victimization at one point in life and the same or a different type of victimization at another point in life.

Question 6

Multiple victimization differs from repeat victimization because it _____________.

A) Occurs within a short time period.
B) Does not involve the same type of victimization.
C) Involves the same offender.
D) Occurs during childhood.
E) All of the above are differences between multiple and repeat victimization.

Question 7

Polyvictimization is similar to multiple victimization, except that it has been used to refer to the victimization of _________.

A) Minors (children and adolescents).
B) Elders.
C) Males.
D) The homeless.
E) Institutionalized persons.

Question 8

Which of the following is not likely to be a type of series victimization?

A) Stalking.
B) Rape and sexual assault.
C) Elder abuse.
D) Intimate partner violence.
E) Child abuse.
F) All of the above are likely types of series victimization.

Question 9

One explanation of near repeat victimizations is that ____________ victimized targets increases victimization risks for nearby targets.

A) Low self-control of.
B) Guardianship of.
C) Proximity to.
D) Distance from.
E) Management of.

Question 10

Targets of virtual repeat victimization are chosen by offenders because, compared to previously victimized targets, they have _____________.

A) Similar characteristics.
B) Higher income levels.
C) Lower self-control.
D) More valuable goods.
E) A and B
F) C and D

Question 11

Research on repeat, near repeat, and virtual repeat victimization suggests that often the same offender has targeted previously victimized, nearby, or similar targets.

Question 12

Which of the following findings have consistently been reported regarding the time course of repeat victimization?

A) The period of heightened risk of subsequent victimization dissipates over time.
B) After an initial victimization, a subsequent victimization is less likely to involve a different offender.
C) When a repeat victimization occurs, it is likely to be soon after the first incident of victimization.
D) Adoption of crime prevention measures is likely to occur after an initial victimization incident.
E) A and C
F) B and D

Question 13

Which of the following is not hypothesized as a reason for heightened risk of burglary victimization following an initial incident?

A) The residence possesses characteristics that make it an attractive target for victimization.
B) The residents are frequently away from the residence, reducing their guardianship abilities.
C) The initial offenders share information with their criminal associates about remaining opportunities.
D) The same offenders return to their previous targets.

Question 14

Subsequent victimization will typically occur soon after the first victimization incident. A challenge for victimologists is _____________.

A) Analyzing official crime data to form hypotheses about recurring victimization.
B) Determining which target will experience the subsequent victimization.
C) Apprehending the offender before s/he can victimize the target again.
D) Anticipating which type of victimization the subsequent incident will be.
E) None of the above.

Question 15

Which of the following are patterns indicated by research using crime-switch matrixes?

A) The majority of offenders do not commit the same type of crime repeatedly.
B) Victims who experience more than one type of crime also adopt more crime prevention strategies.
C) Crime switching does occur, but it is a relatively rare phenomenon.
D) Most recurrent victims experience the same type of victimization they experienced in the subsequent incident.
E) A and B
F) C and D

Question 16

State dependence theory is defined as follows.

A) Victimization at one stage of the life course is related to victimization at later stages.
B) Being victimized increases a target's chances of being victimized a subsequent time.
C) One incident of victimization affects one's quality of life.
D) Victims and offenders both exhibit low self-control, which remains stable over time.

Question 17

According to the risk heterogeneity theory, certain victims possess characteristics that increase their risk for both _____________ and ____________.

A) Exposure to risk; proximity to offenders.
B) Reduced guardianship; increased target hardening.
C) An initial victimization; subsequent victimization.
D) Weight gain; hair loss.
E) None of the above.

Question 18

Which of the following is not a dimension of risk heterogeneity from the perspective of lifestyles-routine activities theory?

A) Exposure to crime.
B) Capable guardianship.
C) Proximity to motivated offenders.
D) Target suitability.
E) All of the above are dimensions of risk heterogeneity.

Question 19

Rational choice theorists would explain recurring victimization by arguing that _____________.

A) Offenders will be likely to reoffend against targets that previously brought them benefits.
B) Victims tend to alter their lifestyles or routine activities following an initial victimization incident.
C) The criminal justice system does not make enough of an effort to prevent recurring victimization.
D) High levels of physical disorder increase the risks of recurring victimization in a neighborhood.

Question 20

Focusing crime prevention efforts on recurring victimization is important for which of the following reasons?

A) Offender motivation cannot be eliminated.
B) If future victimizations are prevented, crime rates should decline.
C) Resources may only need to be in place for a short time after an initial victimization.
D) Victims do not tend to make efforts to prevent subsequent victimizations.
E) A and
F) B and

Question 21

Using an opportunity perspective, discuss why (a) after an initial victimization, a subsequent victimization is highly likely to occur soon after and (b) the risk diminishes thereafter over time. Use a specific type of crime to support your arguments.

Question 22

Explain the occurrence of recurring victimization in terms of the following:
(a) State dependence (boosts) and
(b) Risk heterogeneity (flags).
(c) Can both be operating simultaneously or are these two explanations for recurring victimization mutually exclusive?
Explain your answer. Use examples to illustrate your points.

Question 23

Are the factors that increase the risk of recurring victimization the same for different types of crimes (e.g., assault, cyberstalking, motor vehicle theft, child abuse, sexual violence)? Explain why or why not. Provide examples.

Question 24

Explain how each of these four theories-state dependence, risk heterogeneity, lifestyle-routine activities, and rational choice-"works" to explain why recurring victimization happens. Use examples to highlight your answer.

Question 25

Define three forms of recurring victimization and explain their differences from one another.

Question 26

What is the difference between the state dependence ("boost") theory of recurring victimization and the risk heterogeneity ("flag") theory? Does either theory offer a preferable explanation for recurring victimization? Explain why or why not.